Chad &

BrazilAnd the Millennium Development Goals

• The United Nations established a list of 8 goals in the year 2000 to further the development of all nations of the world

• These goals were set to be completed in the year 2015, which is now just less than a year away….

These 8 goals are:1.) Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger

2.) Achieve Universal Primary Education

3.) Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women

4.) Reduce Child Mortality

5.) Improve Maternal Health

6.) Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria, and Other Diseases

7.) Ensure Environmental Sustainability

8.) Global Partnership for Development

Goal #1: Eradicate extreme Poverty and Hunger

This is the first goal established by the UN and it is broken into three parts: the first target is to reduce by half the percent of people whose income is less than $1.25 a day, the second target is to achieve full and productive employment for all,

including women and younger people, and the third target of this goal is to halve the number of people that suffer from

hunger.

Goal #2: Achieve Universal Primary Education

This is the second goal. It has one target, to ensure that by 2015, children everywhere in the world will be able to complete a full

course of primary schooling. Education is a right that every child shouldn’t be denied. Part of the target is to emphasize basic

reading and writing skills.

Goal #3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women

This is the third goal established by the UN and its primary target is to help women all over the world have an equal role in society as men do and end violence against women. The

goal is designed to end gender disparity in all levels of education by 2015 to allow them to obtain jobs.

Goal #4: Reduce Child Mortality

The main target is to reduce by two thirds the under-five mortality rate. Children born into poverty are almost twice as likely to die before the age of five as those from wealthier families. Child Mortality Rate is the highest

in low-income countries. A child's death is emotionally and physically damaging for the mourning parents. Many deaths in the third world go

unnoticed since many poor families cannot afford to register their babies in the government registry.

Goal #5: Improve Maternal Health

This is the fifth goal established by the UN and it is broken down into two categories: the first target is to reduce by three quarters

the maternal mortality rate, and the second target is to have universal reproductive health care in order to treat women. The

goal is designed to provide women with all the necessary equipment and skilled doctors in order for the pregnancy to be

successful.

Goal #6: Combat HIV/Aids, Malaria and Other Diseases

This is goal number 6. It has three targets, first, Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV / AIDS, one way to achieve that is to

help young people to obtain comprehensive knowledge of HIV transmission. Second, Achieve, by 2010, universal access to treatment for

HIV/AIDS for all those who need it, the target was missed by 2011. And third, have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the incidence of

malaria and other major diseases, for example, Treatment for tuberculosis.

Goal #7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability

This is the seventh goal established by the UN and it is broken up into four different targets: the first target is to integrate principles of sustainable development into the

policies of countries and reverse the loss of environmental resources in the process, the second target is to significantly reduce the rate of biodiversity loss, the third target is to reduce by half the population of people without sustainable access

to water and basic sanitation, and the fourth target is to significantly improve the lives of at least 100 million people who live in the slums. These targets are

designed to protect and preserve both the environment and the general population, and provide an overall better living environment.

Goal #8: Global Partnership for Development

This is the eighth and final goal. This goal is broken up into six targets: the first target is to create a better trading and financial system that is non-discriminatory and has a strict rule base, the second target is to focus on the needs of lesser developed countries, the

third target is to help landlocked developing countries and small island states so that they can be successful as well and develop quicker, the fourth target is to solve debt

issues in developing nations, the fifth target is to provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries, in accordance with pharmaceutical companies, and the sixth and final target is to make available new technology, especially information and

communications, in cooperation with the private sector. This goal requires global partnerships to come together and really strive to help these nations develop, leading

them to a brighter future.

Goal #1 Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger

Chad’s goal is to reduce the malnutrition rate in half and reduce the percentage of those suffering from chronic hunger to less than 21 percent. The US is helping them achieve this goal through a 1$ billion plan in order to bring together the local government and international supporters to come up with solutions to solve these problems. The plan began in early 2013 and will continue to the expected completion date in 2015. Chad has only improved its hunger rates by about 14% in the past 20 years, therefore, I believe Chad will not complete its Millennium Goal of reducing hunger to less than 21% in a little less than a year.

Brazil has achieved this Goal.

• Proportion of population living with less than $1.25 (PPP) per day decreased from 17.2% (1990) to 6.1% (2009).

• Proportion of population below minimum level of dietary energy consumption fell from 14.9% (1999) to 6.9% (2011)

Remaining Challenge: In 2009, the absolute number of persons living in extreme poverty still amounted to 11.68 million (calculated based on IMF population data, 2011 World Economic Outlook). Significantly higher poverty rate (above average) in the North/Northeast region.

Chad Brazil

Goal #2: Achieve Universal Primary Education

Chad

Current school enrollment in Chad is 36%, which is very low compared to most countries. Chad is one of the least educated countries in Africa, and that is why they are among the poorest as well. In 2010, Chad had the lowest literacy rate in Africa at 45.4%, and it was 37.6% just ten years prior. This is a small improvement. Chad’s goal is to have every child complete a full course of primary schooling by 2015, but at the rate we see currently, this will not be achieved within the year.

Brazil

Brazil has achieved this Goal.

• High net enrollment rate of 95.6% (2005).

Remaining Challenges:

Deficits in the quality of basic education: According to the MDG Monitor, a large number of children finish grade 4 without adequate reading and writing skills.

Especially public primary and secondary schoollack adequate quality.

ChadPromoting gender equality in Chad is difficult because men are given more opportunities than women, especially when it comes to school. It is believed that the men deserve better schooling over the women. And in recent years, Chad has been ranked the lowest country in Africa with gender equality. The UN is reaching out to the Chadian government urging them to allow women an equal chance, and many companies are supplying materials for all girls schools in the country. But since Chad isn’t even close to allowing women an equal opportunity to achieve primary education, the goal of having both genders achieve secondary education also is even further down the road. Therefore, I believe Chad will not be able to complete their goal by 2015.

Brazil Brazil has achieved this Goal.• Ratio of girls to boys in primary

education is 0.94 (2005) (close to parity).

• Share of women in wage employment in the non‐agricultural sector increased from 35.1% (1999) to 41.6% (2007).

• Proportion of seats held by women in the national parliament rose from 5.3% (1990) to 8.6% (2012).

Remaining Challenges:

Slight improvements in the presence of women in the national parliament and among political leaders, but challenges still remain.

The presidency of Dilma Rousseff may be an important step in strengthening the political representation of women in Brazil.

Goal #3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women

Chad is supposed to reduce its under-five mortality rate by two thirds by 2015, yet it is currently ranked number 6 of the top countries with the worst mortality rates. The ratio is 90.30 deaths/1,000 live births. This is about ten percent of all children born. UNICEF is helping the cause by providing health and nutrition interventions, improving family care practice, and by helping provide better sanitary environments. But I believe Chad simply cannot reduce their rates by two thirds by next year.

Brazil has achieved this Goal.

• Under‐five mortality rate (deaths of children per 1,000 births) was reduced from 58.0 (1990) to 15.6 (2011).

Remaining Challenge:

High inequality: Mortality rate among children of poor families is twice as high as death rate among children of rich families.

Higher mortality rate among children of Afro‐Brazilian or indigenous decent.

Goal #4: Reduce Child Mortality Chad Brazil

Chad

Chad is among one of the worst countries in maternal health care. Its maternal death ratio is about 1,100 per 100,000 live births, so about 5%. Only 17% of those births have skilled health care. The proposed goal was to reduce this rate by 75% by 2015, but they are still nowhere close. There groups fighting to provide better health care for these women to assure safe births, but overall the country still lacks necessary resources. Chad will not complete their goal by 2015.

Brazil

Brazil has not yet achieved this Goal.

• Maternal deaths per 100,000 live birth declined from 120 (1990) to 56 (2010)

• Contraceptive prevalence rate increased from 76.7% (1996) to 80.3% (2006).

• Unmet need for family planning decreased from 12.8% (1990) to 6.0% (2006).

Remaining Challenge:A close monitoring of maternal mortality is still difficult because of poor information and underreporting of cases.Brazil has a good chance to complete this goal by 2015 if they focus on taking more technology over the rural and poorest areas.

Goal #5: Improve Maternal Health

Chad

Chad is not doing well fighting AIDS/HIV. In fact, the percent of contracted diseases has increased in recent years. It also has limited access to treatment, but it is among the highest priority countries to receive treatment. To eradicate the spread of the disease completely by 2015 is very unlikely.

Brazil Brazil has achieved this

Goal.• HIV incidence rate held

constant since 2000 and death rate reduced.

• Incidence rate and death rate associated with tuberculosis decreased (low mortality).

Remaining Challenge:According to UNAIDS, 0.5% of the population, about 600,000 people are infected with HIV inBrazil. About one third of those infected are currently in government financed, antiretroviral treatment.

Goal #6: Combat HIV/Aids, Malaria and Other Diseases

ChadChad is among the lowest carbon monoxide emitters in the world due to its lack of technology and resources. Chad has also significantly reduced the amount of ozone-depleting substances it releases into the air. Yet Chad hasn’t improved its water quality, causing health problems. There are many programs designed to help Chad clean their water supply, but the government lacks the motivation to proceed. So Chad is doing well in the fields of integrating principles of sustainable development and wasting environmental resources, but its water quality still suffers greatly and cannot be reduce the population by half without sanitary water by 2015.

Brazil• Proportion of population using an

improved drinking water source rose to 98% (2010).

• Proportion of population using an improved sanitation facility rose to 79% (2010).

• Urban population share living in slums fell from 36.7% (1990) to 26.9% (2009).

But still Brazil has not yet achieved this Goal.

Goal #7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability

This is a hard goal to complete for such a big country. The government implemented the initiative "Bolsa Verde" meant to improve the protection of the Amazon region. As well the initiative “Água Para Todos” that aims to improve the access to clean water. The Brazilian favelas is one of the main challenges the country need to face. In 2010 about 6% of the population, equivalent to 11.4 million people lived in slums in Brazil (IBGE).Brazil won’t complete this goal entirely by 2015.

ChadChad's goal is to become a better training point for surrounding African nations and develop other Global Partnerships. Chad is a landlocked nation in desperate need of help with obtaining water supply and other resources. UNICEF and other companies are striving to help Chad develop by catching up with the latest technology and making it available for the public. The U.S. is a big supporting country in this role and they help fund the Chadian government, but unfortunately not many other countries are helping. One of the biggest goals for 2015 is to reduce the amount of debt in Chad. Chad is one of the poorest countries in Africa and their growth rate is not raising fast enough to end debt issues by 2015. I believe Chad cannot fulfill this goal by next year. 

Brazil

This Goal has not yet been achieved.

• In 2011 45 Internet users per 100 inhabitants (high usage).

The Government of Brazil has been very proactive and innovative in promoting globalpartnerships using South‐South Cooperation as a vehicle.

This goal will be achieved by 2015.

Goal #8: Global Partnership for Development