Chabacano Chabacano Philippine Creole SpanishPhilippine Creole Spanish

Lindsey WilsonLindsey Wilson

ContentsContents The PhilippinesThe Philippines Historical BackgroundHistorical Background

Account of settler groupsAccount of settler groups Characterization of the type of contact settingCharacterization of the type of contact setting

Sociolinguistic BackgroundSociolinguistic Background Chronology of language contactChronology of language contact Sociolinguistic variation Sociolinguistic variation Classification of the contact language Classification of the contact language

Linguistic StructureLinguistic Structure Phonology Phonology Lexicon Lexicon Morphology and SyntaxMorphology and Syntax

Chabacano TodayChabacano Today BibliographyBibliography

The PhilippinesThe Philippines

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Dominant Ethnicities Dominant Ethnicities of the Philippines by of the Philippines by ProvinceProvince

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About 180 languages are About 180 languages are spoken in the islands.spoken in the islands.

All languages native to the All languages native to the islands are Austronesian islands are Austronesian except Chabacano.except Chabacano.

Filipino (a standardized form Filipino (a standardized form of Tagalog) and English are of Tagalog) and English are the national languages.the national languages.

Spanish was an official Spanish was an official language for nearly three language for nearly three centuries.centuries.

Considerable Arabic Considerable Arabic (Muslim) presence as well. (Muslim) presence as well.

Dialects of Dialects of ChabacanoChabacano

Tagalog-based dialects Tagalog-based dialects (Luzon):(Luzon): TernateñoTernateño (Ternate, (Ternate,

Cavite)Cavite) CaviteñoCaviteño (Cavite City) (Cavite City) ErmitañoErmitaño (District of (District of

Ermita in Manila. Now Ermita in Manila. Now extinct). extinct).

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Dialects of Dialects of ChabacanoChabacano

Cebuano-based Cebuano-based dialects (Mindanao):dialects (Mindanao): ZamboangueñoZamboangueño

(Zamboanga City, (Zamboanga City, BasilanBasilan Island) Island)

DavaoeñoDavaoeño (Some (Some areas of Davao)areas of Davao)

CotabateñoCotabateño (Cotabato City).(Cotabato City).

http://mcministries1.tripod.com/Picture_Files/Mindanao.GIF

Historical BackgroundHistorical BackgroundTernateño (XVI)Ternateño (XVI)

Caviteño (1660)Caviteño (1660) Ermitaño (1660)Ermitaño (1660)

Zamboagueño (1719)Zamboagueño (1719)

Cotabateño (late XIX)Cotabateño (late XIX)Davaueño (1900)Davaueño (1900)

Historical BackgroundHistorical Background

In 1574 Spanish settlers from the island of Ternate In 1574 Spanish settlers from the island of Ternate came to the Manila Bay area. came to the Manila Bay area.

A military garrison was established in 1660.A military garrison was established in 1660. It is thought that families from Ternate resettled in It is thought that families from Ternate resettled in

Cavite and Ermita, bringing Chabacano with them.Cavite and Ermita, bringing Chabacano with them. Spanish and Tagalog speakers settled Zamboanga in Spanish and Tagalog speakers settled Zamboanga in

1719; it is likely that this included Chabacano speakers 1719; it is likely that this included Chabacano speakers from all three Luzon communities.from all three Luzon communities.

The Chabacano then spread from Zamboanga to form The Chabacano then spread from Zamboanga to form the various Mindanao dialects.the various Mindanao dialects.

Historical BackgroundHistorical Background An alternate theory for the origins of the Mindanao dialects An alternate theory for the origins of the Mindanao dialects

hypothesizes that Zamboangueño was formed largely by hypothesizes that Zamboangueño was formed largely by slaves from across the Philippines who were recaptured slaves from across the Philippines who were recaptured from Muslim pirates.from Muslim pirates.

These slaves were brought to Fort Pilar in Zamboanga and These slaves were brought to Fort Pilar in Zamboanga and Zamboangueño originated as a pidgin formed from Spanish Zamboangueño originated as a pidgin formed from Spanish and the mutually incomprehensible Philippine languages.and the mutually incomprehensible Philippine languages.

An importation of a large number of workers from Luzon and An importation of a large number of workers from Luzon and Visayas (the majority of which were masons from Cavite) Visayas (the majority of which were masons from Cavite) reinforced this mix of languages, and introduced influence reinforced this mix of languages, and introduced influence from the Manila Bay dialects of Chabacano.from the Manila Bay dialects of Chabacano.

Under both these theories, Chabacano can probably best be Under both these theories, Chabacano can probably best be likened to a Fort Creole.likened to a Fort Creole.

Sociolinguistic Sociolinguistic BackgroundBackgroundLexifierLexifier Although all dialects of Chabacano are clearly Spanish-Although all dialects of Chabacano are clearly Spanish-

lexified, there are questions about whether this was the lexified, there are questions about whether this was the original lexifier language.original lexifier language.

Some argue that because of the presence of certain Some argue that because of the presence of certain Portuguese grammatical elements, Chabacano started out Portuguese grammatical elements, Chabacano started out as the Portuguese-based trade pidgin used in the South as the Portuguese-based trade pidgin used in the South Seas at this time.Seas at this time.

This would not seem altogether surprising nor unlikely, This would not seem altogether surprising nor unlikely, especially considering that Spanish and Portuguese are especially considering that Spanish and Portuguese are very closely related, and in the 16th century were even very closely related, and in the 16th century were even more so.more so.

Because the only evidence of Portuguese is found in the Because the only evidence of Portuguese is found in the grammar, it could be argued that this Portuguese-based grammar, it could be argued that this Portuguese-based pidgin could be counted as one of the substrate languages.pidgin could be counted as one of the substrate languages.

Sociolinguistic Sociolinguistic BackgroundBackgroundSubstrates/AdstratesSubstrates/Adstrates This would leave Chabacano with Spanish as its lexifier, This would leave Chabacano with Spanish as its lexifier,

and various Philippine languages (mostly Tagalog and and various Philippine languages (mostly Tagalog and Cebuano) and perhaps a Portuguese-based pidgin as Cebuano) and perhaps a Portuguese-based pidgin as substrate languages.substrate languages.

Zamboagueño has the most borrowings from other Zamboagueño has the most borrowings from other Philippine languages of any dialect, as well as from Italian Philippine languages of any dialect, as well as from Italian and some Native American languages (including Quechua and some Native American languages (including Quechua and Nahuatl).and Nahuatl).

Ermitaño was spoken by Chinese-Filipinos, and Ermitaño was spoken by Chinese-Filipinos, and Zamboagueño is spoken by ethnic Muslims in Zamboanga.Zamboagueño is spoken by ethnic Muslims in Zamboanga.

English has also been an important influence since the English has also been an important influence since the start of the American occupation of the Philippines during start of the American occupation of the Philippines during the Spanish-American War (1898)the Spanish-American War (1898)

Sociolinguistic Sociolinguistic BackgroundBackgroundVariationVariation

There is fairly considerable variation between the There is fairly considerable variation between the dialects, especially between the Luzon and Mindanao dialects, especially between the Luzon and Mindanao varieties.varieties.

Zamboangueño is by far the most innovative, both Zamboangueño is by far the most innovative, both historically and presently.historically and presently.

Ternateño is enjoying some renewed scientific interest Ternateño is enjoying some renewed scientific interest for being perhaps the most conservative.for being perhaps the most conservative.

None of the literature on Chabacano seems to mention None of the literature on Chabacano seems to mention Creole continuums at all. There is variation within Creole continuums at all. There is variation within dialects, but the sociolinguistic causes for it do not dialects, but the sociolinguistic causes for it do not seem to have been a major area of study.seem to have been a major area of study.

Sociolinguistic Sociolinguistic BackgroundBackgroundClassificationClassification

With a strong population of both L1 and L2 With a strong population of both L1 and L2 speakers in Zamboanga, Chabacano can be speakers in Zamboanga, Chabacano can be classified as a Creole. classified as a Creole.

It is definitely a language distinct from either It is definitely a language distinct from either Spanish or a Philippine language, and so Spanish or a Philippine language, and so cannot be considered a dialect of either.cannot be considered a dialect of either.

It has far too many substrate and adstrate It has far too many substrate and adstrate components to be considered an intertwined components to be considered an intertwined language.language.

PhonologyPhonologyVowelsVowels

Vowels: i, u, e, o, aVowels: i, u, e, o, a Originally the Philippine languages only Originally the Philippine languages only

had the vowels /i/, /u/, /a/, although /i/ had the vowels /i/, /u/, /a/, although /i/ and /u/ had the allophones [e] and [o] and /u/ had the allophones [e] and [o] respectively in unstressed syllables.respectively in unstressed syllables.

Through contact with Spanish and other Through contact with Spanish and other languages, Tagalog and many other languages, Tagalog and many other Philippine languages now also have this Philippine languages now also have this five-way vowel distinction.five-way vowel distinction.

PhonologyPhonologyConsonants Consonants

Bilabial

Labio-

dental

Alveolar

Post-Alveolar

Palatal

Velar

Glottal

Plosive p b t d k ɡ ʔ

Nasal m n ɲɲ ŋ

Trill (rr)

Tap, Flap ɾ

Fricative f v s z (ʃ) (xx) h

Affricates ts (tʃ) dʒ

Approximant

(ɹ) jj

LateralApproxima

nt

l ʎʎ Filipino/Spanish Filipino SpanishSpanish English

PhonologyPhonology Sound file: http://www.omniglot.com/writing/chavacano.phpSound file: http://www.omniglot.com/writing/chavacano.php Chabacano de ZamboangaChabacano de Zamboanga::

Todo'l magaTodo'l maga ser humanoser humano nace libre e igual nace libre e igual en dignidad y maga en dignidad y maga derechoderecho. Dotado con ellos el razon y conciencia y debe ellos . Dotado con ellos el razon y conciencia y debe ellos comporta fraternalmente con el maga uno con el maga otro. comporta fraternalmente con el maga uno con el maga otro.

Chabacano de Cavite:Chabacano de Cavite:Todo el mgaTodo el mga gentigenti ya naci libre y igual ya naci libre y igual na dignidad y derechona dignidad y derecho. Tieni . Tieni ilos rason y conciencia y debi ilos trata cun uno y otro comu mga ilos rason y conciencia y debi ilos trata cun uno y otro comu mga hermano. hermano.

Translation:Translation:AllAll human beingshuman beings are born free and equal are born free and equal in dignity and rightsin dignity and rights. They . They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.another in a spirit of brotherhood.(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)

LexiconLexicon 91.77% Spanish, and 2.22% Philippine languages91.77% Spanish, and 2.22% Philippine languages There is also extensive borrowing of Spanish lexical items There is also extensive borrowing of Spanish lexical items

into the modern forms of the substrate languages:into the modern forms of the substrate languages: Tagalog: 20.4%Tagalog: 20.4% Cebuano: 20.5%Cebuano: 20.5%

However, this does not mean that these languages had this However, this does not mean that these languages had this influence at the time Chabacano was first developing.influence at the time Chabacano was first developing.

Chabacano shows the classic Creole attribute of retaining Chabacano shows the classic Creole attribute of retaining archaisms of its lexifier language.archaisms of its lexifier language.

Lexicon is a very prominent area in which there is variation Lexicon is a very prominent area in which there is variation across dialects.across dialects.

LexiconLexiconPronounPronoun ErmitañoErmitaño CaviteñoCaviteño ZamboangueñoZamboangueño

1SG1SG yoyo yoyo yoyo

2SG2SG tútú vosvos tú, vostú, vos

3SG3SG eleele eleele eleele

1PL1PL nisósnisós nisósnisós kitá (inclusive)kitá (inclusive)

kamí (exclusive)kamí (exclusive)

2PL2PL ustedesustedes vusósvusós kamókamó

3PL3PL ilósilós ilósilós silásilá

Morphology/SyntaxMorphology/SyntaxWord OrderWord Order The standard word order in Spanish is SVO:The standard word order in Spanish is SVO:

SP: SP: La madre cocina la comida.La madre cocina la comida. the mother cook.3SG the food. the mother cook.3SG the food. ‘The mother is cooking the food.’ ‘The mother is cooking the food.’

The most common word order in Tagalog is VOS The most common word order in Tagalog is VOS (Predicate-Subject) or VSO:(Predicate-Subject) or VSO: TG: TG: Nagluluto ng pagkain ang nanay.Nagluluto ng pagkain ang nanay.

IMP-cook TOP food FOC mother IMP-cook TOP food FOC mother ‘The mother is cooking the food.’ ‘The mother is cooking the food.’

TG: TG: Nagluluto ang nanay ng pagkain.Nagluluto ang nanay ng pagkain. IMP-cook FOC mother TOP food IMP-cook FOC mother TOP food ‘The mother is cooking the food.’ ‘The mother is cooking the food.’

Morphology/SyntaxMorphology/SyntaxWord OrderWord Order Like most Creoles, the typical Chabacano word-order is Like most Creoles, the typical Chabacano word-order is

SVO:SVO: ZM: cada rama tiene siete ploresZM: cada rama tiene siete plores

each branch have seven flower-PLU each branch have seven flower-PLU ‘there are seven flowers on each branch.’ ‘there are seven flowers on each branch.’

But unlike most Creoles, VSO and VOS are possible and in But unlike most Creoles, VSO and VOS are possible and in some cases prefered:some cases prefered: ZM: Ya-mirá le el páto.ZM: Ya-mirá le el páto.

PRF-see s/he DET duck PRF-see s/he DET duck ‘He saw the duck.’ ‘He saw the duck.’

ER: Ya consolá con ele el cura.ER: Ya consolá con ele el cura. CPL comfort to her the priest CPL comfort to her the priest ‘The priest comforted her.’ ‘The priest comforted her.’

Morphology/SyntaxMorphology/SyntaxTMA-markersTMA-markers

The unmarked form of the The unmarked form of the verb is the infinitive of the verb is the infinitive of the Spanish without the final Spanish without the final ‘r’. ‘r’. SP: mirar > ZM: mirá ‘see’ SP: mirar > ZM: mirá ‘see’

CreoleCreole imperfectiveimperfective perfect(ive)perfect(ive) irrealisirrealis

ZamboangueñoZamboangueño tata yaya ayay

TernateñoTernateño tata (y)a(y)a didi

TMA is marked by preverbal particles:TMA is marked by preverbal particles: ZM: Ya-uyi yo ta-lyura el dalagita.ZM: Ya-uyi yo ta-lyura el dalagita.

PRF-hear I IMPF-cry DET girl PRF-hear I IMPF-cry DET girl ‘I heard the girl crying.’ ‘I heard the girl crying.’

CV: Di-anda yo na plaza.CV: Di-anda yo na plaza. IRR-go I LOC market/place IRR-go I LOC market/place ‘I will go to the market.’ ‘I will go to the market.’

Current HealthCurrent Health The 1970 census listed 60 of the 66 provinces in the The 1970 census listed 60 of the 66 provinces in the

Philippines as having speakers of some dialect of Philippines as having speakers of some dialect of Chabacano. It is also spoken in Sabah, Malaysia. Chabacano. It is also spoken in Sabah, Malaysia.

It is the largest Spanish-based creole spoken in the world, It is the largest Spanish-based creole spoken in the world, and is one of the oldest creoles at 350+ years.and is one of the oldest creoles at 350+ years.

There are discrepancies between sources on the number There are discrepancies between sources on the number of speakers of each dialect.of speakers of each dialect. All agree that Ermitaño is now extinct.All agree that Ermitaño is now extinct. Older sources consider all other dialects to be close to extinction, Older sources consider all other dialects to be close to extinction,

with the exception of Zamboangueño.with the exception of Zamboangueño. Newer sources still list these dialects as alive; some have Newer sources still list these dialects as alive; some have

strengthened while others have continued to dwindle.strengthened while others have continued to dwindle. The renewed strength of some of the dialects could be due to a The renewed strength of some of the dialects could be due to a

shift in language attitudes towards Chabacano.shift in language attitudes towards Chabacano.

Current HealthCurrent HealthZamboangueñoZamboangueño Zamboangueño is the main language of Zamboanga. It is used Zamboangueño is the main language of Zamboanga. It is used

in commerce, culture, politics, the Catholic Church, and in commerce, culture, politics, the Catholic Church, and education. It is used in radio and TV broadcasts and education. It is used in radio and TV broadcasts and newspapers alongside English and Filipino.newspapers alongside English and Filipino.

The speaking of Zamboangueño is a source of pride in The speaking of Zamboangueño is a source of pride in Zamboanga, and is spoken by educated people.Zamboanga, and is spoken by educated people.

It has undergone many recent (past 50 years) changes in the It has undergone many recent (past 50 years) changes in the lexicon to include more Tagalog, English and Visayan lexicon to include more Tagalog, English and Visayan (Cebuano) words. Some point to this as a sign of decreolization, (Cebuano) words. Some point to this as a sign of decreolization, but others argue that it is simply the evolution of a living but others argue that it is simply the evolution of a living language.language.

The 2000 census listed 607,200 total speakers of Chabacano, The 2000 census listed 607,200 total speakers of Chabacano, although it is possible that the number is higher due to although it is possible that the number is higher due to Zamboangueño’s prevalence.Zamboangueño’s prevalence.

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Lipski, John M. (2003). Lipski, John M. (2003). Chabacano/Spanish and the Philippine Linguistic Identity. Chabacano/Spanish and the Philippine Linguistic Identity. Unpublished Unpublished manuscript. Retrieved February 2009 from Zamboanga.com: manuscript. Retrieved February 2009 from Zamboanga.com: http://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_Chabacano_de_Zamboanga2.htmhttp://www.zamboanga.com/html/history_Chabacano_de_Zamboanga2.htm

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