cha eunjung chapter 10. population and migration
TRANSCRIPT
Cha Eunjung
Chapter 10.Population and
Migration
Contents
1. The fear of overpopulation1) Thomas Malthus
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2. Understanding population growth1) 4 basic toolkits for measuring populations2) Population growth projections3) Case study: Russia4) Case study: South Korea
3. The world’s population: cause for concern?1) 5 principal findings about population growth2) What elements should be guaranteed in order to control population?
Contents
3/10
4. Where do they all go? Urbanization and internal migration
1) Urbanization2) Irregular settlements3) Internal migration
5. Global migration1) International migrants2) Forms of global migration3) Global migration in Russia4) Global migration in South Korea
6. Women migrants1) Facts about female migration
Contents
7. Refugees and displaced people1) Refugees2) Refugees in the period 1914-893) Refugees after the Cold War4) Internally displaced persons (IDPs)
4/10
8. Undocumented workers1) 2 predominant forms2) 3 ways of governments’ respond
9. The management of global migration1) Global Commission on International Migration (GCIM)2) International Organization for Migration (IOM)3) United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
Contents
5/10
10. Further reading
11. Sources
Before we go…- How much do you know about population? (10 questions)
1. On a planet of seven billion people, who is the most typical human?
a. Javanese Indonesian man, 62
b. Punjabi Indian woman, 34
c. Han Chinese man, 28
d. Zhuang Chinese girl, 10
6/10
Before we go…- How much do you know about population? (10 questions)
2. If all seven billion people on Earth stood shoulder-to-shoulder, we would fill __________.
a. São Paulo, Brazil
b. Tokyo, Japan
c. Florida
d. Los Angeles, California
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Before we go…- How much do you know about population? (10 questions)
3. Life expectancy in an industrialized nation is about __________ years long.
a. 55
b. 70
c. 80
d. 100
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Before we go…- How much do you know about population? (10 questions)
4. How many people have ever lived on Earth?
a. 15 billion
b. 55 billion
c. 108 billion
d. 500 billion
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Before we go…- How much do you know about population? (10 questions)
5. What percent of all people who’ve ever been born are alive now?
a. 0.5%
b. 2.0%
c. 6.4%
d. 15%
10/10
Before we go…- How much do you know about population? (10 questions)
6. The most populous country today is China. What will it be in 2050?
a. China
b. India
c. Nigeria
d. Indonesia
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Before we go…- How much do you know about population? (10 questions)
7. What percent of the world’s population is literate?
a. 5%
b. 16%
c. 38%
d. 82%
12/10
Before we go…- How much do you know about population? (10 questions)
8. Do most people today live in urban or rural environments?
a. Urban
b. Rural
13/10
Before we go…- How much do you know about population? (10 questions)
9. How do most people make their livelihood?
a. Agriculture
b. Services
c. Industry
14/10
Before we go…- How much do you know about population? (10 questions)
10. In 2011, there were __________ births per minute around the world.
a. 38
b. 127
c. 266
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1. The fear of overpopulation
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1) Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
In 19c: influenced Herbert Spencer, Charles Darwin and
the Social Darwinists
In 20c: Malthusian ideas influenced eugenicists, led
contemporary discussions of ecological issues
But! Karl Marx attacked his ideas: “Since population is
constantly tending to overtake the means of
subsistence, charity is folly, a public encouragement of
poverty. The state can therefore do nothing but leave
the poor to their fate and make death easy for them.”
- 「 Essay on the Principle of Population 」 (1798)
17/10
1) Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
Theory of population
→ Food supply would grow arithmetically
(1→2 →3 →4)
→ Population would grow geometrically
(1→2 →4 →8)
→ The only way to stop population growth: famine
(later: moral restraint, later marriage, emigration)
- 「 Essay on the Principle of Population 」 (1798)
18/10
1) Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
Based on a complex mixture of science, assumption and prejudice
Doubling of the European population every 25 years (x)
→ The population doubled only after each 50 years since 1800, now dwindling (o)
Birth control: war and disease > famine
ex. During the First World War, influenza pandemic of 1918-19
The growth: European, much of Asian agriculture > population
- Major flaws of his theory
19/10
1) Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
Discriminatory Malthusianism
→ The eugenics movement: accusations toward particular sections of population
ex. working class, Africans, Chinese
→ The Nazis: Aryan breeding program
→ Denmark, Norway, Estonia, Finland, Sweden and a part of Switzerland
: enforced sterilization
: more than 40,000 Norwegians, 6,000 Danes and 60,000 Swedes were
sterilized (1934-1976)
→ The apartheid regime: secret sterilization for blacks, pro-natalism for whites
- Negative influence of his theory
20/10
1) Thomas Malthus (1766-1834)
Spaceship Earth (a vulnerable ball floating in universal space)
→ closed and finite system existing only in the biosphere
→ limited and unstable life
→ self-destructive mode: dignity of human life < the greater good
- Negative influence of his theory
21/10
2. Understanding
population growth
22/10
Before we go…
- Video (National Geographic)
23/10
1) 4 basic toolkits for measuring populations
The number of live births per 1,000 members of a population in a given year
① The crude birth rate
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1) 4 basic toolkits for measuring populations
The number of live births per woman over her lifetime
② The fertility rate
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1) 4 basic toolkits for measuring populations
The number of deaths per 1,000 members of a population in a given year
Important way of correcting growth assumptions
The crude birth rate – the crude death rate = the rate of natural increase
③ The crude death rate
26/10
1) 4 basic toolkits for measuring populations
The number of deaths among infants aged below one year per 1,000 of the infant
population
Important for determining fertility behavior
: more chance of child death → more children
④ Infant mortality rate (IMR)
27/10
2) Population growth projections
Does not constitute a certainty, but warns what might happen
→ Total population: 8 billions (2030) → 10 billions (2100)
∴ severe effects on food supply, urban management, crime, security, health and
social support for the poor
→ Increase of total population: declining
- Handout “World Population Prospects (2010)”
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3) Case study: Russia- Population growth rate
29/10
The 9th most populous country
143.5 million (2013)
3) Case study: Russia
Population: shrink
By 2050: 9th → 17th most
populous country
- Russia population projections
30/10
4) Case study: South Korea- Population growth rate
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The 27th most populous country
50 million (2013)
4) Case study: South Korea
Plummeting birth rate
→ Population: expected to be
decreased by 13% (2050)
Rapid aging population
→ 14% of population will be
over 65 (aged society)
- South Korea population projections
32/10
3. The world’s population:
cause for concern?
33/10
1) 5 principal findings about population growth
The most powerful predictor of reduced birth rate in all countries
Better health facilities → lower IMR and child deaths
→ Less need for ‘insurance children’
The rise of prosperity → fewer children
→ Enhanced acquisitions of clothing, leisure, travel and holidays
→ Cultural shift: children → consumption
① Economic prosperity
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1) 5 principal findings about population growth
Increased prosperity is related to it
Women with careers or jobs → reduce fertility
Improvement of women’s status, greater opportunities in education → reduce family size
② Increased number of women in the labor market
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1) 5 principal findings about population growth
Works less efficiently than economic prosperity
Proponents: victims of the ‘technological fallacy’
→ Technological fallacy: the idea that people will use a technology if they are properly
informed
ex. Procreation and sexual gratification: separated in people’s mind
③ Birth control
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1) 5 principal findings about population growth
Main demographic problem
Normal pyramid
↓
Christmas tree
↓
Inverted pyramid
④ Low birth rate in developed countries
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1) 5 principal findings about population growth
Within one or two generation
People migrating from poor to rich countries
⑤ Rapid conformity to the birth-rate patterns
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2) What elements should be guaranteed in order to control population?
① Adequate security
→ Where is my next meal coming from?
② Political stability
→ Will my family have a future?
③ Healthcare
→ Are my children likely to survive?
39/10
4. Where do they all go?
Urbanization and internal
migration
40/10
Before we go…- Migration
The movement of people from one place to another
Types of migration
① Internal migration: migration within one country
② International migration: the movement from one country to another
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Before we go…- Migration
What makes people migrate?
① Push factor: Force that drives people away from a place
ex. (Civil) wars, political or religious oppression, climate changes, lack of jobs,
poverty
② Pull factor: Force that draws people to immigrate to a place
ex. Peace, better job opportunities, education, social security, political and religious
freedom, better standard of living42/10
1) Urbanization
Social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban
Began during the industrial revolution when workers moved towards manufacturing
hubs in cities to obtain jobs in factories → agricultural jobs became less common
Measured as ‘over 50 percent of a population living in cities’
→ In 1850, no country could be described as urban
→ In 1900, only one could, Great Britain
→ In 1970, nearly all advanced nations were urbanized and 50 cities had over one
million inhabitants
→ In 2000, 254 cities had populations over one million people
- Definition and process
43/10
2) Irregular settlements
Cardboard shantytowns: disfigure many cities, deteriorate into unhealthy, crime-
dominated urban slums
Dual phenomenon
① Urbanization without industrialization
② Urbanization without adequate employment
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3) Internal migration
Population growth
Land enclosures
Need for industrial labour
Demand for energy (hydroelectric power)
Green revolution and genetically modified (GM) crops
Provision of wildlife parks and conservation areas
Commercialization of ‘field factories’: planting, logging, cropping and packing
- Factors
45/10
5. Global migration
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Before we go…- International migrants: 232 million (2013)
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Before we go…- International migrants
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North-South map (2011)
The North: 136 million
The South: 96 million
Mostly working age: 74 percent
Women: 48 percent
Russia: the 2nd largest numbers of international migrants
International migrants, 2013
→ Russia, South Korea: 1 million or more
International migrants as a percentage of total population, 2013
→ Russia: 5 - 10 percent
→ South Korea: 1 - 5 percent
Percentage female among all international migrants, 2013
→ Russia: 50 - 55 percent
→ South Korea: less than 45 percent
- Handout “International Migration 2013”
50/10
Shows the movements of migrants around the world
- Website: “Peoplemovein” (2010)
51/10
1) International migrants
Take advantage of the increased interdependence of world economies and find
places in the global labour market
Active agents: dense network of connections between places of origin and
settlement → creative forms of intercultural exchange
Disturbance to residents, threat of national and cultural identity
- Important part of globalization
55/10
1) International migrants
Increased global inequality
Violent political conflict
Collapse of livelihoods
Work and residential rights for favoured societies
∴ Forced emigration, move for better material circumstances
- Why do they continue to move globally?
56/10
2) Forms of global migration
Labour migration: from South to North
ex. Indian, Pakistani workers → UK
Algerians → France
Turks, Yugoslavs → West Germany
Mexicans → USA
- After the Second World War
57/10
Labour immigration stopped
New forms of international migration: growth of refugees, displaced people,
undocumented workers and women migrants
- Early 1970s
3) Global migration in Russia
Kazakhstan, Ukraine: main sources of migrants
Inflows to Russia: increased but uneven inflow since the late 1980s
→ 1991-1994: increased inflows from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Kazakhstan
→ The First Chechen War (1995): decreased inflows
→ The Second Chechen War (1999): caused 496,000 internally displaced people
from Grozny
- Inflows: main country for migrants from CIS countries
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3) Global migration in Russia
In 2011: migration inflows (356,000) > outflows (33,500)
→ Decreasing flows from Kazakhstan and Ukraine
→ Increasing flows from other countries in Central Asia
→ Temporary labour migration increased (over 1.2 million)
- Inflows: main country for migrants from CIS countries
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3) Global migration in Russia
1980s: ethnic flows to Israel and Germany
1990s: increased (8,089 to 102,097 in 1990)
→ Loosened restrictions of the government
→ Mostly Germany: 15 percent (1992) to 40 percent (1998)
- Outflows: mostly to Germany
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3) Global migration in Russia
Range from 700,000 to more than 4 million (1998)
Foreigners from non-CIS countries: work illegally while having tourist documents
Labour migrants from CIS countries, people who have been denied from asylum
request, stateless people
- Undocumented migrants
61/10
4) Global migration in South Korea
From 1960s to late 1980s: labor-exporting country
→ 1960s and 1970s: Germany (miners, nurses)
→ 1970s and 1980s: Middle East (construction workers)
Since 1990s: labor-importing country
→ The number of foreign workers: more than 550,000 (2010)
47% of residing foreigners
- Labor-exporting to labor-importing country
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4) Global migration in South Korea
Mostly from Asian countries: China, Vietnam, Indonesia, Bangladesh, the Philippines
Unskilled workers from developing countries
Employment Permit System (2004)
→ Regulated by government agencies
→ Main purpose: registration of potential migrant workers, job placement
→ Problems: workers are likely to be engaged in 3D (difficult, dirty and dangerous) jobs
: they are likely to be exposed to dangerous situations
- Inflows: migrant workers
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4) Global migration in South Korea- Inflows: foreign brides
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4) Global migration in South Korea
Mostly from Asian developing countries
: China (34.1%), Vietnam (31.9%), the Philippines (10.7%)
Rapid urbanization left many men in the countryside to carry on family farming →
unable to find partners in the countryside → seek foreign brides outside the country
- Inflows: foreign brides
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4) Global migration in South Korea
The number is increasing
“Adjustment program”
→ Assistance to help them settle and adjust to life in the south
→ Last two months
→ The amount of financial support decreased
∴ Many of them have started their own businesses
- Inflows: refugees from North Korea
66/10
4) Global migration in South Korea
Emigration to Asian and Anglophone countries
Popular destination countries: America (28.4%) > China (16.8%) > Japan (12.6%) >
Canada (10%) > Australia (5.1%)
→ America: family reunification provisions (2000), education (2003)
→ China: education (2003)
- Outflows
67/10
6. Women migrants
68/10
1) Facts about female migration
Independent actors, however…
New phase of female migration: demand for women to the global service economy
ex. Sex industry (Southeast Asia), ‘mail order bride’ trade (the Philippines)
On the demand side: domestic service, waitresses, secretaries, staffs in fast food
outlets, flight attendants, hotel receptionists
On the supply side: remittance income, foreign exchange, recruiting fees
- Women migrants
69/10
7. Refugees and displaced
people
70/10
Before we go…
Syria crisis:
children speak from
Zaatari refugee camp
- Video
71/10
1) Refugees
“Those who have been forced to abandon their homes because of natural
disasters, wars or civil wars or are victims of religious or ethnic persecution”
(vague term)
- Definition
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1) Refugees
“As a result of events occurring before 1 January 1951 and owing to well-founded
fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a
particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his [or her]
nationality and is unable, or owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail him [or her]self
of the protection of that country; or who, not having a nationality and being outside
the country of his [or her] former habitual residence as a result of such events, is
unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to return to it.”
(United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees)
Let government officials and politicians have their own way
- Legal definition of ‘refugee’ (1951 Geneva Convention)
73/10
2) Refugees in the period 1914-89
The First World War, revolutions in Germany and Russia → about 9.5 million refugees
The Nazi threat towards Jews and Gypsies generated refugees
After the Second World War: 11 million refugees
State formation often generates refugees
ex. The independence of India and creation of Pakistan (1947)
Formation of Israel (1948) produced Palestinian refugee problem
East Germans, Czechs, Hungarians, Russian dissidents and Cubans fled to the West
→ From communist to capitalist regimes
- 5 historical facts of refugee flows
74/10
3) Refugees after the Cold War
Collapse of Berlin Wall and the Soviet Union opened migratory space → confronted
with a large number of migrants
After Cold War
: Political refugees became the economic migrants
: A huge number of refugees and returnees were found in Africa and Asia
↔ Europe: historically generated most refugees
Collapse of the Soviet Union → Balkanization
ex. Yugoslavia: Bosnia and Herzegovina war caused more than 2 million refugees
- 3 historical facts of refugee flows
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3) Refugees after the Cold War
The number of refugees: Africa, Asia > Europe
- Handout: “Populations of concern to UNHCR”
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6) Internally displaced persons (IDPs)
“Somebody who has been pushed from his or her normal place of residence by
war, civil conflict or an ecological disaster, such as a fire, flood, hurricane or
volcano, but who has not sought refuge in a foreign country”
- Definition
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6) Internally displaced persons (IDPs)
Commonality: they have been pushed from their homes because of war, ethnic or
religious persecution, natural disaster, and so on
- IDPs vs. Refugees
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6) Internally displaced persons (IDPs)
Most have been displaced by ethnic, political conflict or civil war
ex. Algeria: The Islamicists vs. Secular government
Happens from environmental changes, natural disasters and ambitious development
projects
ex. Rising sea level
China: massive Three Gorges dam displaced over a million people
- Facts about IDPs
79/10
8. Undocumented workers
80/10
1) 2 predominant forms
Violate the terms of entry and work
ex. Student: illegally works in fast-food outlet
Shadowy world of illegal work and residence after entry visa expires
① Overstaying
81/10
Organization behind deliberate illegal entrants
ex. Entry certificates and visas, bribed border guards, travel and shipping agents
② Deliberate illegal entry
2) 3 ways of governments’ respond
1. Turn a blind eye in order to calm public opinion
2. Pretend that borders are secure
3. Legitimate status of illegal workers by allowing an
amnesty
82/10
9. The management of
global migration
83/10
1) Global Commission on International Migration (GCIM)
Established by Kofi Annan (former UN Secretary-General) in 2003
Purpose: Analyzing main issues, providing policy suggestions in response to arising
tensions of international migration
Closed in 2005
84/10
1) Global Commission on International Migration (GCIM)
① Migrating out of choice: migration and the global economy
② Reinforcing economic and developmental impact
③ Addressing irregular migration
④ Strengthening social cohesion through integration
⑤ Protecting the rights of migrants
⑥ Enhancing governance: coherence, capacity and cooperation
- 6 principles for action
85/10
2) International Organization for Migration (IOM)
Established: 1951
151 member states
86/10
① Migration and development
② Facilitating migration
③ Regulating migration
④ Addressing forced migration
- 4 areas of migration management ( ≒ GCIM)
87/10
2) International Organization for Migration (IOM)
Established: Dec. 14, 1950 by the UN
General Assembly
Purpose: safeguard the rights of refugees
worldwide
88/10
3) United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
Ensure that everyone can exercise the right
to seek asylum
Find safe refuge in another country
Help return home voluntarily
Asylum-seekers, children, internally
displaced people (IDPs), men, the elderly,
people with disabilities, refugees, returnees,
stateless people, women
- What does UNHCR do? Who do they help?
89/10
3) United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR)
90/10
10. Further reading
- People Who Count: Population and Politics, Women and Children (Dorothy Stein,
1995)
- Population and Food (T. M. Dyson, 1996)
- The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World
(Stephen Castles and Mark Miller, 2003)
- The Cambridge Survey of World Migration (Robin Cohen, 1995)
1. Malthus’ theory of population: http://factsanddetails.com/world.php?itemid=1585&subcatid=3432. Quiz: Population 7 Billion: http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2011/10/111031-population-7-billion-earth-world-un-seven/3. National Geographic: http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/7-billion?source=news_7billion4. Death rate in Russia: http://www.bmj.com/content/315/7105/383.85. Toolkits for measuring populations: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.IMRT.IN/countries/1W?display=map6. Population pyramid: http://people.uncw.edu/tanp/DamDevelopment.html7. Definition of ‘urbanization’: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/urbanization.html8. Population growth rate in Russia: http://www.google.ru/publicdata/explore?
ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&met_y=sp_pop_grow&hl=en&dl=en&idim=country:RUS:CHN:JPN#!ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=sp_pop_grow&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=region&idim=country:RUS&ifdim=region&hl=en_US&dl=en&ind=false
9. Russia population 2013: http://worldpopulationreview.com/russia-population-2013/10. Population growth rate in South Korea: http://www.google.ru/publicdata/explore?
ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&met_y=sp_pop_grow&hl=en&dl=en&idim=country:KOR:JPN:CHN#!ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=sp_pop_grow&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=region&idim=country:KOR&ifdim=region&hl=en_US&dl=en&ind=false
11. South Korea population 2013: http://worldpopulationreview.com/south-korea-population-2013/12. Global migration: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pjjB1CtCYhg13. Definition of migration: http://www.ghs-mh.de/migration/projects/define/define.htm14. Un population division: http://esa.un.org/unmigration/wallchart2013.htm15. North-South map: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:North_South_divide.svg16. North-South divide: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_divide17. Peoplemovein: http://www.peoplemov.in/18. Global migration in Russia: http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/social-issues-migration-health/international-
migration-outlook-2013/russian-federation_migr_outlook-2013-37-en#page319. Demography, Migration and Multiculturalism in South Korea: http://www.japanfocus.org/-andrew_eungi-kim/303520. South Korea: Balancing Labor Demand with Strict Controls: http://www.migrationinformation.org/feature/display.cfm?ID=27221. Syria crisis: children speak from Zaatari refugee camp: http://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2013/aug/23/syria-crisis-children-
speak-refugee-camp-video22. Zaatari refugee camp map: http://publicintelligence.net/al-zaatari-refugee-camp/23. Refugees: http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49c3646c125.html24. Internally Displaced People: http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49c3646c146.html25. International Organization for Migration: http://www.iom.int/files/live/sites/iom/files/About-IOM/docs/iom_in_brief_en.pdf26. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees: http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/home27. Top ten countries with the highest population: http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats8.htm28. International migration: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lOZmqIwqur4
91/10
11. Sources
Discussion topics (Part 1)
1. Have you or your family moved to other cities or countries?
If you have, why? If you have not, why not?
2. If you have a chance to migrate to other countries, would you go?
Where would you go and why did you choose that country? If not, why not?
3. What is your opinion about migrants coming to your country?
4. Do Russia have immigration policies for foreigners who are coming to Russia?
5. If "population increase" is a problem, what about "population decrease?“
Do you think it also causes problems?92/10
Discussion topics (Part 2)
1. Increasing population: India, United States, Indonesia, etc.
→ Why does population keep increasing? Do they have
the same reason?
2. Russia: 2nd top migrant destination
→ Why is population decreasing? Same reason as Japan?
★Terms: population, global migration, birth / death / fertility rate,
permanent / temporary migrants, IMR, economic prosperity,
push / pull factors… 93/10
- Video: Summary of
global migration
94/10
Before we finish…
Thank you!
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