ch7 - amazon s3s3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/vozkbnz2eq.pdf30. every time little joey...

ch7Student: ___________________________________________________________________________

1. According to Halliday, language A. serves one purpose, that of communication.B. is unable to help children understand their emotions.C. interferes with the development of imagination and fantasy.D. has many purposes, ranging from behavioural control to environmental exploration.

2. Language involves both the production of sounds and the ability to comprehend speech. These two

aspects of language are known as _______ and _______ language, respectively. A. productive; receptiveB. productive; comprehensiveC. receptive; productiveD. oral; comprehensive

3. The area of language which describes the system of sounds for grammar, or how the basic sound units are

put together to form words, is A. grammar.B. pragmatics.C. phonology.D. syntax.

4. Sam works with a speech language pathologist because he has difficulty pronouncing certain basic

sounds. When he wants to say "truck," for instance, what comes out is something that sounds like "duck." Sam's problem is apparently with A. syntax.B. grammar.C. phonology.D. morphology.

5. Basic sounds, such as "th" are called

A. vowels.B. syllables.C. morphemes.D. phonemes.

6. The shortest speech unit in which a change produces a change in meaning (e.g., "bag" and "bat") is a

A. morpheme.B. phoneme.C. syntax.D. morphology.

7. The basic sounds of an infant's native language are called __________.

A. graphemesB. phonemesC. phoneticsD. morphemes

8. The study of the meaning of words and of sentences is known as

A. grammar.B. phonology.C. morphology.D. semantics.

9. Which term is semantically related to the word "shrub"? A. rubB. bushC. houseD. garden

10. The sentence "The mobile laughed at the baby until she cried." violates the language rule of

A. syntax.B. pragmatics.C. semantics.D. phonology.

11. The sentence "The carpet walked with the girl to buy something at the store." is

A. semantically correct but syntactically incorrect.B. morphologically correct but semantically incorrect.C. syntactically correct but semantically in correct.D. pragmatically incorrect but semantically correct.

12. A _______ is the smallest meaningful unit of adult speech.

A. syntaxB. phonemeC. nounD. morpheme

13. How many morphemes are in the word "farmer"?

A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 4

14. The prefix "mono-" is a

A. phoneme.B. morpheme.C. vowel.D. consonant.

15. By examining the kinds of words children acquire and how they use them, insights can be gained into the

way children attach meaning to words, or a child's _______ development. A. vocabularyB. semanticC. phonologicalD. pragmatic

16. Syntax and morphology are the two major facets of

A. phonology.B. semantics.C. grammar.D. pragmatics.

17. Mindy, who is 24 months old, is beginning to speak in sentences with articles and prepositions. She is

developing A. holophrase.B. syntax.C. overextensive speech.D. telegraphic speech.

18. The rules for forming acceptable sentences are part of a language's A. syntax.B. semantics.C. morphology.D. pragmatics.

19. Which English-speaking adolescent would most likely know who is getting hit in the sentence "George

was hit by John."? A. one who understands syntaxB. one who understands displacementC. one who understands generativityD. one who understands morphology

20. A child learns how nouns, verbs, adjectives, and prepositions go together to form acceptable sentences.

The child is learning A. syntax.B. phonology.C. pragmatics.D. semantics.

21. An adjective usually precedes a noun in the English language whereas adjectives typically follow nouns

in Spanish. This creates difficulty for individuals trying to learn another language. A person familiar with various aspects of language would realize that the problem is the result of differential A. phonemes.B. pragmatics.C. syntax.D. semantics.

22. The area of language which recognizes that much of language cannot be understood without knowledge

of the context and setting in which it occurs is A. phonology.B. semantics.C. grammar.D. pragmatics.

23. Which is NOT an aspect of pragmatics?

A. taking turns in conversationB. using polite languageC. pronouncing your words correctlyD. telling convincing lies

24. The use of appropriate conversation and knowledge underlying the use of language in context is

called A. syntax.B. semantics.C. pragmatics.D. phonology.

25. When children learn to use their "quiet voices" in the library, they are learning rules of

A. syntax.B. semantics.C. pragmatics.D. phonology.

26. Grace has learned that when her parents are entertaining guests in their home, she is to use formal etiquette with the adults. What set of language rules applies to Grace's learning? A. syntaxB. semanticsC. pragmaticsD. morphology

27. At a party, Dr. Henson encounters two of his least favourite individuals, Burt who is always interrupting

others and Mick who tells unfunny jokes. Dr. Henson could best help these two by teaching them about A. syntax.B. pragmatics.C. semantics.D. morphology.

28. The nature-nurture debate on language development is reflective of which two viewpoints?

A. biological; psychodynamicB. humanistic; physiologicalC. biological; environmentalD. environmental; cognitive

29. With regard to language development, most developmentalists currently

A. favour nativism.B. favour learning theory.C. combine nativism and learning theory.D. discount nativism and learning theory.

30. Every time little Joey babbles words that sound like "Mama" or "Dada," his parents clap their hands

wildly and encourage Joey with their approval by smiling and hugging him. This reinforcement acts to shape Joey's verbal behaviour. This idea reflects the language theory of A. Noam Chomsky.B. B.F. Skinner.C. Brown.D. Slobin.

31. The proponent of learning theory who maintained that language development is based on experience

is A. Ivan Pavlov.B. B. F. Skinner.C. Noam Chomsky.D. John Watson.

32. Which one of the following would NOT be used to explain language acquisition by learning theorists?

A. reinforcement of successive approximationsB. an innate template for languageC. generalizationD. imitation

33. Studies of parental reinforcement of language have shown that parents

A. respond more to meaning than to grammar.B. respond more to grammar than to meaning.C. respond equally to grammar as to meaning.D. rarely reinforce their children's language.

34. In general, learning principles may play an important and useful role in A. language acquisition.B. language expansion.C. modifying language use and overcoming language deficits in some people.D. the learning of sign language by deaf children.

35. The most influential representative of the nativist position of language development is the linguist

A. B.F. Skinner.B. Sigmund Freud.C. Noam Chomsky.D. William James.

36. The psychology club is sponsoring a speaker. The title of her talk is "The Prewired Nature of Language."

This speaker is most likely highly supportive of the ideas of A. B. F. Skinner.B. Catherine Snow.C. Noam Chomsky.D. Jerome Bruner.

37. Noam Chomsky theorized that children are born with an innate grammatical representation which

underlies all language. This is referred to as a(n) A. brain.B. extraordinary language facility (ELF).C. language acquisition device (LAD).D. Chomsky device.

38. The idea that human infants come into the world with a Language Acquisition Device is characteristic of

a __________ view of language acquisition. A. behaviouralB. biologicalC. cognitiveD. developmental

39. The concept of the Language Acquisition Device (LAD) is

A. an example of how nature and nurture interact together to create language.B. an example of how human language is not based on biology.C. an example of how biological evolution is inadequate to explain human language.D. consistent with the idea that humans acquired language through biological evolution.

40. The LAD refers to the

A. language alteration driver.B. language acquisition device.C. linguistic attitude development.D. Lyon-Allen-Dawkins view of language development.

41. According to Noam Chomsky, a language acquisition device is a(n)

A. perceptual mechanism that allows reinforcement to strengthen commonly used words in language.B. mechanism that enables the brain to infer linguistic rules from the language they hear.C. inborn mechanism that helps children to understand the meanings of words.D. something the helps a child learn to read.

42. Which of the following statements would NOT be cited as evidence supporting the theory of nativism?

A.

Children learn the grammar of their own language by repeating sounds their parents praise them for making.

B. Linguistic advances, such as the onset of babbling, occur in similar ways for hearing and deaf babies.C. Human beings are the only species having a brain that is larger on one side than on the other.D. Newborns react to hearing languages in sophisticated ways.

43. The concept of a language acquisition device (LAD) in the human brain is part of what theory of language development? A. language acquisition theoryB. social-learning theoryC. Piagetian theoryD. nativism

44. Who suggested the idea of the LAD?

A. William T. LadB. Jean PiagetC. Noam ChomskyD. B. F. Skinner

45. The observation that language is learned well by all children, in various cultures and at a rapid rate, is

reflective of the __________ viewpoint. A. nativistB. behaviouralC. psychodynamicD. humanistic

46. The critical period for language is ________.

A. infancyB. infancy and early childhoodC. infancy to pubertyD. infancy through adolescence

47. Which language occurs when two or more different languages (such as Chinese, Dutch, and Portuguese)

come into contact, with the result being a new hybrid language system of communication? A. borneoB. regataC. fusionD. pidgin

48. Which of the following statements is false?

A. All languages use multiple sounds; some use sounds that humans in different cultures can't replicate.B. The usefulness of pidgin languages in multicultural societies is unlimited.C. Not all languages have a precise and complex grammar.D. Speakers in all languages use nativistic rules of acquisition.

49. The type of language that is developed by children whose parents speak a pidgin language is

A. pidgin.B. Creole.C. the grandparent's language.D. Cockatoo.

50. In the interactionist view of language development, children are seen as

A. playing an active role in language development.B. playing a passive role in language development.C. playing no role in language development.D. being dependent upon their parents for language development.

51. According to Jerome Bruner, the environment provides the language learning child with a language

acquisition support system. Which of the following would be one example of this system? A. climbing treesB. nonverbal gamesC. swimmingD. vocabulary drills

52. The concept of a language acquisition support system (LASS) was developed by A. Lev Vygotsky.B. B. F. Skinner.C. Noam Chomsky.D. Jerome Bruner.

53. Eileen loves her new baby Cody very much and frequently talks to him throughout the day saying things

like "Drink your baba." and "Get your banky for night-night." This use of simplified speech with a baby is part of a language A. encoding decoy.B. work minuet.C. environmental reward.D. support system.

54. When parents talk to young children, they frequently talk slower, speak in higher-pitched voices,

enunciate more clearly, and end their sentences with rising intonation. These are examples of A. nonverbal games.B. simplified speech.C. motherese.D. voice decoding.

55. Bonnie and her baby Sonya are playing and communicating in the park. Bonnie says, "Yes, you can go

down the slide." after Sonya asks, "Me slide?" Bonnie has just used the technique of __________ by adding to Sonya's question in her reply. A. intentionalityB. frequencyC. expansionD. facilitation

56. Characteristics of early speech include all of the following EXCEPT

A. simplification.B. overextension.C. understanding grammar without being able to express it.D. use of motherese.

57. Who is more likely to use the expansion technique?

A. infants, regardless of parents' social class.B. middle-class parents.C. lower-class parents.D. parents of children whose language is grammatically correct.

58. When Lauren asks "My kitty?" her mother replies "Where is your kitty? I don't know where your kitty is,

Lauren. Let's go look for her." This rephrasing of a child's question in proper grammatical form is known as A. recasting.B. consistency.C. imitation.D. determination.

59. Cross-cultural studies indicate that what is critical to language development is

A. language rehearsal.B. language expansion.C. motor development.D. social interaction.

60. What is occurring when a baby babbles and coos, followed by the caregiver vocalizing, which is then followed by the baby vocalizing again? A. expansionsB. pseudodialogueC. baby talkD. Creole rhythm

61. Children can use non-verbal actions to intentionally direct and control other people. One such form of

pre-verbal communication where a child gets another person to do something by pointing, reaching, or making sounds at the same time is known as A. protodeclaratives.B. redundancy.C. gesticulation.D. protoimperatives.

62. Abigail is playing with her stuffed animals when her aunt enters the room. She holds up her favorite

animal, a stuffed dog, for her aunt to see. Her behaviour is an example of a(n) A. protodeclarative.B. protoimperative.C. pseudogesture.D. implicit communication.

63. Frederick impatiently pulls at his father's pant leg because he wants some juice. He points to the

refrigerator when his father looks at him. His gesturing is an example of a A. protodeclarative.B. protoimperative.C. communicative demand.D. protorequest.

64. When looking at language development, which aspect develops first?

A. receptiveB. expressiveC. productiveD. gesticulative

65. Infants exhibit the ability to perceive and discriminate speech sounds at what age?

A. 1 monthB. 3 monthsC. 6 monthsD. 9 months

66. Many language abilities are rapidly developed throughout infancy. An infant can actively produce

sounds, though not always language, beginning at A. birth.B. 1 week of age.C. 1 month of age.D. 10 weeks of age.

67. What is the correct stage sequence of sound production?

A. vocalizing, babbling, expansions, languageB. receptive, cooing, production, generativeC. crying, cooing, babbling, patterned speechD. crying, vocalizing, production, language

68. Steven is 8 months old and has begun to produce repetitive strings of vowel and consonant sound such as "pa-pa-pa-pa." This stage of prelinguistic speech is called A. cooing.B. babbling.C. intonation expression.D. protolanguage.

69. A baby who says "da-da-da-da" is

A. babbling.B. using telegraphic speech.C. using a holophrase.D. using a language acquisition device.

70. Changes in infant babbling over time are believed to result from maturation of the brain areas responsible

for articulation, maturation of the vocal structures, and A. the ability to distinguish human voices from music.B. the ability to distinguish speech from nonspeech sounds.C. being exposed to language on a regular basis.D. the availability of a responsive communicative adult.

71. An infant's first word typically appears at

A. 9 months.B. 12 months.C. 15 months.D. 18 months.

72. Tish, who is 18 months old, seems to understand many more words than she can produce on her own.

According to language development studies, Tish is A. very unusual.B. like most children her age.C. probably developing slowly.D. probably significantly advanced for her age.

73. Jeremiah is 12 months old and has just spoken his first word. His parents are concerned that he is a slow

learner, since his sister began speaking at 9 months. What do you tell them? A.

They should take Jeremiah to a speech language pathologist to help determine why he is having such difficulty.

B. They should consider enrolling Jeremiah's sister in a program for gifted children.C. They should not worry because language can be taught to children at any age.D. They should not worry because Jeremiah is within the normal range for beginning to use words.

74. In the earliest period of language development, the child's main concern is

A. enunciation.B. articulation.C. vocabulary.D. sentence construction.

75. The remarkable ease with which children can connect a new word with a concept they already understand

is known as A. semantics.B. prodigal skill.C. fast mapping.D. conceptualization.

76. Yesterday, 5-year-old Josh heard his father say "Water accumulates on the roof when it rains." It was the first time he had ever heard the word "accumulate." Today, Josh told his mother, "My toys accumulate in my room." Josh is exhibiting A. egocentrism.B. social speech.C. fast mapping.D. syntax.

77. Parents are reluctant to use the SAL (i.e., system for augmenting language) because they fear that their

children will A. misunderstand others' attempts to communicate.B. fail to learn the symbols that represent words on the SAL.C. not learn spoken language.D. feel "abnormal" if they use it.

78. Studies with mentally retarded individuals who fail to develop language indicate that these individuals

can learn to communicate by use of a A. computerized device that uses symbols, other than language, to communicate.B. facilitator who translates sign language into spoken language.C. device implanted in the brain that processes language.D. sign language board that has symbols they can point to.

79. The principle of _________ refers to the idea that words stand for objects, actions, and events.

A. referenceB. mutual exclusivityC. semanticD. dichotomous

80. Which of the following would most likely be an example of a child's first spoken word?

A. the child's nameB. "Down"C. "Red"D. "Bottle"

81. Children's first words typically represent

A. actions (e.g., "give").B. modifiers (e.g., "red").C. function words (e.g., "what").D. general nominals (e.g., "ball").

82. When children use a single word to cover many different things, they are

A. repeating.B. perseverating.C. underextending.D. overextending.

83. When children use a single word in a highly restricted and individualistic way, they are

A. being selective.B. targeting.C. underextending.D. overextending.

84. Elliot is just learning to talk and he frequently calls the horses, cows, cats, and goats "Doggie." This

characteristic error in Elliot's word use in known as A. perseveration.B. overextension.C. underextension.D. repetition.

85. Chad uses the word "Truck" whenever he sees his father's big red logging truck. All other automobiles, including semi-trucks, are called "Cars." The characteristic error in word use is known as A. underextension.B. constriction.C. limitation.D. overextension.

86. Which of the following is NOT an explanation for children's early word errors?

A. Early word errors reflect the gradual movement from immature to mature adult conceptual categories.B.

Overextensions are a communication technique that young children use when their vocabularies are limited.

C. Overextensions are strategies that children use to stretch their limited linguistic resources.D.

Overextensions and underextensions reflect children's limited ability to produce a variety of different sounds.

87. Julie points to her book on a shelf and says "Down." Her expression is an example of a(n)

A. overextension.B. underextension.C. holophrase.D. action word.

88. Jackie says, "Milk," meaning "I want some milk." When his mother pours it, he says, "Milk,"

meaning "This is milk." After taking a sip, he pushes his cup toward his mother and says, "Milk," meaning "Do you want my milk?" This is an example of A. a monophrase.B. a holophrase.C. a synonym.D. motherese.

89. Martin uses the phrase "Me go" to tell his parents that he has finished eating and wants down from his

chair. This is an example of A. holophrasic speech.B. a request.C. undergeneralization.D. telegraphic speech.

90. An example of telegraphic speech is

A. "Cookie."B. "Want cookie."C. "I want a cookie."D. "I want a chocolate chip cookie."

91. "Mommy go now" is an example of

A. syntactic speech.B. overextended speech.C. underextended speech.D. telegraphic speech.

92. Two-year-old Keaton says to his mother "I go park" to convey "I want to go to the park." This language is

called A. telegraphic speech.B. holophrastic speech.C. egocentric speech.D. infant-directed speech.

93. Which of the following illustrates telegraphic speech? A. "Down!"B. "Baa-baa-baa-baa."C. "Daddy work."D. "I want to go the store now!"

94. According to Pettito, when looking at the development of sign language and spoken language, which of

the following statements is correct? A. Signing develops later than verbal language.B. The differences between signers and speakers disappear early in development.C. Signing develops earlier than verbal language.D. Infants are sensitive to the patterning and structure of language, regardless of modality.

95. Deaf children learning American Sign Language (ASL) exhibit

A. steady increases in the length of utterances.B. overextension.C. errors in early sign usage.D. all of the above.

96. Which one of the following statements in NOT correct when comparing the development of sign

language and spoken language? A. Speakers utter their first word before signers make their first sign.B. Signing develops sooner than verbal language.C. The differences between signers and speakers disappear after age 2.D. Cognitive development plays a critical role in both signing and speaking.

97. Early in language development, meaning is understood by looking at where the communication occurs, or

its A. morphology.B. context.C. structure.D. clarity.

98. The expression of what one understands about the world at any particular age is

A. knowledge.B. construction.C. intelligence.D. language.

99. Which of the following cognitive abilities does NOT develop simultaneously with the beginning of

spoken language? A. the concept of causalityB. a distinction between self and otherC. the completion of conservationD. an understanding of object permanence

100.According to numerous developmental theorists and researchers, there is a parallel in the development of

language and A. cognition.B. morality.C. emotions.D. social skills.

101.The major task of the two-word phase is

A. vocabulary expansion.B. mastering a small set of semantic relations.C. the development of questions.D. the development of negations.

102.Research in the area of morpheme development (e.g., Brown, 1973) supports the view that the A. sequence of acquisition varies but the rate remains the same.B. rate of acquisition varies but the sequence remains the same.C. sequence and rate of acquisition both vary.D. sequence and the rate of acquisition both remain the same.

103.When children ignore word irregularities and apply rules incorrectly (for example, a young child may

say "foots" instead of "feet" after learning that "s" is a plural ending), the child is showing A. rebellion.B. resistance.C. simplification.D. over-regularization.

104.Kelly, age 2 years, says "Brrr! My feets are cold!" This is an example of

A. child neglect.B. overextension.C. underextension.D. overregularization.

105.Tanya runs into her parents' room and exclaims "I breaked my toy!" Her use of "breaked" is an example

of A. confusion.B. overregularization.C. overextension.D. morpheme generalization.

106.If four-year-old Mary was to over regularize when making an error with a morpheme, which one of the

following words would be an example? A. sawB. wasC. falledD. turned

107.Lorraine is beginning to ask questions. The first thing she does to indicate a question is to

A. hold her arms up, as if she doesn't know the answer.B. raise her voice at the end of an utterance.C. use a variant of "wh" questions, such as "Whatsat?"D. use an auxiliary verb.

108.Research indicates that children use different forms of negation. When Raymond says "No take bath!", he

is using the negation of A. resistance.B. nonexistence.C. rejection.D. denial.

109.Julia has eaten all of her dessert and remarks "All gone pie." This is an example of the negative called

A. denial.B. rejection.C. opposition.D. nonexistence.

110.Christopher loudly states "No go nap!" Christopher is expressing his opposition to taking a nap via the

semantic rule of A. negation.B. hostility.C. telegraphic speech.D. pragmatism.

111.Which of the following is NOT a type of semantic negation? A. nonexistenceB. rejectionC. denialD. objection

112.Entwisle and Frasure's (1974) study using the "noisy telephone" technique supports the finding that

A. children rely on semantic cues but not syntactic cues as they become older.B. children become more skillful using syntactic and semantic cues as they become older.C.

children rely on syntactic cues when they are preschoolers but switch to semantic cues in later childhood.

D. as children develop, their reliance on semantic and syntactic cues decreases. 113.The appropriate use of language for accomplishing various ends in differing social situations is termed

___________. A. syntaxB. pragmaticsC. manipulationD. double speak

114.Alex says "please." and "thank you." when he is at a friend's birthday party. Alex has learned

A. pragmatics.B. metalinguistics.C. polite conversation.D. social communication.

115.Jessica uses slang when talking with her friends and formal grammar in the classroom with her teachers.

Jessica has learned A. speech appraisal.B. discourse.C. semantics.D. language rules.

116.Which one of the following is NOT required in order for a speaker or communicator to be effective?

A. The speaker must obtain the attention of the listeners.B. Speakers have to be sensitive to listener's feedback.C. Speakers must learn to adjust their speech to suit the characteristics of the audience.D. Speakers must be well versed in a number of different topics.

117.When talking to his infant brother, 3-year-old Andrew is more repetitive and uses more attention eliciting

words than when he's talking to his mom. These behaviours indicate that Andrew A. is exhibiting speech regression.B. has failed to recognize that his brother is too young to understand language.C. is sensitive to the age of his brother and therefore modifies his language.D. is eagerly waiting for his brother to be his playmate.

118.Children are more competent speakers when they are talking about

A. a single familiar object that is present in their immediate environment.B. absent objects.C. their own feelings, motivations, and thoughts.D. relationships among referents.

119.At what age do children possess the necessary skills for monitoring conversations (such as recognizing

when problems occur and knowing how to fix such problems)? A. at birthB. 3 to 4 years oldC. 6 to 7 years oldD. 8 to 10 years old

120.The expressions "his belly shook like a bowl full of jelly" or "the moon is like a green ball of cheese" are A. illusive expressions.B. futile expressions.C. contextual expressions.D. figurative expressions.

121.Twenty-month-old Kristen proudly pointed to the red shiny Christmas tree ornaments and said "Apple,

apple." Kristen is A. using a child metaphor.B. experiencing language deficits.C. exhibiting intellectual lag.D. confused.

122.Joanne says to her parents during a quarrel, "Why are you two being such grumpy old bears?" This is an

example of the use of A. fast mapping.B. metaphor.C. private speech.D. none of these.

123.Which of the following statements is true in relation to children's listening abilities?

A. Children do not follow directions because they have a natural inclination towards being disobedient.B. Children can mentally manipulate the symbolic meaning of words with ease.C. Children are usually fully aware when they do not understand a message.D. Children are often unaware when they do not understand a message.

124.Three-year-old Kristen was asked "Bring me the refrigerator." What will she think about this?

A. Kristen will know this is an impossible task.B. Kristen will ask for more information.C. Kristen has the fundamental monitoring skills to recognize the problems with this request.D. All of these.

125.The ability of children to understand that words are made up of discrete sounds and the difference

between grammatically correct and incorrect sentences is known as A. conceptual awareness.B. ideopathic awarenessC. metalinguistic awareness.D. homeostatic awareness.

126.In order of development, which would appear last?

A. an ability to produce languageB. an ability to understand languageC. an ability to know about languageD. an ability to speak language

127.Mary's mother introduced her to a new playmate by saying, "Mary, this is Harry." Mary, age 3, repeated

with delight, "Mary, Harry, Mary, Harry." What type of awareness did Mary demonstrate? A. phonological awarenessB. syntactic awarenessC. pragmatic awarenessD. semantic awareness

128.Jean's mother speaks only English and his father speaks only French in his presence. What would you expect of his language production? A. He is advanced in receptive language and delayed in productive language.B. He is advanced in his vocabulary production of English and French.C.

His total vocabulary production in both English and French combined is equal in size to the monolingual child's production vocabulary.

D. He is delayed in his vocabulary production in both English and French. 129.Studies of children who are bilingual have found that bilingual children

A. have language delays compared to monolingual children.B. are confused by two language inputs.C. are language delayed in early childhood but catch up when they enter school.D.

exhibit some cognitive enhancements (e.g., better concept formation) compared to monolingual children.

130.Compare and contrast the views on language development as proposed by B.F. Skinner and by Noam

Chomsky.

131.Using examples, discuss reasons why learning theory cannot fully explain the acquisition of

language.

132.Explain the function of the language acquisition device (LAD) according to the nativist account of

language development.

133.Are infants competent in language? Explain. In your answer, present examples of errors in children's

early language acquisition

134.Discuss how overextension relates to category formation.

135.What are the milestones of language development during the first 3 years and what can influence that

language development? Give two examples of ways in which parents facilitate language development

136.Describe one similarity and one difference in the language acquisition of hearing and hearing impaired

children.

137.Discuss how overextension relates to category formation.

138.What is pragmatic development in language? Describe how this process changes in a child as he/she

develops from infancy to adulthood. How does metalinguistic awareness enter into this developmental process?

139.How do bilingual children benefit from acquiring more than one language?

ch7 Key 1.(p. 253)

According to Halliday, language A. serves one purpose, that of communication.B. is unable to help children understand their emotions.C. interferes with the development of imagination and fantasy.D. has many purposes, ranging from behavioural control to environmental exploration.

Learning Objective: 1Parke - Chapter 07 #1

Type: Knowledge

2.(p. 253)

Language involves both the production of sounds and the ability to comprehend speech. These two aspects of language are known as _______ and _______ language, respectively. A. productive; receptiveB. productive; comprehensiveC. receptive; productiveD. oral; comprehensive


Type: Knowledge

3.(p. 253)

The area of language which describes the system of sounds for grammar, or how the basic sound units are put together to form words, is A. grammar.B. pragmatics.C. phonology.D. syntax.


Type: Knowledge

4.(p. 253)

Sam works with a speech language pathologist because he has difficulty pronouncing certain basic sounds. When he wants to say "truck," for instance, what comes out is something that sounds like "duck." Sam's problem is apparently with A. syntax.B. grammar.C. phonology.D. morphology.

Learning Objective: 1Parke - Chapter 07 #4Type: Application

5.(p. 253)

Basic sounds, such as "th" are called A. vowels.B. syllables.C. morphemes.D. phonemes.


Type: Knowledge

6.(p. 253)

The shortest speech unit in which a change produces a change in meaning (e.g., "bag" and "bat") is a A. morpheme.B. phoneme.C. syntax.D. morphology.


Type: Knowledge

7.(p. 253)

The basic sounds of an infant's native language are called __________. A. graphemesB. phonemesC. phoneticsD. morphemes


Type: Knowledge

8.(p. 253)

The study of the meaning of words and of sentences is known as A. grammar.B. phonology.C. morphology.D. semantics.


Type: Knowledge

9.(p. 254)

Which term is semantically related to the word "shrub"? A. rubB. bushC. houseD. garden


Type: Comprehension

10.(p. 254)

The sentence "The mobile laughed at the baby until she cried." violates the language rule of A. syntax.B. pragmatics.C. semantics.D. phonology.

Learning Objective: 1

Parke - Chapter 07 #10Type: Application

11.(p. 254)

The sentence "The carpet walked with the girl to buy something at the store." is A. semantically correct but syntactically incorrect.B. morphologically correct but semantically incorrect.C. syntactically correct but semantically in correct.D. pragmatically incorrect but semantically correct.



12.(p. 254)

A _______ is the smallest meaningful unit of adult speech. A. syntaxB. phonemeC. nounD. morpheme


Parke - Chapter 07 #12Type: Knowledge

13.(p. 254)

How many morphemes are in the word "farmer"? A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 4


Parke - Chapter 07 #13Type: Comprehension

14.(p. 254)

The prefix "mono-" is a A. phoneme.B. morpheme.C. vowel.D. consonant.



15.(p. 254)

By examining the kinds of words children acquire and how they use them, insights can be gained into the way children attach meaning to words, or a child's _______ development. A. vocabularyB. semanticC. phonologicalD. pragmatic



16.(p. 254)

Syntax and morphology are the two major facets of A. phonology.B. semantics.C. grammar.D. pragmatics.



17.(p. 254)

Mindy, who is 24 months old, is beginning to speak in sentences with articles and prepositions. She is developing A. holophrase.B. syntax.C. overextensive speech.D. telegraphic speech.



18.(p. 254)

The rules for forming acceptable sentences are part of a language's A. syntax.B. semantics.C. morphology.D. pragmatics.



19.(p. 254)

Which English-speaking adolescent would most likely know who is getting hit in the sentence "George was hit by John."? A. one who understands syntaxB. one who understands displacementC. one who understands generativityD. one who understands morphology



20.(p. 254)

A child learns how nouns, verbs, adjectives, and prepositions go together to form acceptable sentences. The child is learning A. syntax.B. phonology.C. pragmatics.D. semantics.



21.(p. 254)

An adjective usually precedes a noun in the English language whereas adjectives typically follow nouns in Spanish. This creates difficulty for individuals trying to learn another language. A person familiar with various aspects of language would realize that the problem is the result of differential A. phonemes.B. pragmatics.C. syntax.D. semantics.



22.(p. 254)

The area of language which recognizes that much of language cannot be understood without knowledge of the context and setting in which it occurs is A. phonology.B. semantics.C. grammar.D. pragmatics.



23.(p. 254)

Which is NOT an aspect of pragmatics? A. taking turns in conversationB. using polite languageC. pronouncing your words correctlyD. telling convincing lies


Parke - Chapter 07 #23Type: Analysis

24.(p. 254)

The use of appropriate conversation and knowledge underlying the use of language in context is called A. syntax.B. semantics.C. pragmatics.D. phonology.



25.(p. 254)

When children learn to use their "quiet voices" in the library, they are learning rules of A. syntax.B. semantics.C. pragmatics.D. phonology.



26.(p. 254)

Grace has learned that when her parents are entertaining guests in their home, she is to use formal etiquette with the adults. What set of language rules applies to Grace's learning? A. syntaxB. semanticsC. pragmaticsD. morphology



27.(p. 254)

At a party, Dr. Henson encounters two of his least favourite individuals, Burt who is always interrupting others and Mick who tells unfunny jokes. Dr. Henson could best help these two by teaching them about A. syntax.B. pragmatics.C. semantics.D. morphology.



28.(p. 255)

The nature-nurture debate on language development is reflective of which two viewpoints? A. biological; psychodynamicB. humanistic; physiologicalC. biological; environmentalD. environmental; cognitive



29.(p. 254)

With regard to language development, most developmentalists currently A. favour nativism.B. favour learning theory.C. combine nativism and learning theory.D. discount nativism and learning theory.



30.(p. 254)

Every time little Joey babbles words that sound like "Mama" or "Dada," his parents clap their hands wildly and encourage Joey with their approval by smiling and hugging him. This reinforcement acts to shape Joey's verbal behaviour. This idea reflects the language theory of A. Noam Chomsky.B. B.F. Skinner.C. Brown.D. Slobin.



31.(p. 254)

The proponent of learning theory who maintained that language development is based on experience is A. Ivan Pavlov.B. B. F. Skinner.C. Noam Chomsky.D. John Watson.



32.(p. 254-255)

Which one of the following would NOT be used to explain language acquisition by learning theorists? A. reinforcement of successive approximationsB. an innate template for languageC. generalizationD. imitation



33.(p. 255)

Studies of parental reinforcement of language have shown that parents A. respond more to meaning than to grammar.B. respond more to grammar than to meaning.C. respond equally to grammar as to meaning.D. rarely reinforce their children's language.



34.(p. 254-255)

In general, learning principles may play an important and useful role in A. language acquisition.B. language expansion.C. modifying language use and overcoming language deficits in some people.D. the learning of sign language by deaf children.



35.(p. 256)

The most influential representative of the nativist position of language development is the linguist A. B.F. Skinner.B. Sigmund Freud.C. Noam Chomsky.D. William James.

Learning Objective: 3 and 4


36.(p. 256)

The psychology club is sponsoring a speaker. The title of her talk is "The Prewired Nature of Language." This speaker is most likely highly supportive of the ideas of A. B. F. Skinner.B. Catherine Snow.C. Noam Chomsky.D. Jerome Bruner.



37.(p. 256)

Noam Chomsky theorized that children are born with an innate grammatical representation which underlies all language. This is referred to as a(n) A. brain.B. extraordinary language facility (ELF).C. language acquisition device (LAD).D. Chomsky device.



38.(p. 256)

The idea that human infants come into the world with a Language Acquisition Device is characteristic of a __________ view of language acquisition. A. behaviouralB. biologicalC. cognitiveD. developmental



39.(p. 256)

The concept of the Language Acquisition Device (LAD) is A. an example of how nature and nurture interact together to create language.B. an example of how human language is not based on biology.C. an example of how biological evolution is inadequate to explain human language.D. consistent with the idea that humans acquired language through biological evolution.



40.(p. 256)

The LAD refers to the A. language alteration driver.B. language acquisition device.C. linguistic attitude development.D. Lyon-Allen-Dawkins view of language development.



41.(p. 256)

According to Noam Chomsky, a language acquisition device is a(n) A. perceptual mechanism that allows reinforcement to strengthen commonly used words in language.B. mechanism that enables the brain to infer linguistic rules from the language they hear.C. inborn mechanism that helps children to understand the meanings of words.D. something the helps a child learn to read.



42.(p. 256)

Which of the following statements would NOT be cited as evidence supporting the theory of nativism? A.

Children learn the grammar of their own language by repeating sounds their parents praise them for making.

B. Linguistic advances, such as the onset of babbling, occur in similar ways for hearing and deaf babies.

C. Human beings are the only species having a brain that is larger on one side than on the other.D. Newborns react to hearing languages in sophisticated ways.



43.(p. 256)

The concept of a language acquisition device (LAD) in the human brain is part of what theory of language development? A. language acquisition theoryB. social-learning theoryC. Piagetian theoryD. nativism



44.(p. 256)

Who suggested the idea of the LAD? A. William T. LadB. Jean PiagetC. Noam ChomskyD. B. F. Skinner



45.(p. 256)

The observation that language is learned well by all children, in various cultures and at a rapid rate, is reflective of the __________ viewpoint. A. nativistB. behaviouralC. psychodynamicD. humanistic



46.(p. 256)

The critical period for language is ________. A. infancyB. infancy and early childhoodC. infancy to pubertyD. infancy through adolescence



47.(p. 258)

Which language occurs when two or more different languages (such as Chinese, Dutch, and Portuguese) come into contact, with the result being a new hybrid language system of communication? A. borneoB. regataC. fusionD. pidgin



48.(p. 258)

Which of the following statements is false? A. All languages use multiple sounds; some use sounds that humans in different cultures can't

replicate.B. The usefulness of pidgin languages in multicultural societies is unlimited.C. Not all languages have a precise and complex grammar.D. Speakers in all languages use nativistic rules of acquisition.



49.(p. 258)

The type of language that is developed by children whose parents speak a pidgin language is A. pidgin.B. Creole.C. the grandparent's language.D. Cockatoo.



50.(p. 260)

In the interactionist view of language development, children are seen as A. playing an active role in language development.B. playing a passive role in language development.C. playing no role in language development.D. being dependent upon their parents for language development.



51.(p. 260)

According to Jerome Bruner, the environment provides the language learning child with a language acquisition support system. Which of the following would be one example of this system? A. climbing treesB. nonverbal gamesC. swimmingD. vocabulary drills



52.(p. 260)

The concept of a language acquisition support system (LASS) was developed by A. Lev Vygotsky.B. B. F. Skinner.C. Noam Chomsky.D. Jerome Bruner.



53.(p. 261)

Eileen loves her new baby Cody very much and frequently talks to him throughout the day saying things like "Drink your baba." and "Get your banky for night-night." This use of simplified speech with a baby is part of a language A. encoding decoy.B. work minuet.C. environmental reward.D. support system.



54.(p. 261)

When parents talk to young children, they frequently talk slower, speak in higher-pitched voices, enunciate more clearly, and end their sentences with rising intonation. These are examples of A. nonverbal games.B. simplified speech.C. motherese.D. voice decoding.



55.(p. 261)

Bonnie and her baby Sonya are playing and communicating in the park. Bonnie says, "Yes, you can go down the slide." after Sonya asks, "Me slide?" Bonnie has just used the technique of __________ by adding to Sonya's question in her reply. A. intentionalityB. frequencyC. expansionD. facilitation



56.(p. 261)

Characteristics of early speech include all of the following EXCEPT A. simplification.B. overextension.C. understanding grammar without being able to express it.D. use of motherese.



57.(p. 262)

Who is more likely to use the expansion technique? A. infants, regardless of parents' social class.B. middle-class parents.C. lower-class parents.D. parents of children whose language is grammatically correct.



58.(p. 262)

When Lauren asks "My kitty?" her mother replies "Where is your kitty? I don't know where your kitty is, Lauren. Let's go look for her." This rephrasing of a child's question in proper grammatical form is known as A. recasting.B. consistency.C. imitation.D. determination.



59.(p. 262)

Cross-cultural studies indicate that what is critical to language development is A. language rehearsal.B. language expansion.C. motor development.D. social interaction.



60.(p. 263)

What is occurring when a baby babbles and coos, followed by the caregiver vocalizing, which is then followed by the baby vocalizing again? A. expansionsB. pseudodialogueC. baby talkD. Creole rhythm



61.(p. 264)

Children can use non-verbal actions to intentionally direct and control other people. One such form of pre-verbal communication where a child gets another person to do something by pointing, reaching, or making sounds at the same time is known as A. protodeclaratives.B. redundancy.C. gesticulation.D. protoimperatives.


Parke - Chapter 07 #61Type: Comprehesnion

62.(p. 264)

Abigail is playing with her stuffed animals when her aunt enters the room. She holds up her favorite animal, a stuffed dog, for her aunt to see. Her behaviour is an example of a(n) A. protodeclarative.B. protoimperative.C. pseudogesture.D. implicit communication.



63.(p. 264)

Frederick impatiently pulls at his father's pant leg because he wants some juice. He points to the refrigerator when his father looks at him. His gesturing is an example of a A. protodeclarative.B. protoimperative.C. communicative demand.D. protorequest.



64.(p. 265)

When looking at language development, which aspect develops first? A. receptiveB. expressiveC. productiveD. gesticulative



65.(p. 265)

Infants exhibit the ability to perceive and discriminate speech sounds at what age? A. 1 monthB. 3 monthsC. 6 monthsD. 9 months



66.(p. 265)

Many language abilities are rapidly developed throughout infancy. An infant can actively produce sounds, though not always language, beginning at A. birth.B. 1 week of age.C. 1 month of age.D. 10 weeks of age.



67.(p. 267)

What is the correct stage sequence of sound production? A. vocalizing, babbling, expansions, languageB. receptive, cooing, production, generativeC. crying, cooing, babbling, patterned speechD. crying, vocalizing, production, language



68.(p. 267)

Steven is 8 months old and has begun to produce repetitive strings of vowel and consonant sound such as "pa-pa-pa-pa." This stage of prelinguistic speech is called A. cooing.B. babbling.C. intonation expression.D. protolanguage.



69.(p. 267)

A baby who says "da-da-da-da" is A. babbling.B. using telegraphic speech.C. using a holophrase.D. using a language acquisition device.



70.(p. 267)

Changes in infant babbling over time are believed to result from maturation of the brain areas responsible for articulation, maturation of the vocal structures, and A. the ability to distinguish human voices from music.B. the ability to distinguish speech from nonspeech sounds.C. being exposed to language on a regular basis.D. the availability of a responsive communicative adult.



71.(p. 268)

An infant's first word typically appears at A. 9 months.B. 12 months.C. 15 months.D. 18 months.



72.(p. 268)

Tish, who is 18 months old, seems to understand many more words than she can produce on her own. According to language development studies, Tish is A. very unusual.B. like most children her age.C. probably developing slowly.D. probably significantly advanced for her age.



73.(p. 268)

Jeremiah is 12 months old and has just spoken his first word. His parents are concerned that he is a slow learner, since his sister began speaking at 9 months. What do you tell them? A.

They should take Jeremiah to a speech language pathologist to help determine why he is having such difficulty.

B. They should consider enrolling Jeremiah's sister in a program for gifted children.C. They should not worry because language can be taught to children at any age.D. They should not worry because Jeremiah is within the normal range for beginning to use words.



74.(p. 268-269)

In the earliest period of language development, the child's main concern is A. enunciation.B. articulation.C. vocabulary.D. sentence construction.



75.(p. 268)

The remarkable ease with which children can connect a new word with a concept they already understand is known as A. semantics.B. prodigal skill.C. fast mapping.D. conceptualization.



76.(p. 268)

Yesterday, 5-year-old Josh heard his father say "Water accumulates on the roof when it rains." It was the first time he had ever heard the word "accumulate." Today, Josh told his mother, "My toys accumulate in my room." Josh is exhibiting A. egocentrism.B. social speech.C. fast mapping.D. syntax.



77.(p. 270)

Parents are reluctant to use the SAL (i.e., system for augmenting language) because they fear that their children will A. misunderstand others' attempts to communicate.B. fail to learn the symbols that represent words on the SAL.C. not learn spoken language.D. feel "abnormal" if they use it.



78.(p. 270)

Studies with mentally retarded individuals who fail to develop language indicate that these individuals can learn to communicate by use of a A. computerized device that uses symbols, other than language, to communicate.B. facilitator who translates sign language into spoken language.C. device implanted in the brain that processes language.D. sign language board that has symbols they can point to.



79.(p. 272)

The principle of _________ refers to the idea that words stand for objects, actions, and events. A. referenceB. mutual exclusivityC. semanticD. dichotomous



80.(p. 272)

Which of the following would most likely be an example of a child's first spoken word? A. the child's nameB. "Down"C. "Red"D. "Bottle"



81.(p. 272)

Children's first words typically represent A. actions (e.g., "give").B. modifiers (e.g., "red").C. function words (e.g., "what").D. general nominals (e.g., "ball").



82.(p. 274)

When children use a single word to cover many different things, they are A. repeating.B. perseverating.C. underextending.D. overextending.



83.(p. 275)

When children use a single word in a highly restricted and individualistic way, they are A. being selective.B. targeting.C. underextending.D. overextending.



84.(p. 274)

Elliot is just learning to talk and he frequently calls the horses, cows, cats, and goats "Doggie." This characteristic error in Elliot's word use in known as A. perseveration.B. overextension.C. underextension.D. repetition.



85.(p. 275)

Chad uses the word "Truck" whenever he sees his father's big red logging truck. All other automobiles, including semi-trucks, are called "Cars." The characteristic error in word use is known as A. underextension.B. constriction.C. limitation.D. overextension.



86.(p. 274-275)

Which of the following is NOT an explanation for children's early word errors? A. Early word errors reflect the gradual movement from immature to mature adult conceptual

categories.B. Overextensions are a communication technique that young children use when their vocabularies are

limited.C. Overextensions are strategies that children use to stretch their limited linguistic resources.D.

Overextensions and underextensions reflect children's limited ability to produce a variety of different sounds.



87.(p. 276)

Julie points to her book on a shelf and says "Down." Her expression is an example of a(n) A. overextension.B. underextension.C. holophrase.D. action word.



88.(p. 276)

Jackie says, "Milk," meaning "I want some milk." When his mother pours it, he says, "Milk," meaning "This is milk." After taking a sip, he pushes his cup toward his mother and says, "Milk," meaning "Do you want my milk?" This is an example of A. a monophrase.B. a holophrase.C. a synonym.D. motherese.



89.(p. 276)

Martin uses the phrase "Me go" to tell his parents that he has finished eating and wants down from his chair. This is an example of A. holophrasic speech.B. a request.C. undergeneralization.D. telegraphic speech.



90.(p. 276)

An example of telegraphic speech is A. "Cookie."B. "Want cookie."C. "I want a cookie."D. "I want a chocolate chip cookie."



91.(p. 276)

"Mommy go now" is an example of A. syntactic speech.B. overextended speech.C. underextended speech.D. telegraphic speech.



92.(p. 276)

Two-year-old Keaton says to his mother "I go park" to convey "I want to go to the park." This language is called A. telegraphic speech.B. holophrastic speech.C. egocentric speech.D. infant-directed speech.



93.(p. 276)

Which of the following illustrates telegraphic speech? A. "Down!"B. "Baa-baa-baa-baa."C. "Daddy work."D. "I want to go the store now!"



94.(p. 283)

According to Pettito, when looking at the development of sign language and spoken language, which of the following statements is correct? A. Signing develops later than verbal language.B. The differences between signers and speakers disappear early in development.C. Signing develops earlier than verbal language.D. Infants are sensitive to the patterning and structure of language, regardless of modality.



95.(p. 283)

Deaf children learning American Sign Language (ASL) exhibit A. steady increases in the length of utterances.B. overextension.C. errors in early sign usage.D. all of the above.



96.(p. 283)

Which one of the following statements in NOT correct when comparing the development of sign language and spoken language? A. Speakers utter their first word before signers make their first sign.B. Signing develops sooner than verbal language.C. The differences between signers and speakers disappear after age 2.D. Cognitive development plays a critical role in both signing and speaking.



97.(p. 276-277)

Early in language development, meaning is understood by looking at where the communication occurs, or its A. morphology.B. context.C. structure.D. clarity.



98.(p. 276-277)

The expression of what one understands about the world at any particular age is A. knowledge.B. construction.C. intelligence.D. language.



99.(p. 277)

Which of the following cognitive abilities does NOT develop simultaneously with the beginning of spoken language? A. the concept of causalityB. a distinction between self and otherC. the completion of conservationD. an understanding of object permanence



100.(p. 277)

According to numerous developmental theorists and researchers, there is a parallel in the development of language and A. cognition.B. morality.C. emotions.D. social skills.



101.(p. 280)

The major task of the two-word phase is A. vocabulary expansion.B. mastering a small set of semantic relations.C. the development of questions.D. the development of negations.



102.(p. 280)

Research in the area of morpheme development (e.g., Brown, 1973) supports the view that the A. sequence of acquisition varies but the rate remains the same.B. rate of acquisition varies but the sequence remains the same.C. sequence and rate of acquisition both vary.D. sequence and the rate of acquisition both remain the same.



103.(p. 280)

When children ignore word irregularities and apply rules incorrectly (for example, a young child may say "foots" instead of "feet" after learning that "s" is a plural ending), the child is showing A. rebellion.B. resistance.C. simplification.D. over-regularization.



104.(p. 280)

Kelly, age 2 years, says "Brrr! My feets are cold!" This is an example of A. child neglect.B. overextension.C. underextension.D. overregularization.



105.(p. 281)

Tanya runs into her parents' room and exclaims "I breaked my toy!" Her use of "breaked" is an example of A. confusion.B. overregularization.C. overextension.D. morpheme generalization.



106.(p. 281)

If four-year-old Mary was to over regularize when making an error with a morpheme, which one of the following words would be an example? A. sawB. wasC. falledD. turned



107.(p. 282)

Lorraine is beginning to ask questions. The first thing she does to indicate a question is to A. hold her arms up, as if she doesn't know the answer.B. raise her voice at the end of an utterance.C. use a variant of "wh" questions, such as "Whatsat?"D. use an auxiliary verb.



108.(p. 283)

Research indicates that children use different forms of negation. When Raymond says "No take bath!", he is using the negation of A. resistance.B. nonexistence.C. rejection.D. denial.



109.(p. 283)

Julia has eaten all of her dessert and remarks "All gone pie." This is an example of the negative called A. denial.B. rejection.C. opposition.D. nonexistence.



110.(p. 283)

Christopher loudly states "No go nap!" Christopher is expressing his opposition to taking a nap via the semantic rule of A. negation.B. hostility.C. telegraphic speech.D. pragmatism.



111.(p. 283)

Which of the following is NOT a type of semantic negation? A. nonexistenceB. rejectionC. denialD. objection



112.(p. 284)

Entwisle and Frasure's (1974) study using the "noisy telephone" technique supports the finding that A. children rely on semantic cues but not syntactic cues as they become older.B. children become more skillful using syntactic and semantic cues as they become older.C. children rely on syntactic cues when they are preschoolers but switch to semantic cues in later

childhood.D. as children develop, their reliance on semantic and syntactic cues decreases.



113.(p. 285-286)

The appropriate use of language for accomplishing various ends in differing social situations is termed ___________. A. syntaxB. pragmaticsC. manipulationD. double speak



114.(p. 285-286)

Alex says "please." and "thank you." when he is at a friend's birthday party. Alex has learned A. pragmatics.B. metalinguistics.C. polite conversation.D. social communication.



115.(p. 286)

Jessica uses slang when talking with her friends and formal grammar in the classroom with her teachers. Jessica has learned A. speech appraisal.B. discourse.C. semantics.D. language rules.



116.(p. 286)

Which one of the following is NOT required in order for a speaker or communicator to be effective? A. The speaker must obtain the attention of the listeners.B. Speakers have to be sensitive to listener's feedback.C. Speakers must learn to adjust their speech to suit the characteristics of the audience.D. Speakers must be well versed in a number of different topics.



117.(p. 286)

When talking to his infant brother, 3-year-old Andrew is more repetitive and uses more attention eliciting words than when he's talking to his mom. These behaviours indicate that Andrew A. is exhibiting speech regression.B. has failed to recognize that his brother is too young to understand language.C. is sensitive to the age of his brother and therefore modifies his language.D. is eagerly waiting for his brother to be his playmate.



118.(p. 287)

Children are more competent speakers when they are talking about A. a single familiar object that is present in their immediate environment.B. absent objects.C. their own feelings, motivations, and thoughts.D. relationships among referents.



119.(p. 286-287)

At what age do children possess the necessary skills for monitoring conversations (such as recognizing when problems occur and knowing how to fix such problems)? A. at birthB. 3 to 4 years oldC. 6 to 7 years oldD. 8 to 10 years old



120.(p. 287)

The expressions "his belly shook like a bowl full of jelly" or "the moon is like a green ball of cheese" are A. illusive expressions.B. futile expressions.C. contextual expressions.D. figurative expressions.



121.(p. 287)

Twenty-month-old Kristen proudly pointed to the red shiny Christmas tree ornaments and said "Apple, apple." Kristen is A. using a child metaphor.B. experiencing language deficits.C. exhibiting intellectual lag.D. confused.



122.(p. 287)

Joanne says to her parents during a quarrel, "Why are you two being such grumpy old bears?" This is an example of the use of A. fast mapping.B. metaphor.C. private speech.D. none of these.



123.(p. 286-287)

Which of the following statements is true in relation to children's listening abilities? A. Children do not follow directions because they have a natural inclination towards being

disobedient.B. Children can mentally manipulate the symbolic meaning of words with ease.C. Children are usually fully aware when they do not understand a message.D. Children are often unaware when they do not understand a message.



124.(p. 286-287)

Three-year-old Kristen was asked "Bring me the refrigerator." What will she think about this? A. Kristen will know this is an impossible task.B. Kristen will ask for more information.C. Kristen has the fundamental monitoring skills to recognize the problems with this request.D. All of these.



125.(p. 288)

The ability of children to understand that words are made up of discrete sounds and the difference between grammatically correct and incorrect sentences is known as A. conceptual awareness.B. ideopathic awarenessC. metalinguistic awareness.D. homeostatic awareness.



126.(p. 288)

In order of development, which would appear last? A. an ability to produce languageB. an ability to understand languageC. an ability to know about languageD. an ability to speak language



127.(p. 288)

Mary's mother introduced her to a new playmate by saying, "Mary, this is Harry." Mary, age 3, repeated with delight, "Mary, Harry, Mary, Harry." What type of awareness did Mary demonstrate? A. phonological awarenessB. syntactic awarenessC. pragmatic awarenessD. semantic awareness



128.(p. 289)

Jean's mother speaks only English and his father speaks only French in his presence. What would you expect of his language production? A. He is advanced in receptive language and delayed in productive language.B. He is advanced in his vocabulary production of English and French.C.

His total vocabulary production in both English and French combined is equal in size to the monolingual child's production vocabulary.

D. He is delayed in his vocabulary production in both English and French.


Type: Application

129.(p. 289)

Studies of children who are bilingual have found that bilingual children A. have language delays compared to monolingual children.B. are confused by two language inputs.C. are language delayed in early childhood but catch up when they enter school.D.

exhibit some cognitive enhancements (e.g., better concept formation) compared to monolingual children.



130.(p. 254-258)

Compare and contrast the views on language development as proposed by B.F. Skinner and by Noam Chomsky.

Answers will vary.


Learning Objective: 3 and 4Parke - Chapter 07 #130

Type: Application

131.(p. 254-255)

Using examples, discuss reasons why learning theory cannot fully explain the acquisition of language.

Answers will vary.



132.(p. 256)

Explain the function of the language acquisition device (LAD) according to the nativist account of language development.

Answers will vary.



133.(p. 274-275)

Are infants competent in language? Explain. In your answer, present examples of errors in children's early language acquisition

Answers will vary.



134.(p. 274-275)

Discuss how overextension relates to category formation.

Answers will vary.



135.(p. 278)

What are the milestones of language development during the first 3 years and what can influence that language development? Give two examples of ways in which parents facilitate language development

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136.(p. 282-283)

Describe one similarity and one difference in the language acquisition of hearing and hearing impaired children.

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137.(p. 275)

Discuss how overextension relates to category formation.

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138.(p. 288)

What is pragmatic development in language? Describe how this process changes in a child as he/she develops from infancy to adulthood. How does metalinguistic awareness enter into this developmental process?

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139.(p. 289-290)

How do bilingual children benefit from acquiring more than one language?

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ch7 Summary Category # of Questions

Learning Objective: 1 27




Learning Objective: 3 and 4 18






Parke - Chapter 07 139

Type: Analysis 11

Type: Application 39

Type: Comprehension 42

Type: Comprehesnion 1

Type: Knowledge 46

ch7 - amazon s3s3.amazonaws.com/prealliance_oneclass_sample/vozkbnz2eq.pdf30. every time little joey...

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