ch4 fundamentals of biology all living things; grow, metabolize, homeostasis, respond, reproduce,...
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CH4 Fundamentals of Biology
•All living things; grow, metabolize, homeostasis, respond, reproduce, and have cellular organization.
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Ingredients of Life
•Organic compounds; carbon, hydrogen, and usually oxygen
•Organic compounds; carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
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Fig. 4.4
Fuel of Life
•ATP
•Photosynthesis
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Fig. 4.5
•Respiration breaks down glucose; uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide and water.
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Cells and Organelles
•Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
•The most primitive cells are prokaryotic; no nucleus, and lack most organelles.
•The cells of eukaryotes; have membrane-bound organelles, a nucleus, DNA in chromosomes
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Tab. 4.1
Levels of Organization
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Challenges of Life in the Sea
•Habitat include; food, water, shelter, and space
•Plankton are organisms that drift in the water
•Benthic organisms live on the bottom
•Nekton organisms are strong swimmers
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Salinity
•Total amount of salt in dissolved water.
For Review:
•Diffusion ; movement of ions and molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
•Osmosis is the diffusion of water across and selectively permeable membrane.
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Fig. 4.13
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•Marine organisms maintain the proper balance of water and salts
•Internal concentrations change as the salinity of the water changes (osmoconformers)
•Osmoregulators control their internal concentrations to avoid osmotic problems
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Osmoregulators
• Marine organisms tend to lose water due to osmosis;
•drink seawater to replace water lost
•produce little urine (concentrated)
•excrete salts through gills
•Freshwater fish have the opposite problem
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Fig. 4.14
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Fig. 4.15
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Fig. 4.16
Temperature
•Temperature plays a major role in determining where different organisms are found in the ocean.
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•Organisms are often categorized according to how their metabolism affects their body temperature.
• Ectotherms, cold-blooded or poikilotherms
• Endotherms, warm – blooded or homeotherms
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Perpetuating Life
•Heredity
•Asexual Reproduction, single individual can reproduce itself and produce offspring that are genetically identical to the parent.
•For Review;
•Mitosis, produces two daughter cells that are identical to the original cell.
•Meiosis, daughter cells have half the normal number of chromosomes, gametes Sexual Reproduction
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Fig. 4.9
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Fig. 4.19
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Fig. 4.21
Fig. 4.22
Diversity of Life in the Sea
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Diversity of Life in the Sea
•Natural Selection occurs when some members of a population survive and reproduce more successfully than others.
•Evolution is the genetic change in the population that results because individuals pass their characteristics on to their young.
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Fig. 4.24
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Classifying Living Things
•A species is a population of organisms that share common characteristics, can breed, and are reproductively isolated from other populations
•binomial nomenclature
• Genus species
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Tab. 4.2
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