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cSju cktkj jk;iqj 492001 @ 0771&2427126

ch- ,l&lh izFke o”kZ

l= % 2016&17

fo”k; dk uke %& BOTANY

iz’u i= Øekad %& izFke

iz’u i= dk uke %& (GENERAL DIVERSITY OF MICROBES AND

CRYPTOGAMS)

iw.kkZad %& ------------ 50 ---------- mÙkh.kkZad %& ---------------- 17 ------------

ikB~;Øe

UNIT-I

Viruses and Bacteria: General account of viruses and Mycoplasma; Bacteria structure,

nutrition, reproduction and economic importance; General account of Cyanobacteria.

12 Hrs

UNIT-II

Algae: General characters, classification and economic importance ;important features

and life history of Chlorophyceae- Volvox, Oedogonium, Coleochaete; Xanthophyceae-

Vaucheria; Phaeophyceae- Ectocarpus,Sargassum; Rhodophyceae – Polysiphonia.

12 Hrs

UNIT-III

Fungi: General characters,classification and economic importance;important features

and life history of Mastigomycotina –Pythium, Phytopathora; Zygomycotina-

Mucor;Ascomycotna-Saccharomyces,Eurotium,chaetomium,Peziza; Basidomycotina-

Puccinia, Agaricus; Deuteromycotina-Cercospora, Colletotrichium; General account of

Lichens.

12 Hrs

UNIT-IV

Bryophyta: Amphibians of plant kingdom displaying alternation of generation,

structure, reproduction and classification of Hepaticopsid ( e.g. Riccia,

Marchantia);Anthocerotopsida (e.g. Anthoceros ),Bryopsida ( e.g. Funaria).

12 Hrs

UNIT-V

Pteridophyta: The first vascular plants;Important characteristics of Psilopsida,

Lycopsida, Sphenopsida and Pteropsida; Structure, reproduction in Rhynia, Lycopodium,

Selaginella, Equisetum, Pteris and Marsilea.

12 Hrs

*****************

Suggested Readings:

1. Introductory Mycology . Alexopoulus C.J , Mims C.W. and Blackwel M.I, 1996.

2. Introductory Phycology. Kumar H.D. 1988. Affiliated East-West Press Ltd., New

Delhi.

3. An introduction to Mycology. R.S Singh ,1998, New Age Intermediate Press.

4. Diseases of crop plants in India (Fourth Edition) Rangaswamy G. and Mahadevan A.

1999, Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.

5. Introduction to Fungi. Webster J. 1985, Cambridge University Press.

6. An Introduction to Fungi , Hawker L.E. 1967, Cambridge University Press.

7. Hand Book of Mycology. Kamat M.N 1959, Prakash Publication.

8. Botany for degree students-Bryophyta . Vashista B.R & A.K Sinha 2005,, S.Chands

Publication.

9. Botany for degree students- Fungi .Vashista B.R & A.K Sinha 2005, S.Chands

Publication.

10. The Fungi Vol IV A, IV B . Ainsnorth G.C 1973 Academic Press.

11. Sporne K.R. 1991. The Morphology of Pteridophytes. Sporne K.R., 1991 B.I

Publishing Pvt. Ltd.Bombay.


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l= % 2016&17


iz’u i= Øekad %& f}rh;

iz’u i= dk uke %& (CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS)


ikB~;Øe

UNIT-I

The cell envelope: Plasma membrane; bilayer lipid structure; functions; the cell wall; Ultra

structure and function of Nucleus; nuclear membrane, nucleolus and other organelles: Golgi

bodies, ER, Peroxisomes, Vacuoles.

12 Hrs

UNIT-II

Chromosome organization: Morphology, centromere and Telomere; Chromosome alterations;

deletion, duplications, translocations, inversions; Variations in the Chromosome number,

aneuploidy, polyploidy, sex chromosomes. Cell division: Mitosis; Meiosis.

12 Hrs

UNIT- III

DNA the genetic material: DNA structure, replication; DNA protein interaction; the

nucleosome model; genetic code; satellite and repetitive DNA.

Extra nuclear genome: Presence and function of mitochondrial and plastid DNA; plasmids.

12 Hrs

UNIT-IV

Gene expressions: Structure of Gene; transfer of genetic information; transcription;

translation; protein synthesis: t RNA, ribosomes , regulation of gene expression in

prokaryotes and Eukaryotes; proteins; 1D,2D and 3D structure.

12 Hrs

UNIT-V

Genetic variations: Mutations, Spontaneous and induced; transposable genetic elements;

DNA damage and repair.

Genetic inheritance: Mendelism; laws of segregation and independent assortment; linkage

analysis; allelic and non allelic interactions.

12 Hrs

**********************

Suggested Reading:- 1. Cell and Molecular Biology. De Robertis and De Robertis 2005 (Eight edition)

Lippincott Williams, Philadelphia. [B.I Publications Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi].

2. Cell Biology, Sadova David – 2004 (First Indian Edition). New Delhi.

3. Molecular Biology of the cell. Albert Etal, 2002 (Fourth Edition). Garland Science

(Iaylar and Francis) New York Group (wt)

4. Molecular Cell Biology. Lodish Etal, 2004 (Fifth Edition). W H Freeman and company,

New York.

5. Cell Physiology. Giese Arthur, 1979 (Fifth Edition). Toppan company Ltd., Tokyo,

Japan.

6. The Cell molecular approach . Cooper G.M and Hausman R.E, 2007 (Fourth Edition).

Sinauer associate, Inc, Suderland (USA).

7. Gene VII. Lewin, B., 2000. Oxford University Press, New York, USA.

8. Essentials of Molecular Biology (Third Edition). Malacinski, G.M and Freifelder, D.

1998, Jones and B. Artlet Publisher, Inc., London.

10. Genetics (Fifth Edition). Russel, P.J., 1998. The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing

Company IND., USA.

11. Principles of Genetics (Second Edition). Snustad, D.P and Simmons, M.J. , 2000.

John Wiley and Sons Inc., USA.

12. Principles of Genetics, Gardner and Simmons Snustad 2005 (Eighth Edition).

John Wiley and Sons, Singapore.


cSju cktkj jk;iqj 492001 @ 0771&2427126


l= % 2016&17 BOTANY PRACTICAL

MARKING SCHEME

Time – 3 Hrs M.Marks -50

1. Algae /fungi-----------------------------------------------------------------------10

2. Bryophyta / pteridophyta--------------------------------------------------------10

3. Disease Symptoms---------------------------------------------------------------05

4. Cytology / Genetics--------------------------------------------------------------05

5. Spots ( 1-5)------------------------------------------------------------------------10

6. Viva voce--------------------------------------------------------------------------05

7. Sessionals--------------------------------------------------------------------------05

50 Marks

LIST OF PRACTICALS

Slide preparation and identification of plants of following members

Algae- Chlorophyceae – Volvox, Oedonium, Coleochaete

Xanthophyceae- Vaucheria

Phaeophyceae- Ectocarpus, Sargassum

Rhodophyceae- Polysiphonia

Fungi -

Phycomycetes- Pythium, Phytophthora,Mucor

Ascomycetes – Eruotium, Pezzia

Basideomycetes- Puccinia

Deuteromycetes- Cercospora, Colletotrichum

Bryophyta -

1. Hepaticopsida: - Riccia, Marchantia,

2. Anthocerotopsida: -Anthoceros .

3. Bryopsida: - Funaria

Pteridophyta -

1. Morphology, Anatomy and reproductive structures of : -

Selaginella, Lycopodium, Equisetum, Marsilea

Disease Symptoms

Symptomatological studies of Viral, Bacterial and Fungal diseases of plants.

Gram’s staining

Slide preparation technique for gram positive and gram negative bacteria.

Cytology

Slide preparation and identification of different stages of mitotic and meotic division in plants

Genetics-

Experiment based on Mendelian low of inheritance : Monohybrid cross, dihybrid cross, test

cross and back cross.


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ch- ,l&lh f}rh; o”kZ

l= % 2016&17



iz’u i= dk uke %& (Diversity of seed plants and their systematic)


ikB~;Øe

UNIT-I

1. Characteristics of seed plants: evolution of the seed habit; seed plants with (angiosperms)

and without (gymnosperms) fruits; fossil and living seed plants.

2. General features of Gymnosperms and their classification; evolution and diversity of

Gymnosperms; geological time scale, fossilization and fossil gymnosperms.

UNIT-II

Morphology of vegetative and reproductive parts: anatomy of roots, stem and leaf,

reproduction and life cycle of Pinus, Cycas and Ephedra.

UNIT-III

Angiosperms: Origin and evolution, some examples of angiosperms.

Angiosperm taxonomy; brief history, aims and fundamental components; identification, keys

taxonomic literature.

Botanical nomenclature: principles and rules; taxonomic ranks; type concept; principle of

priority.

UNIT-IV

Classification of Angiosperms: salient features of the systems proposed by Bentham and

Hooker and Engler and Prantl .

Major contributions of cytology, phytochemistry and taximetrics to Taxonomy.

UNIT-V

Diversity of flowering plants: general account of the families Ranunculaceae, Brassicaceae,

Malvaceae, Rutaceae, Fabaceae, Apiaceae, Acanthaceae, Apocynaceae, Asclepidaceae,

Solanaceae, Lamiaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Liliaceae and Poaceae.

**************************

SUGGESTED READINGS:

1. Gymnosperms. Bhatnagar S.P and Moitra Alok, 1996. New Age International Pvt. Ltd.

Publishers, New Delhi, 470 pp.

2. The Gymnosperms . Biswas C and Johari B.M., 2004. Narosa Publishing House, New

Delhi, 497 pp.

3. The Morphology of Gymnosperms. Sporne K.R., 1965. London, pp. 216.

4. Morphology of Vascular Plants. Bierhorst D.W. ,1971. New York and London.

5. Gymnosperms-Structure and Evolution. Chamberlain C.J 1934. Chicago.(Page 19)

6. Morphology of Gymnosperms. Coulter J.M. and Chamberlain C.J. ,1917. Chicago.

7. Comparative Morphology of Vascular Plants. Foster A.S. and Gifford E.M 1959,San

Francisco.

8. Taxonomy of Vascular Plants. Lawrence, G.H.M ,1951. N.Y.

9. An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy. Lawrence G.H.M, 1955. N.Y.

10. The Classification of flowering plants. 2 Vols. Rendle A.B. 1925, London.

11. The Flora of Khandala on the Western Ghats of India. Santapau H. 1953

12. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Singh V. and D.K Jain, 1981 Rastogi Publication, Meerut.

13. A Text book of Systematic Botany. Swingle D.B. 1946Mc Graw Hill Book Co. New

York.

14. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. . Pande B.P 1997. S.Chand Publication.

15. Flowering Plants; Origin and Disposal. Takhtajan A. 1969


cSju cktkj jk;iqj 492001 @ 0771&2427126


l= % 2016&17



iz’u i= dk uke %& (Structure, development and reproduction in flowering

plants)


ikB~;Øe

UNIT-I

The basic body plan of a flowering plant: Modular type of growth.

Diversity in plant form in annuals, biennials and perennials; convergence of evolution of tree

habit in gymnosperms, Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons; trees- largest and longest- lived

organisms.

UNIT-II

The shoot system: The shoot apical meristem and its histological organization;

vascularization of primary shoot in Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons; formation of

internodes, branching pattern; monopodial and sympodial growth ; canopy architecture;

cambium and its functions; formation of secondary xylem , a general account of woods

structure in relation to conduction of water and minerals; characteristics of growth rings, sap

wood and heart wood; role of woody Skelton; secondary phloem- structure- function

relationship, periderm.

UNIT-III

Leaf: origin, development, arrangement and diversity in size and shape ; internal structure in

relation to photosynthesis and water loss ; adaptation to water stress ;senescence and

abscission.

The root system: the root apical meristem; differentiation of primary and secondary tissues

and their roles; structural modification for storage , respiration, reproduction and for

interaction with microbes.

UNIT-IV

Flower: a modified shoot; structure, development and varieties of flower, functions , structure

of anther and pistil, the male and female gametophytes; types of pollination; attractions and

rewards for pollinators; pollen – pistil interactions, self incompatibility, double fertilization,

formation of seed – endosperm and embryo; fruit development and maturation.

UNIT-V

Significance of seed: suspended animation; ecological adaptation; unit of genetic

recombination and replenishment, dispersal strategies.

Vegetative reproduction: vegetative propagation, grafting, economic aspects.

*********************

SUGGESTED READINGS:

1. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Singh V. and D.K Jain, 1981. Rastogi Publication, Meerut.

2. A Text book of Systematic Botany. Swingle D.B., 1946. Mc Graw Hill Book Co. New

York.

3. Taxonomy of Angiosperms. Pande B.P., 1997. S.Chand Publication.

4. Flowering Plants; Origin and Disposal. Takhtajan A. 1969.

5. Economic botany of the Tropics. Kochhar, S.L. 1998. 2nd

edition. Macmillan India Ltd.,

Delhi.

6. Major Medicinal Plants of India. Thakur, R.S., Puri, H.S. and Hussain, A., 1989. Central

Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, CSIR, Lucknow.

7. Plants and Society. Swaminathan, M.S. and Kocchar, S.L.1989. Macmillan Pub. London.


cSju cktkj jk;iqj 492001 @ 0771&2427126


l= % 2016&17

BOTANY PRACTICAL

MARKING SCHEME

Time –4 Hrs M.Marks -50

1. Plant description -----------------------------------------------------------------08

2. Gymnosperm----------------------------------------------------------------------07

3. Anatomy---------------------------------------------------------------------------07

4. Embryology-----------------------------------------------------------------------04

5. Spots ( 1-5)------------------------------------------------------------------------10

6. Field report ( Local flora: rainy/ winter/ summer season) -----------------04

7. Viva voce--------------------------------------------------------------------------05

8. Sessionals--------------------------------------------------------------------------05

50 Marks

LIST OF PRACTICALS

Angiosperms

The following species are suitable for study. This list is only indicative. Teachers may select

plants available in their locality.

1.Ranunculaceae : Ranunculus, Delphinium.

2. Brassicaceae : Brassica, Alyssum, Coronoupus.

3. Malvaceae : Hibiscus, Abuliton.

4. Rutaceae : Murraya, Citrus.

5.Fabaceae : Lathyrus, Cajanus, Melilotus, Trigonella; Ceasalpinioideae : Cassia,

Caesalpinia; Mimosoideae : Prosopis, Mimosa, Acacia.

6. Apiaceae ; Coriandrum, Foeniculum, Anethum.

7. Acanthaceae : Adhatoda, Peristophy, Barlaria

8. Apocynaceae : Vinca, Thevetia, Nerium.

9. Asclepiadaceae : Calotropis.

10. Solanaceae : Solanum, Withania, Datura.

11. Euphorbiaceae : Euphorbia, Phyllanthus.

12. Lamiaceae : Ocimum, Salvia.

13. Chenopodiaceae : Chenopodium, Beta.

14. Liliaceae : Asphodelus, Asparagus.

15. Poaceae : Avena, Triticum, Hordeum, Poa, Sorghum.

Gymnosperms

CYCAS

1.Habit, armour of leaf bases on the stem ( if specimen is not available show photography),

very young leaf ( circinate vernation ) and old foliage leaves, scale leaves, bulbils, male cone

(specimen), microsporophyll, megasporophyll, mature seed.

2. Study through permanent slides – normal root (T.S.), stem(T.S.) (if section are not

available show photograph), ovule (L.S.).

3. Study through hand sections – Coralloid root (T. S.), rachis (T.S.), leaflet (V.S.),

microsporophyll (V.S.), pollen (W.M.)

PINUS

1.Habit, long and dwarf shoot showing cataphylls and scale leaves, T.S. wood showing

growth rings, male cone Ist year 2nd

year, female cone winged seed.

2. Study through permanent slides – root (T.S.), ovule (L.S.), embryo (W.M.) showing

polycotyledonous condition.

3. Study through hand sections or dissection – young stem (T.S.), old stem(wood) (TLS and

RLS), needle (T.S.), male cone (L.S. and T.S.), pollen grains (WM)

EPHEDRA

1.Habit and structure of whole male and female cones.

2. Permanent slides – female cone (L.S.)

3. Hand sections/ dissections node (L.S.), internode (T.S.) macerated stem to see vessel

structure, epidermal peel mount of vegetative parts to study stomata, male cone (T.S. and

L.S.), pollen grains.

Exercises suggested laboratory:

Embryology, Anatomy and Vegetative Propogation etc.

1.Study of commonly occuring dicotyledonous plant ( for example Solanum nigrum or

kalanchoe ) to understand the body plan and modular type of growth.

2. Life forms exhibited by flowering plants (by a visit to a forest or a garden) study if free

like habit in cycads, bamboos, banana, travellers tree (Ravenala madagasariensis) or Yucca

and comparison with true trees as exemplified by conifers and dicotyledons.

3. L.S. shoot tip to study the cytohistological zonation and origin of leaf primordial.

4. Monopodial and Sympodial types of branching in stems (especially rhizomes).

5. Anatomy of primary and secondary growth in monocots and dicots using hand section (or

prepared slides), structure of secondary phloem and xylem, growth ring in wood ,

microscopic study of wood in T.S., T.L.S., and R.L.S.

6. Field study of diversity in leaf shape, size, thickness, surface properties, internal structure

of leaf, structure and development of stomata (using epidermal peels of leaf).

7. Anatomy of the root primary and secondary structure.

8. Examination of a wide range of flowers available in the locality and methods of their

pollination.

9. Structure of anther, microsporogenesis (using slides ) and pollen grains (using whole

mounts), pollen viability using in vitro pollen germination.

10. Structure of ovule and embryo sac development (using serial sections).

11.Test of self – incompatibility (using Petunia axillaries, Brassica compestris, B. oleracea

or suitable available material ) using field pollination.

12. Nuclear and cellular endosperm, embryo development in monocots and dicots (using

slides/ dissections).

13. Simple experiments to show vegetative propogation (leaf cuttings in Bryophyllum,

Sansevieria, Begonia, stem cuttings in Rose, Salix, Money plant, Sugarcane and

Bougainvillea).

14. Germination of non-dormant and dormant seeds.


cSju cktkj jk;iqj 492001 @ 0771&2427126

ch- ,l&lh r`rh; o”Kz

l= % 2017&18



iz’u i= dk uke %& (Plant physiology, Biochemistry and Biotechnology)


ikB~;Øe

UNIT-I

Plant water relations: Importance of water to plant life; physical properties of water, diffusion

and osmosis; absorption, transport of water and transpiration; physiology of stomata.

Mineral nutrition: Essential macro and micro nutrients and their role; mineral uptake,

deficiency and toxicity symptoms.

UNIT-II

Transport of organic substances: Mechanism of phloem transport; source sink relationship;

factors affecting translocation.

Basic of enzymology: Discovery and nomenclature; characteristics of enzymes; concept of

holoenzyme, apoenzyme, coenzyme and cofactors; regulation of enzyme activity, mechanism

of action.

Photosynthesis: Significance, historical aspects; photosynthetic pigments; action spectra and

enhancement effects ; concept of two photo-systems; Z scheme; photo-phosphorylation;

Calvin cycle; C4 pathway ; CAM plants; photorespiration.

UNIT-III

Respiration: ATP- the biological energy currency; aerobic and anaerobic respiration; Krebs

cycle; electron transport mechanism ( Chemi osmotic theory) ; redox potential; oxidative

phosphorylation; pentose phosphate pathway.

Nitrogen and lipid metabolism: biology of nitrogen fixation; importance of nitrate reductase

and its regulations; ammonium assimilation; structure and function of lipids; fatty acid

biosynthesis; beta-oxidation; saturated and unsaturated fatty acids; storage and mobilization

of fatty acids.

UNIT-IV

Growth and development: definitions ; phases of growth and development; kinetics of

growth, seed dormancy, seed germination and factors of their regulation; plant movements;

the concept of photoperiodism; physiology of flowering; florigen concept; biological clocks;

physiology of senescence, fruit ripening; plant hormones auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins,

abscisic acid and ethylene, history of their discovery, biosynthesis and mechanism of action ;

photomorphogenesis; phytochromes and cryptochromes, their discovery, physiological role

and mechanism of action.

UNIT-V

Genetic engineering: tools and techniques of recombinant DNA technology; cloning vctors;

genomic and c DNA library; transposable elements; techniques of gene mapping and

chromosome walking.

Biotechnology: functional definition; basic aspects of plant tissue culture; cellular

totipotency, differentiation and morphogenesis; biology of Agrobacterium; vectors for gene

delivery and marker genes; salient achievements in crop biotechnology.

**********************

SUGGESTED READINGS:

1. Verma S.K. and Verma Mohit 2007. A.T.B of Plant Physiology, Biochemistry and

Biotechnology, S.Chand Publications.

2. Leninger A.C 1987. Principles of Biochmistry, CBS Publishers and Distributers

(Indian Reprint)

3.Bhojwani, S.S. and Razdan, M.K. 1996. Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice revised

edition). Elsevier Science Publishers, New York, U.S.A.

4.Bhojwani, S.S. 1990, Plant Tissue Culture; Application and Limitations. Elsevier Science

Publishers, New York, USA.

5.Collins, H.A. and Edwards, S., 1998. Plants cell Culture Bio Scientific Publishers, Oxford

UK.

6.Jain, S.M. Sopory, S.K. and Veilleux, R.E. 1996. In Vitro Hapliod Productin in Higher

Plants, Vois. Fundamental Aspects and Methods Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht. The

Netherlands.

7.Brown, T.A. 1999. Genomes, John Wiley and Sons (Asia) Pvt.Ltd., Singapore.

8.Callow, J.A., Fort-Lloyd, B.V. and Newbury, H.J. 1997.

9.Biotechnology and Plant Genetic Resources : Conservation and Use, CAB International,

Oxon, UK


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ch- ,l&lh r`rh; o”kZ

l= % 2017&18



iz’u i= dk uke %& (Ecology and Utilization of plants)


ikB~;Øe

UNIT-I

Plants and Environment: Atmosphere(gaseous composition), water(properties of water cycle),

light(global radiation, photo synthetically active radiation), temperature, soil(development,

soil profile, physic-chemical properties), and biota.

Morphological, anatomical and physiological responses of plants to water(hydrophytes and

xerophytes), temperature (thermoperiodicity), light(photoperiodism, heliophytes and

sciophytes) and salinity.

UNIT-II

Community Ecology: Community characteristics, frequency, density, cover, life forms,

biological spectrum; ecological succession.

Ecosystems: Structure, abiotic and biotic components; food chain, food web, ecological

pyramids, energy flow; bio-geochemical cycles of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus.

UNIT-III

Population ecology: Growth curves; ecotypes; ecads.

Biogeographical regions of India.

Vegetation types of India: Forests and grasslands.

UNIT-IV

Utilization of Plants

Food plants: Rice, wheat, maize, potato, sugarcane.

Fibres: Cotton and jute.

Vegetable oils: Groundnut, mustard and coconut.

General account of sources of fire wood, timber and bamboos.

UNIT-V

Spices: General account.

Medicinal plants: General accounts.

Beverages: Tea and coffee.

Rubber.

**************************

SUGGESTED READINGS:

1.Ecology and field biology .Smith, R.L. 1996. Harper Collins, New York.

2. Fundamentals of Ecology. Odum, E.P., 1971. Saunders, Philadelphia.

3.Basic ecology. Odum, E.P., 1983. Saunders, Philadelphia.

4. Concepts of Ecology. Kormondy1,E.J., 1996. Prentice Hall of India Pvt.Ltd. New Delhi.

5. Sustainability indicators. Moldan, B. and Billharz, S. 1997. John Wiley and Sons, New

York.

6. Biodiversity in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in India; Conservation and

Utilization. Chandel, K.P.S., Shukla, G. and Sharma N. 1996. National Bureau of Plant

Genetic Resources, New Delhi.

7. Plants, Food and People. Chrispeels, M.J. and Sdava, D., 1977. W.H. Freeman and CO.,

San Francisco.

8. Economic botany of the Tropics, 2nd

edition. Kochhar, S.L. 1998. Macmillan India Ltd.,

Delhi.

9. Kochhar, S.L. 1998. Major Medicinal Plants of India. Central Institute of Medicinal and

Aromatic Plants. Kochhar, S.L. 1998. CSIR, Lucknow.

10.. Plants and Society. Swaminathan, M.S. and Kocchar, S.L.1989 Macmillan Pub. London.

B.Sc. PART-III

BOTANY PRACTICAL

MARKING SCHEME

SESSION -2016-2017

Time –4 Hrs M.Marks -50

1. Physiology-------------------------------------------------------------------------08

2. Ecology-----------------------------------------------------------------------------08

3. Utilization of Plants---------------------------------------------------------------05

4. Biochemistry/Biotechnology-----------------------------------------------------05

5. Spots ( 1-5)-------------------------------------------------------------------------10

6. Project Work -----------------------------------------------------------------------04

7. Viva voce----------------------------------------------------------------------------05

8. Sessionals----------------------------------------------------------------------------05

50 Marks

SUGGESTED LABORATORY EXERCISESP

1.To study of permeability of plasma membrane using different concentrations of organic

solvent.

2. To study the effect of temperature on permeability of plasma membrane.

3. To prepare the standard curve of protection and determine the protection content in

unknown samples.

4. To study the enzyme activity of catalase and peroxidise as influenced by pH and

temperature.

5. Comparison of the rate of respiration of various plant parts.

6. Separation of chloroplast pigment by solvent method.

7. Determining the osmotic potential or vacuolar sap by plasmolytic method.

8. Determining the water potential of any tuber.

9. Separation of amino acids in a mixture by paper chromatography and their identification

by comparison with standards.

10. Bioassay of auxin, cytokinin, GA, ABA,and ethylene using appropriate plant material.

11. Demonstration of the technique of micropropogation by using different explants, e.g.

axillary buds, shoot meristems.

12. Demostration of the technique of anther culture.

13. Isolation of protoplasts from different tissues using commercially available enzymes.

14. Demonstration of root and shoot formation from the apical and basal portion of stem

segments in liquid medium containing different hormones.

SUGGESTED LABORATORY EXERCISES (Ecology):

1.To determine minimum number of required for reliable estimate of biomass in grassland.

2. To study the frequency of herbaceous species in grassland and to compare the frequency

distribution with Raunkairs Standaed frequency diagram.

3. To estimate Importance Value Index for grassland species on the basis of relative

frequency , relative density and relative biomass in protected and grazed grassland.

4. To measure the vegetation cover of grassland through point frame method.

5. To measure the above ground plant biomass in a grassland.

6. To determine Kemps constant for dicot and monocot leaves and to estimate the leaf area

index if a grassland community.

7. To determine diversity indices (richness, simpson, Shannon-wiener) in grazed and

protected grassland.

8. To estimate bulk density and prosity of grassland and woodland soils.

9. To determine moisture content and water holding capacity of grassland and

woodlandsoil.

10. To study the vegetation structure through profile diagram.

11. To estimate transparency, pH and temperature of different water bodies.

12. To measure dissolved oxygen content in polluted and unpolluted water samples.

13. To estimate salinity of different water samples.

14. To determine the percent leaf area injury of different leaf samples collected around

polluted sites.

15. To estimate dust holding capacity of the leaves of different plant species.

SUGGESTED LABORATORY EXERCISES (for utilization of plants):

1.Food Plants : study of the morphological structure and simple microchemical tests of the

food storing tissues in Rice, Wheat, Maize, Potato and microscopic examination of starch in

these plants. (excepting sugarcane)

2. Fibres : Study of Cotton flower sectioning of the cotton ovules/developing seed to trace the

origin and development of cotton fibres , microscopic study of cotton and test for cellulose,

sectioning and staining of jute stem to show the location and development of fibres,

microscopic structure test for lignocelluloses.

3. Vegetable oil : study of hand section of groundnut, mustard and coconut and stained of oil

droplets by Sudan III and Sudan black.

4. Field visits : To study sources of firewood (10 plants), timber yielding trees (10 trees) and

bamboos . A list to be prepared mentioning special features.

5. Spices : Examine black papper, cloves, cinnamon and opened fruits of cardamom and

describe them briefly.

6. Preparation of an illustrated inventory of 10 medicinal plants used in indigenous systems

of medicine or allopathy : write their botanical and common names, parts used disease/

disorders for which they are prescribed.

7. Beverages : Cut sections of boiled coffee beans and tea leaves to study the characteristic

structural features.

8. Rubber : Collect illustrative materials of Hevea brasillensis, morphology of the plant and

tapping practices history of rubber list the many uses of rubber.

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