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TRANSCRIPT
Earth’s Water
The Hydrospere
Goal 2.3
Lesson 1
The Hydrosphere and the
Water Cycle
Think About It…
Why is it that the water in your
bottle could have been drunk
by George Washington?
Focus Questions…
What are the processes
involved in the water cycle?
What is the connection between
ground and surface water?
The Hydrosphere: An
Overview… 1. The hydrosphere is…
• the water on and in Earth’s
crust
a. The percentage of water
found in the oceans…
• 97
• We don’t call ourselves the
Blue Planet for nothing!
The percentage of water
contained by the
landmasses…
• 3
http://www.earthview.pair.com/earth300color.jpg
Of the Freshwater on Earth…
b. 90% is in the form
of…
• polar ice caps and
glaciers
Most of the
remaining water is…
• groundwater
Only a small fraction
is in…
• rivers, streams, and
lakes http://adventure.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/trips/family-trips/glacier-bay-alaska/
Alaska’s Glacier Bay
The World’s Water Supply…
• Oceans – 97.2% - thousands of years
• Ice caps and glaciers – 2.15% - tens of
thousands of years
• Groundwater - .31% - hundreds to
thousands of years
• Lakes - .009% - tens of years
• Atmosphere - .001% - nine days!
• Rivers and streams - .0001% - two weeks
How long will our supply last?
The Water Cycle…
The Water Cycle…
http://www.euwfd.com/html/hydrological_cycle.html
The Water
Cycle…
1. Evaporation
a) transpiration
2. Condensation
3. Precipitation
4. Infiltration (percolation)
5. The Ocean
Runoff…
1. Runoff is…
• water flowing down slope along Earth’s
surface
http://myecoproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/stormwater.jpg
2. Five Factors that Increase Runoff…
a. Little to No
Vegetation…
• Topsoil is
easily eroded
and water
runs off easier
2. Five Factors that Increase Runoff…
b. Heavy rain…
Water falls
too quickly to
soak into the
ground
http://luirig.altervista.org/cpm/albums/nrcs3/normal_1389-Runoff-from-a-heavy-rain-carries-topsoil-from-a-cr.jpg
2. Five Factors that Increase Runoff…
c. Soil with a lot of like clay…
Clay prevents water from soaking in b/c of
its low porosity.
2. Five Factors that Increase Runoff…
d. Steep Slope…
• the water
flows off
easily.
http://secretagentworms.org/images/runoff2nrcs.jpg
2. Five Factors that Increase Runoff…
e. High ground-
water levels…
• There is no
room for the
water to
infiltrate the
ground. http://secretagentworms.org/images/runoff2nrcs.jpg
Watersheds and Stream
Systems… 1. A stream is runoff water that begins to
flow more permanently in a channel.
a. A large stream is called a river.
b. The smaller streams that feed into it are
called tributaries
The Rivers of North Carolina…
Watersheds and Divides…
2. A watershed
is all of the
land area
whose water
drains into a
stream
system.
http://dutchesswam.files.wordpress.com/2010/05/watershed-image-small.png
North Carolina Watersheds…
http://www.learnnc.org/lp/media/maps/nc/Watersheds-NC-map.jpg
Watersheds and Divides…
3. A divide is a high land area that
separates one watershed from another.
• The Eastern Continental Divide is located in
the Blue Ridge Mountains.
Divides of North America…
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Continental_Divide
Watersheds and Divides…
4. The watershed of the Mississippi River
is the largest watershed in North
America!
http://www.epa.gov/gmpo/lmrsbc/index.html
Lesson 2
Surface Water: Rivers
Think About It…
Why are rivers important?
Have you ever been swimming,
boating, rafting, tubing, or
fishing in a river?
Focus Questions…
What is the structure and
function of a river?
What causes a river to flood?
How do rivers cause erosion
and deposition?
Erosional Stream Load…
1. All the materials that the water in a stream
carries is known as the stream’s load.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Stream_Load.gif
Erosional Stream Load… Three ways in which a stream carries its load...
a. Material is carried in solution after it becomes
dissolved in a stream’s water.
b. All particles small enough to be held up by the
turbulence of a stream’s moving water are carried
in suspension.
c. Sediments that are too large or heavy to be held
up by turbulent water are transported as a
stream’s bed load.
Erosional Stream Load…
Erosional Stream Load…
2. Carrying capacity is the ability of a stream to…
• transport material
http://water.weather.gov/ahps2/images/hydrograph_photos/muri2/muri2_2.jpg
Floods…
1. When do floods
occur?
• when water spills
over the sides of a
stream’s banks
onto adjacent land
(Soccer fields were built
on the flood plain of
the Yadkin River in
Davie County.
Why?) http://www.nowpublic.com/world/floodplain
Floods…
2. How are floods
related to
groundwater levels?
… It is more likely to flood
when groundwater
levels are high
because…
… the aquifer is already
full and can only hold
so much water.
… the dotted line on the
diagram represents
the groundwater level.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004896970800380X
Floods…
3. Which agency
monitors potential
flood conditions?
• The National
Weather Service
monitors changing
weather conditions.
• USGS has
established gauging
station on more than
4400 streams in the
USA!
http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2005/3113/images/Cropped_bridge.jpg
Stream Systems: Beginning…
1. The beginning of a stream is called the headwaters.
a. Found in mountains
b. Cold, oxygenated, clear
c. V-shaped channels i. have steep sides.
ii. The Grand Canyon is a V- shaped valley.
The Grand Canyon
http://media-3.web.britannica.com/eb-media/78/3078-004-9B8860F2.jpg
Stream Systems: Middle…
2. What is a floodplain? … a broad, flat, fertile area extending out from a
stream’s banks that is covered with water during floods.
… It is not wise to build on a floodplain because it is prone to flooding!
Stream Systems: Middle…
a. A bend or curve in a stream channel is a -
• meander
The Yadkin River
http://www.wfae.org/wfae/images/Yadkin.jpg
The Cape Fear River
http://www.wilmingtonbeachrentals.com/2010/02/cape-fear-river-facts-pictures.html
Stream Systems: Middle…
b. Water in a
stream flows
fastest…
I. Along the
center
II. Outside of a
meander
Meandering Streams – A
Diagram
Oxbow Lakes…
c. An oxbow lake is…
a blocked-off meander
We have our very own
oxbow lake in the
Carolinas – in the
Congaree National
Park just outside of
Columbia, SC. http://www.daviddarling.info/images/oxbow_lake.jpg
Oxbow Lakes…
Oxbow Lakes in Alaska
http://www.alaska-in-pictures.com/oxbow-lake-aerial-3405-pictures.htm
Oxbow Lake in the Amazon
http://muller.lbl.gov/travel_photos/AmazonWebPages/AmazonWebPages-Pages/Image1.html
Formation of Stream Valleys…
http://www.indiana.edu/~geol116/week9/rivprof.jpg
Next 3 slides
Stream Systems: The End!…
3. The end of a stream is
called the mouth … and is usually located at
the ocean or another large body of water
http://carolinagreensense.com/uploaded_images/NIWB-731140.jpeg
(Yadkin)-
PeeDee River A Bigger View!
A Stream’s End: Deposition of
Sediment…
a. Streams lose
their ability to
carry sediment
…b/c they lose
velocity
b. An alluvial fan is
a fan-shaped
deposit
commonly found
in mountains. Alluvial Fan in the Sonora Desert
http://practicalbio.blogspot.com/2011/09/sonoran-desert-soil-distributions.html
A Stream’s End: Deposition of
Sediment…
c. A delta is a
triangular deposit
that forms where a
stream enters a
large body of water.
The city of New
Orleans is on the
Mississippi River
Delta. The Mississippi River Delta –
picture taken by Landsat 7
http://earthasart.gsfc.nasa.gov/mississippi.html
Lesson 3
Lakes
Think About It…
What is the biggest lake you
have ever seen in person?
Focus Question…
How do dams create reservoirs
and how is the water in a
reservoir used by people?
What can cause eutrophication
or pollution in a lake?
Lakes… 1. What is a lake?
o a depression in land that holds water
a. What determines where a lake can form? o the surface materials
c. Why are lakes important? o Recreation, drinking
water, habitats
d. What is a reservoir? o a manmade lake
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Rock_Lake
High Rock Lake
http://www.city-data.com/picfilesv/picv23839.php
Types of Lakes…
Oxbow Lake… a meander gets cut off
Weston Lake (Oxbow) in
Congaree National Park
The Great Salt Lake in Utah - the remains
of a sea
http://www.americansouthwest.net/utah/salt_lake_desert/salt_l.html
Moraine-dammed Lake - glacial melt is
dammed by a moraine
http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2004/1216/i/i.html
Moraine-dammed Lake in Alaska
Kettle Lakes - Glacial melt in a
depression created by the glacier
http://www.geo.msu.edu/geogmich/kettle_lakes.html
Kettle Lakes in Michigan
Lakes Undergo Change…
1. What maintains a
lake’s water supply?
o rain, runoff, and
groundwater
2. A lake will exist for a
long time if…
o it gets more water
than it loses
After a long time a lake
will dry up and fill up!
The Aral Sea: Uzbekistan
http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=1396
Lakes Undergo Change…
3. Eutrophication is…
o excess nutrients
cause the overgrowth
of algae which use
up oxygen in the lake
The process of
eutrophication can be
sped up by…
o over-fertilizing land
near a waterway Fish kill in the Salton Sea, CA
Eutrophication in Australia
http://www.eoearth.org/article/Eutrophication
Eutrophication Explained …
http://library.thinkquest.org/04oct/01590/pollution/culturaleutroph.jpg
Lakes Undergo Change…
4. Four things that
can pollute lakes
are…
o animal wastes
o phosphate
detergents
o industrial toxins
o untreated
sewage
Lesson 4
Freshwater Wetlands
Think About It…
What would happen if all of our
coastal wetlands were filled in
for homes and hotels?
Focus Question…
Why are wetlands important?
What factors affect and degrade
wetlands and estuaries?
Freshwater Wetlands…
A wetland is…
o land that is
soaked with
water
Three examples of
wetlands are…
a. bogs
b. marshes
c. swamps Boardwalk at Bethabara Park
Our very own wetlands!
http://www.tommangan.net/twoheeldrive/index.php/2009/11/29/easy-hike-at-historic-bethabara-park/
Bogs…
1. A bog is a water-soaked
area with poor drainage.
Water in a bog comes
from…
o Precipitation (rain)
2. The soil in a bog is acidic
because…
o of the decaying
moss – This slows
bacterial growth
which prevents
nitrogen recycling.
http://water.epa.gov/type/wetlands/bog.cfm
A bog in Alabama
http://here4now.typepad.com/here4now/2011/05/weeks-bay-reserve.html
Bogs… 3. Interesting plants that
live in a bog are the…
o Venus fly trap
o Sun dew
o Pitcher plants
These plants are carnivorous b/c of the nutrient-poor soil of the bog. They must digest insects to obtain nitrogen.
http://www.duke.edu/~jspippen/plants/carnivorousplants.htm
Marshes…
1. A marsh is a water-
soaked area at the
mouth of streams.
Fresh water marshes and
estuaries often form…
o At the mouth of a
river
2. Marsh grasses have
shallow roots that …
o anchor silt and mud
deposits in a delta.
(Builds land!)
Brackish marsh near Wanchese, NC
http://www.duke.edu/~jspippen/vistas/outerbanks.htm
Marshes…
3. Plants found in a
marsh include…
o Grasses
o Reeds
o Sedges
o Rushes
These plants
provide shelter and
food for aquatic
larva.
Marsh with reeds and rushes -
natural reserve near Ravenna,
Italy
Swamps…
1. A swamp is…
o a low-lying area
near a stream
Swamps may
develop from
marshes that have
filled in to support
the growth of
shrubs and trees.
Congaree National Park, SC
http://vogeltalksrving.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/Mosquito-meter.jpg
Water Lily in Bok Tower Gardens,
Orlando, FL …
http://attractionsmagazine.com/blog/2012/09/14/water-lilies-seem-to-big-to-be-true-at-bok-tower-gardens/
Swamps…
2. Trees that grow in a
swamp include…
o mangrove trees
o cypress trees Mangroves in Biscayne
National Park, FL
Bald Cypress Trees in
Florida
Swamps…
If a swamp were to be buried under tons of
sediment…coal might form!
http://www.learner.org/courses/envsci/visual/visual.php?shortname=coal_formation
Environmental Issues: A Loss of
Habitat… 1. Two valuable functions of wetlands …
o the filtering of water
o providing a habitat for migrating birds and fish fry (fish babies!)
2. What % of our wetlands were lost from the late 1700s to mid-1980s?
o 50 %
o Why? http://www.pwconserve.org/wildlife/birds/snowgoose.htm
Snow Geese in Prince William Sound
Environmental Issues:
Upstream Drought…
3. A drought upstream …
o … will lead to less fresh water entering the estuary and…
o … saltier water
http://www.pwconserve.org/wildlife/birds/snowgoose.htm
Snow Geese in Prince William Sound
Environmental Issues: Saltwater
Intrustion…
4. Overused wells in coastal areas …
o … may draw up salt water from the ocean and …
o … cause the water to become undrinkable.
http://www.pwconserve.org/wildlife/birds/snowgoose.htm
Snow Geese in Prince William Sound
Three Ways to Preserve
Wetlands… • Education
• Conservation
• Regulation
Lesson 5
The Movement and Storage of
Groundwater
Think About It…
Does your family drink well
water?
Focus Question…
How does groundwater move
through the lithosphere?
How are flood events affected
by groundwater levels?
Precipitation and
Groundwater…
Remember the water cycle?
1. Most water in the atmosphere
comes from oceans!
2. Most precipitation that falls on land
becomes groundwater.
Eventually groundwater will…
… return to the ocean to complete the
water cycle.
Groundwater Storage… 1. Porosity is… …the percentage of pore space
in a material
2. The types of soil that have -
• highest porosity - well- sorted
• lowest porosity – poorly- sorted
1. Groundwater is stored…
• in the pore spaces of rocks and sediments (See picture )
• …and can be compared to a hard sponge
http://core.ecu.edu/geology/woods/GWANSW2008_files/image002.jpg
Groundwater Storage… 3. The zone of saturation is…
• the depth below Earth’s surface at which groundwater completely fills all the pores
4. The water table is …
…the upper boundary of the zone of saturation
e. Figure 10-2: Groundwater Storage (p. 421)
soil
Zone of
aeration
Zone of
saturation
Water table
Groundwater Storage…
5. The depth of the water
table varies…
…in swampy areas-
water table is
almost at surface,
…in arid regions -
water table is far
beneath surface Green Swamp, FL
Groundwater Storage…
6. If the water table is
high, it is more likely to flood.
low, it is less likely to flood.
7. The water table fluctuates with the seasons and weather conditions because…
• it depends on rain to recharge it
http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/images/chwattab.gif
Groundwater Movement:
Permeability…
1. What is permeability?
• the ability of a material to let water pass
through it
a. What subsurface materials are permeable?
• sand, sandstone, and gravel
b. What subsurface materials are
impermeable?
• clay, silt, and shale
c. Why is clay used to line ponds & landfills?
• It is impermeable (our storm drainage pond)
Groundwater Movement:
Aquifers… 1. An aquifer
… underground
storage area for
water made of
permeable rock
layers.
2. An aquiclude
… impermeable
layer above or
below an aquifer.
Groundwater Movement…
6. aquifer
7.
8. aquiclude
Groundwater: A Music Video…
• The Story of Groundwater!
• http://www.groundwater.org/kc/groundwat
er_animation.html
Lesson 6
Groundwater Erosion
Think About It…
Why do some homes in Florida get
swallowed up by the ground?
Focus Question…
What are the unique features of
caves?
What features are found in an
area with Karst topography?
Caves…
1. What is a cave?
• A natural underground opening with a
connection to Earth’s surface
2. Which acid forms caves?
• Carbonic acid (H2O + CO2 in the soil)
3. Which rock is eroded by this acid to form
a cave?
• limestone
Caves of the USA…
http://giantcrystals.strahlen.org/america/lechuguilla.htm
Lechuguilla Cave, N. Mexico Carlsbad Caverns, N. Mexico
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Witchs_Finger_Carlsbad_Caverns.jpg
Mammoth Cave,
Kentucky
http://www.britannica.com/blogs/2011/07/dark-depths-mammoth-cave/
Mammoth Cave: A Closer
Look…
http://images.travelpod.com/users/socks/1.1248576883.mammoth-cave-river-styx-tour-route.jpg
Cave Formations…
http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/orca/underworld/sec1b.htm
Karst Topography: Sinkholes…
1. What is a
sinkhole?
• A depression
in the ground
caused by the
collapse of a
cave
• http://southea
stsinkhole.co
m/
Karst Topography
2. Karst topography are limestone regions that
have sinkholes, sinks, and sinking streams –
named for an area in Croatia.
A aerial photograph of a classic Karst terrain north of Lewisburg, WV
http://www.virginiacaves.org/lok/ccvup56.htm
Karst Topography…
Karst Topography
http://www.mospeleo.org/ozark_caving/springs/sprkarst.htm
•Missouri
Hard Water…
4. Hard water is water that contains high
concentrations of calcium, magnesiun, or
iron.
• Common in limestone areas
• Causes deposits of calcium bicarbonate and
can clog water pipes. (p. 247)
• More soap must be used
Lesson 7
Groundwater Systems, Use, and
Threats!
Think About It…
Where does the water in a spring
come from?
Focus Question…
What are the unique features of
springs?
How can the use of wells lead to
aquifer depletion, subsistence,
and saltwater intrusion?
What are threats to our
groundwater?
Springs…
1. Ground water discharges at…
• Earth’s surface
• These natural discharges of water
are called…springs
2. Water may flow out of a rock
when…
• an aquifer and an aquiclude come
in contact
Ponce De Leon Springs
http://www.eyekonic.net/gallery2/d/1232-2/Ponce_20De_20Leon_20Springs_202.jpg
Location of
Springs:
B. Perched Water
Table
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8m.html
A. Near Horizontal
Sedimentary Layers
C. Fault-blocked
D. Limestone Regions
Hot Springs…
3. The temperature of ground water is…
• the same as the average annual
temperature
4. Hot springs are…
• springs which have temperatures
higher than the human body
• Hot springs are so hot because… the
subsurface is still hot from recent
igneous activity
• Picture on next slide
Hot Springs at Yellowstone N.P.
http://www.guideoftravels.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Yellowstone-National-Park.jpg
Springs and Geysers…
5. Most hot springs in
our country are
found in the…
• western states
6. A geyser is an …
• explosive spring
that erupts at
regular intervals
Old Faithful Geyser
Yellowstone NP
http://www.gogobot.com/old_faithful_geyser_and_upper-yellowstone_national_park-attraction
Wells…
1. A well is…
• a hole dug to reach a reservoir of
groundwater
2. A cone of depression is produced by…
• the over pumping of wells
3. Drawdown is…
• the difference between the original water
table level and that of a pumped well
4. Recharge is…
• when water from rain or runoff is added to
an aquifer
Wells…
5. An artesian well flows from a deep, confined aquifer
which contains water under pressure.
Wells: Figure 10-15, p. 252
http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/gw_ruralhomeowner/gw_ruralhomeowner_new.html
http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthgwlandsubside.html
Wells…
6. The entire water
table can be lowered
due to…
6. The overuse of
wells
7. Ground above an
overused well can…
…sink!
This is called
subsidence
Threats to Our Water Supply… 1. Overuse
2. Subsidence (sinking land over an aquifer)
3. Pollution in groundwater (sewage,
industrial waste, landfills, agriculture)
4. Chemicals (not filtered out by sediments;
hard to remove from groundwater)
5. Salt (one of the major threats to
groundwater supplies; esp. coastal areas)
6. Radon (generated by radioactive decay of
uranium in rocks – esp. granite and shale)
Protection of Groundwater…
1. Identify and eliminate pollution sources.
2. Monitor pollution.
3. Pump groundwater to surface and treat
it.
Lesson 8
Use, Abuse, and Conservation of
Water Resources
Water Use:
The Importance of Water
1. Four important uses of freshwater…
Agriculture, transportation, recreation, drinking!
2. Water is indispensable for life on Earth
because…
1. It exists as a liquid
2. It stores a lot of heat
3. It is the universal solvent
4. Solid water expands
The Importance of Water…
3. Eastern states get the most precipitation.
1. Eastern states - cooling, energy production, and manufacturing.
2. Western states - irrigation.
4. Withdrawal rates of freshwater are increasing each year because…
…our population is growing!
Western states use more water for
growing their crops…
Use of Water in the USA…
http://fracfocus.org/sites/default/files/water-use-pie-chart.jpg
Managing Freshwater
Resources
1. Dams are built to…
…control flooding
downstream and to
manage freshwater
resources
2. In the USA, 23% of all
freshwater is obtained
from…
… aquifers (groundwater)
… Florida, Hawaii, and
Nebraska depend almost
entirely on groundwater.
Managing Freshwater
Resources 3. Drawdown causes…
a. wells to go dry
b. streams to run low or go dry
c. shallow aquifers on the coast to get salty
(This is called salt water intrusion)
4. Desalination is removing salt from
seawater to make freshwater. It is not
practical due to high costs.
See next slide…
Saltwater
Intrusion…
http://www.wrd.org/engineering/images/seawater-intrusion.gif
Desalination…
http://www.tampabaywater.org/tampa-bay-seawater-desalination-plant.aspx
Water Pollution: Types of Pollution…
… 1. Point sources …
…have a single point
of origin (often a
piped discharge)
…Three examples
include (but aren’t
limited to)…
a. sewage
b. spills
c. industry
Drainage into the Ohio River
http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Po-Re/Pollution-Sources-Point-and-Nonpoint.html
http://www.lakescientist.com/learn-about-lakes/water-quality/pollution.html
Water Pollution: Types of
Pollution… 2. Nonpoint sources …
… come from widely spread areas and cannot be identified
and cleaned up as easily.
… Two examples include (but aren’t limited to)…
a. pesticides and fertilizers from farms and yards
b. oil and gasoline from parking lots
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/pollution/media/pol04a_460.jpg
3. Clean up!
• Surface water is more easily polluted than
groundwater but easier to clean up.
http://www2.epa.gov/cleanups
Reducing Water Pollution…
1. The Safe Drinking Water Act (1974) was
designed to …
… ensure our citizens have safe drinking water
… Our water does not always meet these
standards.
2. The Clean Water Act (1972) was created
to…
a. eliminate sources of water pollution
b. restore water quality (which it has done!)
Water Conservation
1. Community Water Conservation…
a. Farmers can use irrigation techniques like trickle irrigation to save water. http://www.tricklering.com/
b. Industries can use recycled or gray water to save water.
2.Personal Conservation: How can you and I conserve water in our homes and yards?
Lesson 7 Video Clip…
• The Cycle of Insanity: The Real Story of Water
• http://www.rivernetwork.org/blog/7/2010/04/12/new-surfrider-video-
shows-%E2%80%98-real-story-water%E2%80%99
Yadkin Riverkeeper Website…
• The Yadkin Riverkeeper organization is a
member of the international Waterkeeper
organization. This alliance includes
baykeepers, deltakeepers, riverkeepers,
lakekeepers, etc.
• http://www.yadkinriverkeeper.org/content/v
ideo-messages