ch. 8 joints of the skeletal systemtokaybiology.weebly.com/uploads/5/5/6/7/55670355/ch._8... ·...
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Ch. 8 Joints of the Skeletal System
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Part 1:Classifying Joints& Joint Movements
Interactive pages 269-278
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Types of Joints(AKA: Articulations)
● Structural Classification (type of
tissue that binds the bones
○ Fibrous
○ Cartilaginous
○ Synovial
● Functional Classification (degree
of movement)
○ Synarthrotic
■ Immovable
○ Amphiarthrotic
■ Slightly Moveable
○ Diarthrotic
■ Freely Moveable
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Fibrous Joints
● Bones bound by dense connective tissue (collagen fibers)
● Types of Fibrous Joints
○ Syndesmosis
■ Bound by a sheet (interosseous membrane) or bundle (interosseous ligament)
of Dense C.T.
■ Permits slight movement (amphiarthrosis) such as twisting between the tibia
and the fibula
○ Sutures
■ Between plates of the skull (fontanels in infancy)
■ Immovable (synarthrotic)
○ Gomphosis
■ Union of a bony process in a socket (root of tooth attached to mandible or
maxilla by periodontal ligament)
■ Immovable
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Syndesmosis SutureGomphosis
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Cartilaginous Joints
● Bones bound by cartilage or fibrocartilage
● Types of Cartilaginous Joints
○ Synchondrosis
■ Hyaline Cartilage
■ Most Temporary during growth (ex. Epiphyseal plate)
■ Becomes synostosis at maturation
■ Permanent Synchondrosis between manubrium & 1st rib (sternocostal joint)
○ Symphysis
■ Articulating bones covered in hyaline cartilage
■ Connected by a pad of fibrocartilage
■ Ex. Pubic symphysis & intervertebral joints
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Synchondrosis Symphysis
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Synovial Joints: General Structure
● Freely Moveable (Diarthrosis)
● Ends of bones covered in hyaline cartilage called Articular Cartilage
● Bones held together by joint capsule
○ Outer layer is Dense C.T. fibers attach to periosteum
○ Inner layer is Loose C.T.
■ Synovial membrane
■ Secretes synovial fluid
● Synovial fluid testing may indicate arthritis, gout, or infection
● Ligaments reinforce the joint capsule
● Accessory Structures of the Joint
○ Menisci
■ Pad of fibrocartilage that cushion and distribute weight
○ Bursae
■ Fluid filled sacs that cushion tendons that glide over bones
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Synovial Joint
StructureAccessory Structures
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Synovial Joints: Types
● Ball & Socket or Spheroidal
○ Wide range of motion (multiaxial movement)
○ Rounded head articulates with cup-shaped cavity of another bone
○ Hip (Acetabulofemoral) & Shoulder (Glenohumeral)
● Condylar or Ellipsoidal
○ Back and forth/Side to Side (biaxial movement)
○ Oval condyle of one bone fits into the elliptical cavity of another
○ Metacarpophalangeal joints
● Plane or Gliding
○ Sliding and Twisting (nonaxial movement)
○ Flat articulating surfaces
○ Intercarpal & Intertarsal joints
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Synovial Joints: Types
● Hinge
○ One plane of movement (uniaxial)
○ Convex/Concave articulating surfaces
○ Humeroulnar joint and interphalangeal joints
● Pivot or Trochoid
○ Rotation in one plane (uniaxial)
○ Cylindrical surface of one bone rotates in a ring of bone and ligament
○ Atlantoaxial joint & proximal radioulnar joing
● Saddle or Sellar
○ Wide range of motion (biaxial)
○ Both bones have a convex and concave surface
○ Carpometacarpal 1
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Types of Joint Movements
● Flexion: ○ Bending at joint to decrease angle
● Extension○ Moving at a joint to increase angle
● Hyperextension○ Extension beyond anatomical
position
● Abduction○ Moving part away from midline
● Adduction○ Moving part towards midline
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Types of Joint Movements● Dorsiflexion
○ Movement at ankle that moves anterior
foot closer to the shin
● Plantar flexion○ Movement at the ankle that moves
anterior foot farther from shin
● Medial rotation○ Turning limb toward midline
● Lateral rotation○ Turning limb away from midline
● Pronation○ Rotate forearm to palm down
● Supination○ Rotate forearm to palm up
● Circumduction○ Moving a part so that the end follows a
circular path
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Types of Joint Movements● Inversion
○ Turning plantar surface medially
● Eversion○ Turning plantar surface laterally
● Protraction○ Moving a part forward
● Retraction○ Moving a part backward
● Elevation○ Raising a part
● Depression○ Lowering a part
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Part 2:Specific Synovial Joints & Disorders
Interactive pages 277-288
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Examples of Synovial JointsExamples of large, complex synovial (also freely movable) joints:
• Shoulder.
• Elbow.
• Hip.
• Knee.
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Figure 8.13a Shoulder Joint
Shoulder Joint:
AKA Glenohumeral Joint
• Ball-and-socket.
• Head of humerus and glenoid cavity of scapula.
• Loose joint capsule.
• Ligaments prevent displacement.
• Glenoid labrum.
• Several bursae.
• Very wide range of movement, including rotation, circumduction.
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Major ligaments of the shoulder joint:
• Coracohumeral ligament.
• Glenohumeral ligaments.
• Transverse humeral ligament.
Left: © Dr. Ronald Bergman
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Elbow Joint:
Contains 2 articulations:
Humeroulnar & Humeroradial
Hinge joint:
• Between trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna.
• Flexion / extension only.
Plane (gliding) joint:
• Between capitulum of humerus and fovea on head of radius.
• Pronation / supination.
• Several reinforcing ligaments.
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Major ligaments of elbow joint:
• Radial collateral ligament.
• Ulnar collateral ligament.
• Anular ligament.
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Hip Joint:
AKA: Acetabulofemoral
• Ball-and-socket joint.
• Head of femur and acetabulum of hip bone.
• Acetabular labrum.
• Heavy joint capsule.
• Many reinforcing ligaments.
• Variety of movement, yet less than at shoulder joint.
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Major ligaments of the hip joint:
• Iliofemoral ligament (strongest ligament in body).
• Pubofemoral ligament.
• Ischiofemoral ligament.
Left: © Dr. Ronald Bergman
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Clinical Application 8.1
● Synthetic materials are used to replace joints damaged by arthritis or injury.
● Steel and titanium replace larger joints, silicone used for smaller joints, some are ceramic.
● Hip replacements are the most common.
● New technology for joint replacement:
• Use of materials that resemble natural body chemicals, such as coating implant with hydroxyapatite.
• 3D printing technology used to create custom replacement joints.
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Knee Joint:
AKA: Tibiofemoral
Largest & most complex joint.
3 bones:
• Femur: Medial and lateral condyles of distal end.
• Tibia: Medial and lateral condyles of proximal end.
• Patella: Articulates with anterior surface of femur.
Strengthened by many ligaments.
and tendons.
Cushioned by bursae, fat pads.
Menisci separate femur and tibia.
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Major ligaments of the
knee joint:
• Patellar ligament.
• Oblique popliteal
ligament.
• Arcuate popliteal
ligament.
• Tibial (medial) collateral
ligament.
• Fibular (lateral) collateral
ligament.
• Anterior cruciate
ligament.
• Posterior cruciate
ligament.
Knee joint characteristics:
• Modified hinge joint between condyles.
• Flexion / extension.
• Some rotation when knee is flexed.
• Plane joint between femur & patella.
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Joint Disorders
Sprains: Tearing of connective tissue in joint, without bone dislocation.
Bursitis: Inflammation of a bursa, from overuse or stress.
Arthritis: Inflammation, swelling, and pain in a joint.
• Rheumatoid arthritis: autoimmune disease.
• Osteoarthritis: degenerative, most common type, occurs with aging.
• Lyme arthritis: caused by Lyme disease, passed through tick bite.
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Lifespan Changes
• Joint stiffness is an early sign of aging.
• Many people develop arthritis as they age.
• Fibrous joints first to change; can strengthen, however, over a lifetime
• Cartilage in synchondroses stiffens.
• Ligaments lose elasticity.
• Changes in symphysis joints of vertebral column diminish flexibility and decrease height (due to water loss from the intervertebral discs).
• Synovial joints lose function, as capillary supply diminishes.
• Disuse hampers the nutrient supply to joints; speeds up stiffening.
• Activity and exercise can keep joints functional longer.