CH. 8 ARRIVAL IN CANADA

THE VIKINGSTHE FIRST EUROPEANS

Based out of Scandinavia (Sweden, Norway, Denmark)

Prior to 1000AD very warlike - set out to claim new land & riches. Leif Erikson to Newfoundland Conflicts with Natives caused them to leave.

Were the Vikings the first? Bering Strait

Irish MonkL’Anse aux Meadows

1450-1600THE AGE OF EXPLORATION

Powerful monarchs to explore “The New Worlds” for legendary riches.

1492 Columbus sails the ‘Ocean Blue’ Trying to find a new route to Asia for Spain.

Soon Portugal, England, & France were all trying to find the ‘Northwest Passage’.

Columbus Northwest Passage

FIVE MAIN REASONSEUROPEANS CAME TO

NORTH AMERICA1. FISH2. FUR3. RELIGION4. FARMING5. PROFIT

-LUMBER/MINERALS

*BEAVER*

GRAND BANKS

MISSIONARIES

*OAK*

FOOD/LAND TOBACCO

NORTH AMERICA Eventually the exploring countries would lay claim to most of North America Spain = South. England = North and East coast.

France = St. Lawrence River region.

DRAINAGE BASINS

European PossesionsDrainage Basins

Highlands/Divides of N. AmericaRocky Mtns / Laurentian Highlands / Appalachians

FRENCH EXPLORERS Verrazano sent first & proved N.A. = & continent not a series of islands as hoped.

Ten years later, Cartier sent & on second trip ventured up the St. Lawrence using Iroquois guides.

Kidnapped these guides and returned home. Returned to establish settlement but relations with Iroquois strained -returned home with ‘GOLD’ (Fools Gold). First colony =failure!!

CartierVerrazano

THE START OF THE FUR TRADE

=FAIR ??? 4130

THE FOUNDING OF NEW FRANCE

SAMUEL DE CHAMPLAIN 1605 = Port Royal => abondoned 1607

Soon to be renamed Acadia. 1608 = Quebec City

Chosen for high cliffs - protection. Allied with the Algonkians & Montagnais against the Iroquois.

‘The Deal’ - do not trade with the English. Later allied with the Huron as better traders.

Created an uneasy relationship with the Algonkians and Montagnais.

‘Father of Quebec’

THE PEOPLE OF NEW FRANCE

The Company of Hundred Associates. Required to bring settlers to Canada. Establish seigneuries - feudal manors

Jesuits To bring Catholicism to the Natives. Go anywhere - do whatever it takes.

Coureurs De Bois The muscle of the fur trade - went to the source Officially illegal - often bribed officials.

13 Colonies The East Coast English Colonies. Competed with the French.

Radisson & Groseilliers French Coureur De Bois who turned to the English to utilize Hudson’s Bay.

Talon Jean - ‘The Intendant’ Chief administrator to govern the local people (soldiers, bishop, peasants, filles du roi, etc.

Frontenac First governor of the French colony.

Habitant Peasant farmers given land for fees and service - feudalistic.

Lived on the seigneury.

THE PEOPLE OF NEW FRANCE(continued)

CANADA MOVES WEST

REASONS TO MOVE WEST

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Canadian Beaver #1

Made Beaver (MB) Felt Hat = Social Status

1 Musket = 12 Made Beaver (MB) 4.5L Brandy = 1 MB 2 Hatchets = 1 MB 1 Blanket = 1 MB 1 White Fox Pelt = 1/3 MB

BRITISH NORTH AMERICAThe Fur Trade

HBCo.-Paid by salary-“Stay ay at the Bay” policy-Discouraged alcohol-Discouraged fraternization-Better quality goods-Oldest continuous Co. in

the world.

NWCo.-Paid by commission-Go to the source policy-Aggressive trade policy-Encouraged marriages-More expensive goods

RIVALRY AND CONFLICT

FRENCH-Catholic-Hurons-Quebec-Pop. = 85, 000-St. Lawrence-La Salle first???-Forts / Buried

Plates-1 yr. truce

ENGLISH-Protestant-Iroquois-13 Colonies-Hudson’s Bay-Pop. = 1 Million-G. Washington-Forts / Settlement

SEVEN YEARS WAR1756-1763

Canada started in 1754 (9Yrs. War ???)

“Great War For Empire” Not just a North American War

First world war - France Vs.England Spices = East Indies Sugar = West Indies Fish, fur, and agriculture in North America

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

LOUISBOURG

13 COLONIES

ACADIAQUEBEC

PLAINS OF ABRAHAM

WOLFE’S COVE

THE LAST BATTLE : WOLFE VS. MONTCALM

THE LAST BATTLEFRENCH-Desperate-Knew St. Lawrence-Quebec = fortified/cliffs-Skilled warfare

ENGLISH-Strong navy-Captured Louisbourg-Fr. = corrupt officials-Acadians expelled-Controlled St. Lawrence

THE EXPLORERS

AFTER THE FALL OF QUEBEC

England won and France lost all possessions.

ROYAL PROCLAMATION Pontiac united the Natives and rebelled against the English.

Royal Proclamation kept English out of Ohio River Valley.

QUEBEC ACT Kept French language Recognized the Catholic Church Kept French law system Increased French boundaries (Ohio R. Valley)

THE AMERICA REVOLUTIONThe American people risked everything and received:

- Royal Proclamation - no Ohio R. Valley- Quebec Act - French = all rights- Stamp Act - Tax on everyday goods

Boston Tea Party- Quartering Act - House British soldiers

THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 1774 Americans stock piled weapons. 1775 = one shot (???) started it all. French Canada supported England. France supported America. 1776 Thomas Jefferson = American Declaration of Independence.

Loyalists - Americans who sided with England

Many moved to Canada Would give rise to Upper Canada.

Patriots - persecuted the Loyalists.

T. Jefferson

Upper / Lower CanadaUPPER & LOWER CANADA

BRITISH NORTH AMERICATHE CONSTITUTIONAL ACT 1791

Divided Quebec into Upper & Lower Canada (Ontario/Quebec)

Each had own gov’t. but governor could veto.

Catered to the wealthy. Would eventually give rise to the rebellions of 1830.

PIONEERS OF UPPER CANADA

By 1815 Upper Canada’s population went from 10 000 to 95 000 (1850 = 4x) The French became worried.

Voyage from England = dreadful ie. Cholera

Black Loyalists escaped to Can. for land & freedom (100 000)

Simcoe = first governor. Roads, native alliances, urged less slavery, established a militia -> all designed to protect Canada from the Americans.

REASONS FOR WAR Brt.- U.S. relations strained.

Canada = closest thing to Brt. Lost trade with Brt. Empire. Britain at war with France.

Brt seized U.S. ships going to France. Brt. Felt U.S. = threat to fur trade. BNA pop. = 500 000 U.S.A. = 8 million Maddison’s War Hawks promoted war against Canada. Saw Brt. support of natives as hostile. NOTE - New England wanted no war -> trade!!

WAR OF 1812

THE WAR OF 1812 Had the Americans been united they probably would have won. Ie New England opted out as wanted trade.

Brock & Tecumseh led Canada to early victories and convinced many to remain loyal.

Highlights - Laura Secord, Canada burns Washington Brt. sends more troops after Napoleon defeated.

Last major invasion of Canada. Canada defeats the U.S.A.

Brock & Tecumseh

Laura Secord

Can. burns Washington