ch 500 lecture 12 historical 1600 - 1878 lecture 12: historical developments 1500 – 1878 dr. ann...

CH 500 Lecture 12 Historical 1600 - 1878

Lecture 12: Historical Developments 1500 – 1878Dr. Ann T. Orlando

13 April 2010


Introduction

Review Global Missionary Activities Political Developments in Europe

England France Germany HRE Italy

19th C European Revolutions


Review: Situation Early 16th C Powerful Ottoman Turks in control of Eastern and Southern

Mediterranean Spain newly unified after expulsion of Muslims France and England in uneasy truce France and HRE in occasional battles over eastern France Strong National Rulers

Francois I of France Charles V HRE (Spain, Germany, Netherlands) Henry VIII in England

Popes in very weakened political situation after Avignon papacy; reliant on sale of indulgences and simony for funds

Age of Spanish and Portuguese discovery and exploration


European Voyages of Discovery Driven by economics,

Reduce time and cost of overland spice trade with Orient Reduce interactions with Ottoman Turks

In 16th C Spain and Portugal leading European ‘super powers’ Most other Western European countries preoccupied with

wars and Reformation Renewed strength after expulsion of Muslims from Portugal

and Spain English defeat of Spanish Armada, 1588, ends Spanish

dominance No educated person in Europe thought the earth

was flat (see ST Ia Q1 a1)


Portuguese Voyages of Discovery Prince Henry the Navigator (d. 1460)

Encourages exploration of West Africa Significantly improves navigation instruments

Vasco de Gama rounds Cape of Good Hope 1487 Portuguese explore much of southern Africa, especially

Congo and Angola Early 16th C Portuguese voyages to India, Japan

China Magellan’s expedition circumnavigates globe 1519 -

1522


Spanish Voyages of Discovery Columbus’ First Voyage of Discovery October 1492

to Caribbean Second voyage he takes Jesuits with him to convert

‘Indians’ Cortez conquers Mexico, 1519-1521 Pizarro conquers Peru 1532 By 1600 Spanish had

Established footholds in much of North America (California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Florida)

Thriving large communities throughout Mexico, Central and South America


Role of Papacy

Recall Pope Alexander VI and Line of Demarcation, but he also Declared that Indians have souls Granted Kings of Spain and Portugal extensive rights in Church

affairs in newly discovered lands Strongly encourage them to include missionaries in earliest

voyages Pope Paul III in 1537 Affirmed the right of Indians to liberty and

property Pope Innocent X forbids accommodation to mission cultures in 1645 Pope Gregory XIV encouraged ordination of native sons in 1576; even

if illegitimate Pope Gregory XV established Congregation of Faith in 1622 to

encourage missions, especially process of enculturation as Spanish and Portuguese power waned


Church Missions: Orient

Jesuits followed the Portuguese; early leader was St. Francis Xavier Strong oriental governments meant Europeans established trading

centers Missionaries confronted with ancient and strong religions Question for Church: how much native culture and religious view point

to incorporate into Christianity Matteo Ricci, 1552-1610 encouraged adoption of much of Chinese

culture Pope Innocent X forbids accommodation to mission cultures in 1645


Development of Missions in Western Hemisphere As ‘easy money’ quickly removed from Latin

America, conquistadors start to oppress Indians Required cheap labor for farms and mines Developed the encomienda system that forced Indian

households to render service to individuals One step away from slavery

In 1511 Dominican Antonio Montesinos protested against this practice Result was that the Spanish government issued a law in

1512 that described Indians as free men, not slaves To further protect the Indians, missionaries started

to settle Indians around churches


Important Saints and Church Leaders in Spanish America Bartolome de las Casa (1474–1566)

Dominican Fought for just treatment of Indians in

Caribbean and Mexico Apparition of Mary to Juan Diego at

Guadalupe Mexico, 1531 St. Peter Claver (1580–1654) Jesuit in

Columbia; ministry to slaves from Africa St. Rose of Lima (1586-1617) and St.

Martin de Porres (1579-1639) in Peru Blessed Junipero Serra (1713-1784)

Franciscan, established California missions


Development of Uniquely Latin Style of Catholicism Early missionaries

recognized the importance of elaborate ceremonies to Aztecs Developed liturgy with very

colorful ceremonies Incorporated Indian artistic

styles into Church decorations Example: Cusco Cathedral

in Peru, painting of Last Supper

By 1600 estimated to be 7,000,000 Indians who were calling themselves Catholic Christians

agro.biodiver.se/wp-content/uploads/2008/04/cuy.jpg


Late 16th C Spanish and Portuguese Missions


Political Developments in Europe (1500 – 1850) England: Tudors, Revolution, Restoration with

broader democracy, American Revolution, King as head of State

France: Strong Kings, Revolution, Napoleon, Restoration, Revolution, Democracy, sometimes King as head of State

Germany: Separate Duchies, Revolution, Strong National Leader (Bismarck), King as head of State

Italy: Separate states; Revolution; National Unity with Democracy, end of Papal States, King as Head of State


England 16th C

Henry VIII reigned 1509-1547 1531 declares himself head of Church

Mary I (Bloody Mary, Tudor), daughter of Henry and Catherine; Making her cousin of Emperor Charles V Returns England to Catholicism as official religion Marries prince Philip II of Spain (son of Charles V) ‘Bloody Mary’ because she executes prominent Anglicans

accused of treason Dies 1558

Elizabeth reigns, daughter of Henry and Anne Boleyn Reigns 1558-1603 Return to Anglicanism


English Rulers 17th – 19th C Charles I reign 1625-1649

King during English Civil War between English aristocracy (Anglicans) and Puritans led by Oliver Cromwell

Charles I executed 1649 Cromwell and Puritans rule 1649-1660 Restoration of monarchy, Charles II 1660-1688

Persecution of Puritans George III reigns 1760-1820

American Revolution Queen Victoria 1837-1901

During her reign Parliament becomes increasingly important relative to monarchy

By end of reign monarchy is head of State, not head of Government


Philosophical Giant: John Locke (1632 – 1704) Epistemology: how do we know?

Through our senses and more specifically our experiences At birth mind is a blank slate Simple ideas come from senses, mind builds more complex ideas from

simple ones But experience can be communal; does not have to be personal

Political Science Man born with God-given rights of life, liberty and possessions (broadly

defined) Second Treatise on Government profoundly influential Letter on Toleration Strongly believed in natural law as basis for human laws

Theology; deeply religious, believed that revelation was ‘real’ Above human reason (revelation) Contrary to reason According to reason


18th C American and French Political Philosophy Based on Locke Puritan sermons in 18th C America

frequently referred to “the great Mr. Locke” Early colonial Constitution of Carolinas

written by Locke Voltaire considered Locke one of the most

important men of the previous generation One of Thomas Jefferson’s three heroes

(the other two being Bacon and Newton) John Adams thought John Locke one of

most important men who ever lived


American Revolution:New Political Structures American Revolution (1776-1781), based on

philosophy of John Locke (1632-1704) Champion of individual rights Religious toleration

Not clear (still isn’t) what is relation between religion and politics in America Most States had an official religion; see for instance John

Adams’ Constitution of Massachusetts First Amendment to U.S. Constitution says only that

Congress will not establish a religion; Thomas Jefferson extends this to separation of Church and

State (1803)


American Election of 1800 Choice over:

Adams vs. Jefferson: Role of Religion in Society and Duties vs Rights

Category Adams Jefferson

Belief in God Yes; God active in men’s lives.

Maybe; but even so, God not active in men’s lives.

Natural Law Basis of government. Natural rights more important.

Human nature and reason Fundamentally flawed. Human nature and reason are perfectible; humanity is always making progress.

Rule of majority Majority rule should be tempered by constitutional protections of minorities.

Majority should rule as directly as possible.

Role of constitution Fundamental bedrock of civil government that should be enduring; order in society is very important.

Should be rewritten every generation; an occasional revolution is a good thing.

Role of religion in civil society

Very important for moral leadership; all religions should be tolerated although the State may favor one.

Religion is detrimental to civil society; should be completely separated from politics.


France 17th, 18th C

Francois I reigns 1515-1547 Henry IV reigns 1584-1610

Edict of Nantes, 1598, granting toleration to Protestants Louis XIV (Sun King) reigns 1643-1715

Becomes King at age 5; real power was Cardinal Richelieu Reduced power of nobility, increased power of throne Encouraged Gallicanism

Absolute Monarch, period of stability and strength Revives (invents) French culture; Versailles center of France French Church sees itself as a national Church aligned with throne

Louis XVI reigns 1774-1792 Paris center of France Initially encourages Enlightenment ideas Supports American Revolution Economic depression, leading to Revolution Executed during Revolution


French Revolution (1789-1799):Extreme Enlightenment Impetus comes from group of 18th C French philosophers: philosophes

(Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot, Turgot, Condorcet) Philosophes embraced John Locke and science; encouraged by American

Revolution Franklin, Paine, Jefferson and Adams in France; But…Adams writes against Turgot and Condorcet and notion of progress

without sense of duty, In Defense of Constitutions While…Jefferson supports the philosophes and the Terror

‘Reason’ used as a weapon against ‘throne and altar’ Voltaire’s ‘Smile of Reason’ turns into glare of tyranny Individual rights and toleration get replaced by suspicion of ‘enemy of

people’ and a new ‘religion’; Active persecution of Church

New religion of reason Notre Dame turned into a temple to reason Name of months changed (Charlemagne!) ‘Superstition’ outlawed

French Revolution deeply shakes Catholicism; memory still does


French Enlightenment: Extreme Violence 1792 - 1794 Instrument of terror: guillotine

People like Voltaire and Locke who argued for more humane methods of execution

Dr. Joseph Guillotin proposed a machine for this purpose to French Assembly in 1789

‘Scientific’ design to be effective and merciful First the aristocracy: Louis XVI and his wife, Marie Antoinette,

executed along with their children Next clergy and religious who refused to ‘convert’ to religion of

reason Then those who disagree with ruling elite (Jacobins execute

Girondins) Robespierre takes control of Committee for Public Safety

Finally the ruling elite themselves France degenerates into chaos; pulled out of chaos by Napoleon


France 19th Century

Napoleon manages to conquer much of Europe: from Spain to Egypt to Russia Gains control 1799 Restores Catholicism (sort of) Sells Louisiana to United States (Jefferson) 1803 Crowns himself emperor in front of Pope 1804 Finally defeated at Waterloo by English 1814

France after Napoleon Brief restoration of monarchy Revolution 1848 French Republics Powerful group of Catholics in France want strong Papacy

to help rebuild French unity and culture (Ultamontane)


Napoleon’s Conquestswww.euroheritage.net/napoleonicempire.jpg


Holy Roman Empire

Recall that when Charles V resigns,1555, empire split in two Austria (including Hungary, southern Catholic German States) under Ferdinand I Spain and Low Countries under Philip II (husband of Mary Tudor)

Wars between Catholic and German parts of Germany; Thirty Years was between France and Germany

As a result of Treaty of Westphalia, 1648, ending 30 years War Affirmation of Treaty of Augsburg Germany and Central Europe divided into 200 independent pieces

For next 100 years many wars over territory and succession Prussia becomes dominant force among Lutheran German States Frederick the Great reign 1740-1786

Napoleon ends Hapsburg line of Holy Roman Emperors in Spain and Austria; conquers all of Germany

After defeat of Napoleon, Congress of Vienna, 1815, Creation of German Confederation, semi-autonomous states

Revolution of 1848 Rise of Bismarck and strong (anti-Catholic) national German government 1859

King as figure head


Italy

In 16th C Italy composed of powerful city-States Papal States Florence, Naples, Venice Charles V invades Italy in 1527 and establishes rulers in Naples

and northern Italy allied with HRE 17th and 18th C various Italian States split between Austria (north)

and Spain (south), except for Papal States 19th C Napoleon conquered all of Italy; after Napoleon political

turmoil; Congress of Vienna, 1815, restores Papal States Revolution of 1848 starts process of Italian unification

King Victor Emmanuel and Garibaldi as political leader 1861 Forcible annexation of Papal States in 1870 completes unification


Papacy 16th and 17th C

Paul III, pope 1543-1549 Concerned about reform of Church Approved Jesuits Called Council of Trent

Popes 17th and 18th C faced with rising ‘national’ Catholicism Gallicanism (France) Febronianism (Germany) Josephism (HRE)


Papacy in 18th and 19th C

Tension between national interests and universal Church interests leads to suppression of Jesuit order in 1773 by Pope Clement XIV

After Napoleon, Catholic countries view papacy as politically stabilizing force; Congress of Vienna, 1815, restores Papal States

Papacy becomes increasingly ‘conservative’ in reaction to liberal European political and social turmoil during 18th and 19th C Pope Gregory XVI (1831-1846) tries to ban railroads from

papal states


Pope Pius IX, 1846-1878

Considered a liberal, but shocked by revolutions of 1848

Negotiates Church rights with many European governments (concordats)

Issues Syllabus of Errors condemning much enlightenment thought

Promotes Thomism as ‘official’ theology of Church Convenes Vatican I in 1869 Loses Papal States in 1870 Beatified along with Pope John XXIII in 2000


Readings

Vidmar (pp 241-289) Sepulveda and de las Casas Francis Xavier Letters John Locke Letter of Toleration or Second

Treatise on Government Jefferson Letter to Danbury Baptists Civil Constitution of Clergy and St. Just McManners Ch 9 (pp 301-340)

ch 500 lecture 12 historical 1600 - 1878 lecture 12: historical developments 1500 – 1878 dr. ann...

Documents

portuguese discovery

historical developments

exploration slide

th c portuguese voyages

european voyages of

th c spain

portuguese power waned

south america slide