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Lecture 7: Theological Developments 604-9001 March 2011

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Introduction

Eastern Christianity Before 622 AD Islamic Beliefs Iconoclast Controversy, Second Council of

Nicea Doctrinal Impact of Charlemagne’s Court Continued missionary work in Europe Readings

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Eastern Christianity

Ruled by Byzantine Empire (they called themselves Romans) Constantinople, ‘New Rome’

Politically and economically most important city in known world Center for Christian and classical studies

Large minority of heretical Christians within Empire (they call themselves orthodox because they agreed with Nicea I) Nestorians in Syria Monophysites in Syria and Egypt

In western part of Byzantine Empire, Orthodox Christians and Catholics divided along the lines of the division established by Diocletian

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Constantinople

Recall Constantinople was founded by Constantine the Great

One of most beautiful and opulent cities Most important basilica Hagia Sophia

Originally built by Constantine Rebuilt in 532 by Justinian the Great after an earthquake The largest most beautiful Christian basilica in Christendom Convert to a mosque by Turks in 1453, mosaics plastered Converted to museum 1935, mosaics start to be uncovered Architectural influence

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Hagia Sophia

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Key Points of Islamic Theology Qur’an is revealed word of God (must be in Arabic,

a translation is not really the Qur’an) Jews and Christians are considered people of The

Book Trace descent from Abraham through Ishmael Mohammed is greatest prophet, although prophets

of Old Testament and Jesus are also important God is one, no Trinity Images are an affront to God

Jesus not incarnate Word Shari’a “Islamic Law”; based on Qur’an; rules for

how the community of Muslims should live

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Five Pillars of Islam

Faith (Shahada) Expressed through the fundamental statement of faith: “There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is His prophet.”

Prayer (Salat) Praying 5 times a day in a prescribed manner

Charity (Zakat) All things belong to God, and wealth is therefore held by human beings in trust.

Fasting (Sawm) Fasting is especially observed during the holy month of Ramadan.

The Pilgrimage to Mecca (The Hajj)

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Two Major Branches of Islam Sunni

Ruler should be by a virtuous Muslim who followed the sunna (practice) of Mohammed as recorded in the hadiths (traditions)

Authority was with ulama or imam, wise men but not infallible, who preached the Qur’an

Defense of Qur’an through rational argument Shia

Rule should be through the family of Mohammed, especially through Mohammed’s son-in-law Ali who married Fatimah

Came to be known as Shia, or followers of Ali (killed at Karbala) Authority was found in infallible imams as interpreters of the

Qur’an

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Sufism

Sufism is not a separate branch of Islam A style of belief Both Sunni and Shia practice Sufism

Established within a century of Mohammed’s death

Mystical spirituality, emphasizing detachment from the world Whirling dervishes

Master-disciple relationships

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Dome of the Rock Mosque

Built in 691 on site of Jewish Temple According to Islamic belief location of ascension of

Mohammed to heaven Mosque enshrines the rock from which Mohammed ascended Third most important shrine in Islam

Contains oldest written examples from Qur’an: “O you People of the Book, overstep not bounds in your religion,

and of God speak only the truth.  The Messiah, Jesus, son of Mary, is only an apostle of God, and his Word which he conveyed unto Mary, and a Spirit proceeding from him.  Believe therefore in God and his apostles, and say not Three.  It will be better for you.  God is only one God.  Far be it from his glory that he should have a son."

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Dome of the Rock (cont)

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Eastern Theological Response: Iconoclast Controversy Emperors Leo III (717-741), Constantine V (741-

763) Supported “image breaking” iconoclasm as a way to attract

Muslims to Christian orthodoxy Historical Note: Emperor Leo III dropped all military support

of Papacy against Lombards, forcing Pope Stephen II into an alliance with Pepin the Short

Eastern monks vehemently opposed iconoclasts John Damascene (675-749)

Monk at St. Sabas near Jerusalem Strong theological defense of icons Differentiated types of worship and honor

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Second Council of Nicea, 787 Also known as Seventh Ecumenical Council

Called by Empress Irene, who supported icons (iconodule) Following St. John Damascene, distinguished types of

devotions Western Reaction

Problem: Eastern church did not invite anyone from West to participate

Another problem: poor translation from Greek into Latin Result: Charlemagne did not accept Nicea II

Theodulf wrote Libri Carolini condemning worship of images

Nicea II was recognized by Pope Hadrian I

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Another Language Problem: Filioque Filioque means “and Son” in Latin Starts with Augustine’s description of Trinity: Holy

Spirit is mutual love of Father and Son Gets incorporated in Latin Creed as Holy Spirit

proceeds from Father and the Son Greek Church (and original Greek Nicene Creed)

states that Holy Spirit and Son proceed from the Godhead (Father)

This issue developed as a stumbling block between Eastern and Western theology in 8th C

See joint Catholic-Orthodox statement on this issue http://www.usccb.org/seia/filioque.shtml

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Charlemagne’s Court

Aachen became, briefly, the center of learning in West Charlemagne was very interested in scholarship (although he

could not write, and may not have been able to read) Theodulf (760-821), born in Spain,

wrote against Council Nicea II; wrote in support of filioque; wrote Libri Carolini; famous then and now for his hymns

Alcuin of York; Head of School at Aachen; brought Irish monastic learning with him; encouraged Charlemagne to reform clerical education; “Charter of Modern Thought” requiring all monasteries to educate

boys in Psalms, music, grammar, arithmetic established educational curriculum throughout the Middle Ages

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Reliquary of Charlemagne and Aachan Cathedral

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Northern Christian Scholarship and Missionary Activities Bede the Venerable, 672-735

Orphan, raised in monastery in England Wrote History of English People Great influence on scholarship and school curriculum in

Europe in Middle Ages Boniface, aka Winifred, 672-755

Also born in England; influenced by Irish monasticism Goes to Rome in 717 to get approval of Pope Gregory II;

gets mission to preach north of Rhine May have crowned Pepin the Short, Charlemagne’s father Martyred in northern Holland, 755

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Review Readings

Kallistos Ware, “Eastern Christianity” in Oxford Illustrated History of Christianity (Optional)

Joint Catholic-Orthodox statement on filioque, http://www.usccb.org/seia/filioque.shtml (Optional)

John of Damascus Read all Note different types of worship

Midterm Review: Exam Structure Exam on March 15 Closed book, closed notes

Geography (20 pts) Match events with dates, more dates than events (20 pts) Matching people with descriptions; more people than descriptions

(20 pts) Match quotes from readings to authors; more authors than

quotes (20 pts) Essay (20 pts)

Midterm Review: Geography This is a free 40 points You will be asked to find these places on the map

attached as a pdf to the folder Jerusalem, Rome, Athens, Antioch, Alexandria,

Constantinople, Iona, Milan, Cordoba, Aachen, Medina, Carthage, Baghdad, Nile, Tigris, Euphrates, Rhine, Danube, Alps, Pyrenees

I am NOT looking for GPS accuracy; however, you must be close. For example: putting Milan south of Rome would be wrong. And both should be in Italy.

Dates

If I were you, I would know what key events in Church History are associated with these dates:

70 112, 251, 325, 410, 622, 787, 800

People

If I were you, I would know who these people are: Muhammad Diocletian Gregory of Nyssa Theodosius I Josephus John of Damascus Pope Leo III Pope Gregory I Nero

Benedict of Nursia Athanasius Origen Boniface Columban(us) Augustine of Hippo Augustine of Kent Constantine Irenaeus Empress Irene Egeria

Quotes

Will not be tricky Five quotes, 7 authors If I were you, I would re-read this:

Ignatius, Letter to the Romans Justin Martyr, First Apology Irenaeus, Against Heresies Origen, On First Principles Rescript of Milan Augustine, Confessions Gregory of Nyssa, Homilies on Song of Songs Benedict, Rule Gelasius, Letter to Emperor on Two Powers Einhardt, Life of Charlemagne

Essay

Write an essay on the changes in Church-State relations between 100 – 900 AD.

Your essay should include, at a minimum, the following Martyrs and Lapsed Libellus Constantine the Great Theodosius the Great Church Councils Monasticism Changing role of bishops before and after Constantine Effect of fall of Roman Empire in West Relation between Church and Franks (Clovis, Pepin,

Charlemagne)

Essay (cont.)

Our readings that you should reference in your essay Ignatius of Antioch, Letter to Romans Letters between Pliny and Trajan Justin Martyr, Apology Rescript of Milan Eusebius, Life of Constantine Augustine, City of God Pope Gelasius on Two Powers Einhard, Life of Charlemagne Donation of Constantine

You must indicate at least what century events and people occurred in. You do not need to specify exact dates.

If I were you, I would study by making an outline of my answer with the above on it. Then first thing on the exam, replicate the outline and write from that.