Ch. 5 The Roman Empire

I. Geography: A. Italian Peninsula 750 miles N – S 120 avg. wide

B. Mountains Alps - North Gaul (France) area foothills of Alps Apennines Mts. *divide Italy east & west

C. Tiber River Rome built on 7 hills

D. Adv. of Rome’s location *center for trade route *defensive advantage hills & built 18 miles inland Ostia *port city mouth of Tiber

II. Early People A. Latins settle at Latium on Tiber 1000 BC Rome built 753 BC

Romulus & Remus *Twin brothers built Rome abandoned & nursed by wolf??

Romulus killed Remus*Rome named after Romulus

B. Etruscans seized Rome 600 BC “Found Rome village, left it a city.” Tarquin *ruling family Greek culture ex. arch & alphabet Toga

C. Romans *combo Latin’s & EtruscansD. Greeks *strong influence on Roman

III. Roman Republic 509 BC – 31 BC A. Republic 509 BC *citizens with right to vote elect leaders adult male citizens vote (land owners)

B. Roman Gov. 1. Senate *legislative body 300 Patricians (Nobles) a. Consuls 2 officials from Senate *administered laws Veto “I forbid”

b. Dictator *absolute power hold office in times of crisis (6 months only) Cincinnatus * farmer saved Rome.

2. Assembly of Centuries (100 Centrum) Generals Roman Legion *declare war Censor *registered population tax and voting purposes

3. Assembly of Tribes *Plebian control 35 Tribes 10 Tribunes spoke for Plebian rights

4. Twelve Tables of Law 450 BC *Rome’s 1st written law code separation bt. Plebians and Patricians

C. Roman Legion *Army Legionaries - soldiers Legion 6000 men Eagle *Symbol of Legion

Duty, Discipline, & Patriotism *motto

Horatius *defended bridge over Tiber Auxilia - military units of non-citizens

D. Roman Social Classes 1. Patricians * wealthy landowners 2. Plebeians *common people farmers, artisans, merchants 3. Slaves P.O.W.’s / debtors

IV. Expansion of Rome A. Rome rules Italy 264 BC 200 year fight vs. Greeks Pyrrhus *Greek King defeated Romans “Another such victory & I am lost!”

Pyrrhic Victory win but, lost many men

B. Appian Way *military roads

C. Punic Wars (Series of 3 Wars) Rome vs. Carthage *over trade

Carthage

1. First Punic War 264 BC - 241 BC *control of Sicily Carthage asked for peace Indemnity *$ to victors in war

General Hamilcar *leader of Carthage swore revenge

2. Second Punic War 218 BC - 201 BC Hannibal **crossed the Alps 219 BC 37 War Elephants? 40,000 soldiers / 8,000 horsemen

Battle of Cannae *45,000 Romans killed ravaged Roman country side 15 years

Battle of Zama 202 BC Scipio “Africanus Major” *defeated Hannibal in N. Africa

3. Third Punic War 149 BC - 146 BC Cato - Roman Senator “Carthage must be destroyed!” massacred Carthage 149 BC

Divide & Conquer ** Roman foreign policy

V. Roman Empire: 31 BC – 476 AD A. Provinces *governors appointed by Senate Prizes of War *luxuries of conquered grain, treasures, & slaves

B. Latifundia *vast estates that grow grain thousands of slaves

C. Champions of Poor: *both killed by Senate 1. Tibrius Gracchus 133 BC *gave land to poor 2. Gaius Gracchus *sold grain to poor

D. Gaius Marius 105 BC *Professional Army loyal to leader not Rome

E. Civil War 90 BC - 88 BC Lucius Sulla *Military Dictator defeated Marius 1,000 people executed

Spartacus 73 BC *slave revolt (6000 slaves crucified)

F. First Triumvirate (Rule of 3) 60 BC - 49 BC1. Gnaeus Pompey2. Marcuss Crassus wealthy general / killed in battle3. Julius Caesar *Rome’s greatest General

Pompey

Caesar

Crassus

Civil War: Pompey v. JC 49 ADSenate declared JC public enemy

G. Julius Caesar *crossed Ribicon Jan. 10, 49 BC “ The die is cast!”

“I came, I saw, I conquered!” *JC takes Rome

Veni, vidi, vici.“

Cleopatra *mistress to JC

Dictator for Life *appointed by Senate 46 BC

JC Reforms:1. Roman Citizenship non-Italians loyal to Rome *united empire2. Free grain to poor3. Reduced unemployment4. Plebians elected to Senate

**Senate opposition to JC

Ides of March: March 15, 44 BCGaius Cassius & Marcus Brutus *stab Caesar to death in Senate

H. Second Triumvirate 1. Octavian *Nephew of JC (heir to thrown) 18 years old *controls Western Empire

2. Marc Anthony (JC top General) *controlled Eastern Empire Cleopatra Pharaoh of Egypt *married Marc Anthony 3. Lepidus Commander JC Cavalry Forced out by Oct.

Battle of Actium 31 BC*Oct. defeats Anthony forces

Suicide: Anthony’s - sword Cleopatra *Asp’s (snake) bite

Anthony & Cleopatra

I. Age of Augustus 44 BC - 14 AD Augustus “Exalted One” **title given to Oct. by Senate *1st Roman Imperator (Emperor) Pax Romana **Roman Peace 27 BC - 180 AD

Augustus Reforms:1. Legion *loyal to Emperor legionaries settle in provinces Praetorian Guard *Imperial Guard 9000 elite Legionaries guard Emperors 2. Census - population survey (taxes) **Power of Emperor increased Senates power decreased *Augustus dies 14 AD

J. Julian Emperors: next 54 years relatives of JC rule 1. Tiberius 14 AD - 37 AD (Augustus adopted son) *Jesus crucified 33 AD

Tiberius

2. Caligula “Little Boot” 37 AD - 41 AD *Insane (Grandson of Tiberius) made his Horse a Consul riots in Jerusalem

3. Claudius 41 AD - 54 AD (Caliqulas Uncle) *Britain added to Empire Londinium = London

4. Nero 54 AD - 68 AD (Claudius stepson) Fire *Rome 54 AD Reign of Terror: Christians blamed Suicide? “What an artist dies in me!”

K. Age of Good Emperors: “Golden Age of Rome” 96 AD - 180 AD Roman Empire: 4 million sq. miles / Population 50 - 70 million

1. Trajan 96 - 117 AD Spanish General *empire reached largest size

2. Hadrian 117 AD - 138 AD Hadrian's Wall *Britain *keep Scots out 80 miles long / 20’ high - 8’ across

Hadrian

Pantheon*temple to honor religions

3. Marcus Aurelius “Last of Good Emperors” 161 - 180 AD *defend empire from Barbarians (Germanic Tribes)

4. Commodus “Mad Emperor” 180 AD son of Marcus Aurelius *decline of Rome

5. Barracks Emperors 192 AD - 284 AD *28 Military Emperors

6. Diocletian 284 AD divided Empire - 2 districts Co-Emperors: Diocletian ruled East Byzantium “2nd Rome” *Eastern Capital Maximian *ruled the West *Rome

VI. Fall of Roman Empire A. Commodus 180 AD - 192 AD *end of Pax Romana B. Civil Wars C. Inflation (lack of silver coins) D. High Taxes E. Food shortages F. Corruption of gov.

G. Population to large Control 1/5th world’s population H. Poor discipline of Army loyal to those who paid them I. Persian Wars: *Rome fighting 2 front war

J. Barbarian Invasions1. Germans *people beyond Rhine River a. Goths: Ostrogoths & Visigoths settled in Italy (fled from Hun’s)

b. Sacking of Rome 410 AD Alaric *King of the Goth’s 3 days raided Rome

Alaric Sacking Rome

2. Vandals North Africa *one causes senseless destruction

3. Attila The Hun “Scourage of God” leader of Hun’s terrorized Rome Huns *Asiatic Tribe raid & plunder for Gold Battle of Chalons 451 AD *Romans defeated Attila

Fall of Rome 476 AD Romulus Augustulus *last Roman Emperor Odoacer *Barbarian leader takes Rome

Odoacer enters Rome

Odoacer

VII. Roman Gods A. Janus *God of Beginnings festival to start months *January

B. Vesta *Goddess of Hearth

Goddess of the Fire (both sacred and domestic) and the Hearth. Daughter of Saturn and Ops. Her sacred animal was the ass. Patroness of bakers. Her chief festival was the Vestalia on June 7. One of the most worshipped of the Roman deities

C.Jupiter *No. 1 God (identified with Zeus)

Ruler of the Gods. He is the god of Sky, Lightning and Thunder. He is the son of Saturn and brother of Neptune, Pluto and Juno, who is also his wife. His attribute is the lightning bolt and his symbol the eagle, who is also his messenger. He was also considered the Patron god of Rome, and his temple was the official place of state business and sacrifices.

D. Juno *Queen of Gods wife of Jupiter Juno was the majestic queen of the heaven and

wife of Jupiter.She was a Roman goddess, the equivalent of the

Greek Hera, queen of the gods. Juno was a majestical figure, wearing a diadem on the head. The peacock is her symbolic animal. Juno is also

the protecting and guardian spirit of females.

E. Venus *Goddess of Love

F. Cupid *God of Love

G. Mars *God of War

H. Mercury *Messenger of the Gods

I. Minerva *Goddess of Wisdom

J. Neptune *God of the Sea

K. Pluto *God of the Underworld

L. Saturn *God of Agriculture

M. Victoria *Goddess of Victory

VIII. Christianity A. Hebrews resent Roman rule B. Messiah *savior chosen by God lead Jews from Roman persecution

C. Jesus 0 AD - 33 AD *founder of Christianity Christians *followers of Jesus

D. Pontius Pilate *ordered crucifixion

E. Apostles (One who is sent out) convert Romans to Christianity Gospel (Good News) Christians persecuted several centuries

F. Emperor Constantine ”Protector of Christianity” flaming cross appeared before battle 312 AD “With this as your standard you will have victory!”

G. Emperor Theodosius 392 AD *Christianity official religion of Rome

IX. Roman Achievements A. Architecture: 1. Coliseum *stadium - Gladiator fights 50,000 spectators

2. Circus Maximus *stadium - Chariot Races held 180,000 Ben Hur *greatest chariot racer

Circus Maximus

Faith Hill concert at Circus Maximus

3. Dome4. Concrete5. Aqueducts *channels carry water

B. Pompeii 79 AD Mt. Vesuvius *volcanic explosion buried Pompeii

C.Roman Law *foundation of legal codes of Europe Innocent until proven guilty

D. Roman Government (Republic / Senate)

E. Encyclopedias by Pliny 37 Volumes called Natural History

F. Julian Calendar *basis modern calendar 46 AD

G. Literature 1. History of Rome by Livy *greatest Roman historian

2. Aeneid by Virgil *greatest Roman Poet story of Aeneas hero of Troy who settles in Latium links Roman Civ. To Greek history

Virgil

Satires by Horace “follies & vices of Romans”