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AP Biology

Carbohydrates

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AP Biology 2006-2007

OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

HH

HOH

O

Carbohydrates

energy

molecules

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AP Biology

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O

carbo - hydr - ate

CH2O

(CH2O)x C6H12O6

Function:

energy energy storage

raw materials structural materials

Monomer: sugars

ex: sugars, starches, cellulose

sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugar sugarsugar

C6H12O6(CH2O)x

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AP Biology

Sugars

Most names for sugars end in -ose

Classified by number of carbons

6C = hexose (glucose)

5C = pentose (ribose)

3C = triose (glyceraldehyde)

OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

H

H

H

OH

O

Glucose

H

OH

HO

O H

HHO

H

Ribose

CH2OH

Glyceraldehyde

H

H

H

H

OH

OH

O

C

C

C6 5 3

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AP Biology

Functional groups determine function

carbonyl

ketone

aldehyde

carbonyl

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AP Biology

Sugar structure

5C & 6C sugars form rings in solution

Carbons are numbered

Carbons are numbered

Where doyou find solutions

in biology?In cells!

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AP Biology

Numbered carbons

C

CC

C

C

C

1'

2'3'

4'

5'

6'

O

energy stored in C-C bondsenergy stored in C-C bonds

What about theHydrogen??

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AP Biology

Simple & complex sugars

Monosaccharides

simple 1 monomer sugars

glucose

Disaccharides

2 monomers

sucrose

Polysaccharides large polymers

starch

OH

OH

H

H

HO

CH2OH

HH

H

OH

O

Glucose

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AP Biology

Building sugars

Dehydration synthesis

glycosidic linkage

|

glucose

|

glucose

monosaccharides disaccharide

|

maltose

H2O

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AP Biology

Building sugars

Dehydration synthesis

|

fructose

|

glucose

monosaccharides

|

sucrose(table sugar)

disaccharide

Lets go to the

animation

H2O

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AP Biology

Polysaccharides

Polymers of sugars

costs little energy to build

easily reversible = release energy

Function: energy storage

starch (plants)

glycogen (animals)

in liver & muscles

structure

cellulose (plants)

chitin (arthropods & fungi)

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AP Biology

Linear vs. branched polysaccharides

starch

(plant)

glycogen

(animal)

energy

storage

What doesbranching do?

Lets go to thevideotape!

slow release

fast release

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AP Biology

Polysaccharide diversity

Molecular structure determines function

isomers of glucose

structure determines function

in starch in cellulose

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AP Biology

Digesting starch vs. cellulose

starcheasy to

digest

starcheasy to

digest enzyme

enzyme

cellulose

hard todigest

cellulose

hard todigest

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AP Biology

Cellulose

Most abundant organiccompound on Earth

herbivores have evolved a mechanism todigest cellulose

most carnivores have not thats why they

eat meat to gettheir energy &

nutrients cellulose = undigestible roughage

But it tasteslike hay!

Who can live

on this stuff?!

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Regents Biology

Cowcan digest cellulose well;

no need to eat other sugars

Gorilla

cant digest cellulose well;must add another sugar

source, like fruit to diet

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Regents Biology

Helpful bacteria

How can herbivores digest cellulose so well?

BACTERIA live in their digestive systems & help digest

cellulose-rich (grass) meals

Ruminants

Caprophage

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Regents Biology 2006-2007

Lets build some

Carbohydrates!

EAT

X