Ch 28 Lecture Study Guide

1. List the characteristics of the reproductive system.

• Only organ system not essential to life• Ensures continued existence of human species• Produces, stores, nourishes, and transports male and female reproductive cells (gametes)• Produces reproductive hormones

2. In what way are the male and female reproductive systems very different?

• Female produces 1 gamete/month– Retains and nurtures zygote

• Male produces large quantities of gametes– 500M/day!– Begins at puberty and continues past age 70

3. What do the male gonads (testes) produce?

– Produce male gametes (spermatozoa, sperm)– Produce hormones

• Male sex hormones (androgens, primarily testosterone)• Inhibin

4. What is emission?

Movement of mature spermatozoa move through male duct system, are mixed with secretions of accessory glands

5. What is semen?

Sperm mixed with accessory gland secretions

6. What are the female gonads (ovaries) responsible for?

– Release 1 immature gamete (oocyte) each month– Produce hormones

• Female sex hormones (estrogens, progestins)• Inhibin

7. The uterine tube carries the oocyte to the uterus.

8. What happens if sperm reaches the oocyte in the uterine tube?

• Fertilization is initiated• Oocyte matures into ovum

9. During sexual intercourse, ejaculation introduces ejaculation into the vagina.

10. What are the general course of events that occur in human reproduction once semen is introduced into the vagina?

1. Spermatozoa ascend female reproductive tract– Seek out oocyte (generates heat, attracts sperm like heat-seeking missile)

2. If fertilization occurs in uterine tube:– sperm + ovum à zygote

3. Zygote travels to uterus4. Uterus encloses/supports developing embryo5. Embryo grows into fetus and prepares for birth

11. Define gamete.

Reproductive cells (spermatozoa or oocyte) that contain half the normal chromosome complement

12. Define gametogenesis.

Formation of gametes

13. A female gamete is called an oocyte and is produced during development (before birth).

14. A male gamete is called a spermatozoa (sperm) and is produced during lifetime (begins at puberty and continues past age 70.

15. In males and females, gametogenesis involves mitosis and meiosis.

16. What is mitosis? What does it produce?

– Process of somatic cell division– Produces 2 diploid daughter cells

• Have same number of (paired) chromosomes as parent cell, i.e., 46 (23 x 2)

17. What is meiosis? What does it produce?

− reduction division– Special cell division involved in gamete production– Produces 2 haploid daughter cells

• Have one-half (unpaired) the number of chromosomes in the parent cell, i.e., 23

18. When does mitosis occur? What is mitosis not limited to?

Mitosis occurs during division of somatic (body) cells and is not limited to gametogenesis

19. Meiosis is only involved in the production of sex cells.

20. What does meiosis involve?

Involves two cycles of cell division• Chromosomes (each with two chromatids) pair up = tetrad• During first division, tetrads split• During second division, chromatids split

21. What does meiosis produce?

Produces gametes with one-half the number of chromosomes, i.e., 23

22. Why is it okay that meiosis produces gametes with one-half the normal number of chromosomes?

Fusion of male gamete (sperm) and female gamete (oocyte) produces cell with correct number of chromosomes (diploid), i.e., 46 (23 from each parent)

23. What does each process of gametogenesis in males produce? (Gametogenesis begins with stem cells called spermatogonium).

Mitotic division produces Primary spermatocyte + stem cell_______

Meiosis I produces Secondary spermatocyte_______________

Meiosis II produces Spermatid (undifferentiated male gametes

Spermiogenesis produces Spermatozoa (sperm)_________________

24. What does each process of gametogenesis in females produce? (Gametogenesis begins with stem cells called oogonium).

Mitotic division produces Primary oocyte______________________

Meiosis I produces Secondary oocyte + polar body__________

Meiosis II produces Ovum + polar body (after fertilization)____

Spermiogenesis produces N/A – females do not produce sperm_____

25. Define spermatogenesis.

Process of spermatozoa (sperm) development

26. What 3 integrated processes are involved in spermatogenesis?

1. Mitosis 2. Meiosis3. Spermiogenesis

27. Where does spermatogenesis occur?

Occurs in seminiferous tubules (ST) in testes

28. Briefly describe what occurs during mitosis in spermatogenesis.

– Spermatogonium (stem cell) à spermatogonium + primary spermatocyte– Primary spermatocyte pushed toward lumen of ST– On-going throughout lifetime

29. Briefly describe what occurs during meiosis in spermatogenesis.

– Primary spermatocyte à first division à secondary spermatocytes à second division à spermatids = undifferentiated male gametes

– Each primary spermatocyte à 4 spermatids

30. Define spermiogenesis.

– Last stage of spermatogenesis• Begins with spermatids – small, relatively unspecialized cells

– Physical maturation of spermatids• Involves major structural changes

– Differentiate into mature spermatozoa• Highly specialized cells

31. Define spermiation.

When spermatozoa:– Detach from Sertoli cells– Enter lumen of ST

32. How long does it take from spermatogonium to spermiation?

From spermatogonium to spermiation in 9 weeks

33. Matching: YOU WILL USE THE SOME CHOICES BELOW MORE THAN ONCE.

B___Flagellum; provides motility A. TestosteroneD___Nurse cells B. Tail of spermatozoonA___Maintains accessory glands and organs C. Middle piece of spermatozoonG___Contains enzymes to dissolve oocyte wall D. Sustentacular cellsF___Large cells in interstitial spaces between ST E. Head of spermatozoonA___Stimulates metabolism, esp. protein synthesis (m. growth) F. Interstitial (Leydig) cellsA___Stimulates spermatogenesis and spermatozoa maturation G. Acrosomal cap of spermatozoonD___Extend between other cells from ST capsule to lumen H. SpermatozoonC___Contains mitochondria for energy to move tailA___Secreted by Interstitial (Leydig) cellsF___Stimulated by LH to produce androgensH___Has no energy reserves; uses nutrients from surrounding fluidsA___Affects CNS, including libido (sex drive)F___Responsible for production of androgensE___ Nucleus with chromosomes (DNA)D___Sertoli cellsA___Establishes/maintains secondary sex characteristicsD___ Surround developing spermatocytes & spermatids in STH___Loses all other organelles to make light weight

34. What are the interstitial (Leydig) cells?

Large cells in interstitial spaces between ST responsible for the production of the androgen, testosterone.

35. List the functions of testosterone.

1. Stimulates spermatogenesis and spermatozoa maturation2. Affects CNS, including libido (sexual drive)3. Stimulates metabolism, especially protein synthesis, muscle growth4. Establishes/maintains secondary sex characteristics, e.g., facial hair5. Maintains male accessory glands and organs

36. What are the sustentacular cells? List AKAs.

• “Nurse cells”/Sertoli cells• Extend between other cells from ST capsule to lumen• Surround developing spermatocytes and spermatids in ST

37. List the 6 major functions of the sustentacular cells and briefly describe each.

1. Maintain blood-testis barrier- Cells joined by tight junctions- Isolates STs

2. Support mitosis and meiosis- Cells stimulated by FSH (and presence of T)

Promote spermatogenesis3. Support spermiogenesis

- Provide nutrients for development- Phagocytize cytoplasm shed by spermatids

4. Produce inhibin - Stimulated by factors released by developing spermatozoa- Provides feedback control of spermatogenesis

Inhibits (decreases) production of FSH by AP5. Produce androgen-binding protein (ABP)

- Stimulated by FSH- Binds T in ST fluid, elevates levels

6. Secrete Mullerian-inhibiting factor (MIF)- Causes regression of fetal ducts that form uterine tubes and uterus

38. What are the functions of the epididymis?

– Monitors and adjusts composition of ST fluid– Recycles damaged spermatozoa– Stores/protects spermatozoa and facilitates functional maturation

39. Why is the epididymis important to the survival of spermatozoa?

Spermatozoa in ST functionally immature– Incapable of fertilization or locomotion– Become mature in epididymis (but not motile)

40. What must a spermatozoa undergo to become motile? Explain.

To become motile, spermatozoa must undergo capacitation– Become motile when mixed with seminal vesicle fluid– Capable of successful fertilization when exposed to female reproductive tract

41. What does capacitation mean?

Sperm maturation

42. What are the functions of the ductus deferens? List any AKAs.

Transport spermatozoa from epididymis to urethra Store spermatozoa (several months)

– In state of suspended animation– Low metabolic rates

43. What is seminal fluid? Which accessory glands contribute to the production of seminal fluid? How much does each accessory gland contribute?

A mixture of secretions from several glands including:– Seminal vesicles (60%)– Prostate gland (20-30%)– Bulbourethral glands (10-20%)

44. List the accessory glands of the male reproductive system.

1. Seminal vesicles 2. Prostate gland 3. Bulbourethral glands

45. What do the secretions of the seminal vesicles contain?

1. High concentrations of fructose (easily metabolized by spermatozoa)2. Prostaglandins – stimulate smooth muscle contractions in male and female reproductive tracts3. Fibrinogen – forms temporary clot in vagina after ejaculation (seminal plug)

46. What is the primary source of energy for spermatozoa?

Fructose47. What effect do secretions from the seminal vesicles have on functional spermatozoa?

Secretions make functional spermatozoa motile (flagella begins beating)

48. When are secretions from the seminal vesicles discharged into the ejaculatory duct?

Secretions discharged into ejaculatory duct at emission (due to contractions in ductus deferens, SVs, and prostate gland)

49. What does the prostate gland produce? Into what is it ejected?

Produces prostatic fluid, which contains seminalplasmin = antibiotic that may help prevent urinary tract infections

Ejected into prostatic urethra

50. What are the bulbourethral glands? List any AKAs. What functions do their secretions perform?

• Mucous glands• Secretions

– Help neutralize urinary acids remaining in urethra– Lubricate glans (tip of) penis

51. Define ejaculate.

The volume of fluid released at ejaculation (usually 2 – 5 mL of semen)

52. What does the fluid, semen contain/what are the components of semen?

1. Spermatozoa• Sperm count = 20 – 100 million/mL semen (ideally > 60 million/ejaculate)

2. Seminal fluid = mixture of glandular secretions from:• SV (60%) • Prostate (30%)• Bulbourethral glands (5%) • Sustentacular cells and epididymis (5%)

3. Enzymes• Protease – helps dissolve vaginal mucous secretions• Seminalplasmin (from prostate)• Prostatic enzyme - converts fibrinogen to fibrin after ejaculation• Fibrinolysin – liquefies clotted semen

53. Explain the role that the hypothalamus plays in the male reproductive system.

• Hypothalamus à GnRH à ant pit• Ant pit à

– LH (ICSH) à interstitial (Leydig) Cells à testosterone (T)– FSH

• Testosterone + FSH à sustentacular cells à – Synthesis of ABP (Androgen-binding protein – binds androgens, primarily testosterone, in the

fluid contents of the STs. Thought to be important in elevating concentration of androgens within the STs and stimulating spermatogenesis)– Stimulation of spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis

54. How do the sustentacular cells (the target cells of FSH) regulate the production of FSH?

Factors released by developing spermatozoa à sustentacular cells à inhibin à inhibits (decreases) FSH production by AP

55. List the physiological effects of testosterone.

1. Stimulates spermatogenesis (with FSH)2. Maintains male accessory glands and organs3. Establishes/maintains secondary sex characteristics4. Stimulates anabolic metabolism, especially bone and muscle growth, RBC formation 5. On CNS, including libido (sexual drive)

56. In males, why is there an narrow range of plasma FSH, LH and testosterone?

In males, GnRH pulse frequency relatively steady à narrow range of plasma FSH, LH, T

57. As testosterone secretion accelerates at puberty, what happens?

T secretion accelerates at puberty à – Sexual maturation– Appearance of secondary sex characteristics

58. How is testosterone production controlled?

Negative feedback controls T production– Inc T à inhibits release of GnRH à dec LH à dec T

59. List the functions of the female reproductive system.

1. Produces gametes and reproductive hormones2. Protects and supports developing embryo3. Nourishes newborn infant

60. Define and describe oogenesis.

Ovum production

61. Compare oogenesis to spermatogenesis.

• Before birth–Mitotic divisions complete

• Oogonia (stem cells) à primary oocytes (vs. ongoing throughout lifetime in males)– Primary oocytes begin meiosis I

• Cytoplasm of oocyte unevenly distributed during 2 meiotic divisions; produces:– One functional ovum (with most of original cytoplasm)– 2-3 polar bodies = nonfunctional cells that later disintegrate (vs. primary spermatocyte à 4

spermatozoa)• Ovary releases secondary oocyte instead of mature ovum• Meiosis not completed unless/until fertilization

62. List the characteristics of primary oocytes.

• Are daughter cells of oogonia (stem cells)• Located in ovarian cortex in clusters (egg nests)• Surrounded by follicle cells = primordial follicle• 2 M primary oocytes at birth• Meiosis I (primary oocyte à secondary oocyte)

– Begins during fetal development– Stops early in meiosis I (suspended development)– Doesn’t continue until after puberty (numbers reduced to 400,000 due to atresia)

63. What generally occurs during the ovarian cycle?

1. Formation of primary follicles2. Formation of secondary follicles3. Formation of tertiary follicle4. Ovulation5. Formation of corpus luteum6. Formation of corpus albicans

64. When does the ovarian cycle begin? Why?

• Begins after puberty when groups of primordial follicles develop into primary follicles each month• Process begins due to increased FSH at puberty

65. What are the 2 phases of the ovarian cycle?

Involves 2 phases– Follicular (preovulatory) phase– Luteal (postovulatory) phase

66. What generally occurs during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle? List aka for follicular phase.

Aka: preovulatory phase Formation of primary follicles Formation of secondary follicles Formation of tertiary follicle

– primary oocyte completes meiosis I (just before ovulation)– Primary oocyte undergoes (meiotic division) producing secondary oocyte and polar body

Secondary oocyte enters meiosis II Secondary oocyte and surrounding granulosa cells lose connections with follicular wall

67. What occurs in the formation of primary follicles in the follicular phase?

Every month AP à FSH à some primordial follicles (with primary oocyte) à primary follicles (with primary oocyte)

68. What is the zona pellucida?

Glycoprotein layer around primary oocyte

69. What are granulosa cells?

Rounded, larger follicle cells outside zona pellucida

70. What are thecal cells?

Layer of follicle cells adjacent to ovarian stroma

71. What do the granulosa and thecal cells work together to produce?

Estrogen (continues in all follicles)

72. What happens during the formation of secondary follicles during the follicular phase?

– Each month, only a few (1-3) primary follicles become secondary follicles– Primary oocyte increases in size– Follicle wall thickens– Granulosa cells secrete follicular fluid– Follicle enlarges rapidly as follicular fluid accumulates

73. What happens during the formation of tertiary follicles during the follicular phase?

– 8-10th day after start of ovarian cycle, ovaries usually contain 1 secondary follicle– On 10-14th day, forms large tertiary (Graafian) follicle– Tertiary follicle spans cortexà bulge on surface of ovary– Oocyte projects into antrum (central chamber of follicle)

74. What happens at the end of tertiary follicle development?

− Increasing LH causes the primary oocyte to– Complete meiosis I (just before ovulation)– Primary oocyte à (meiotic division) à secondary oocyte and polar body

75. What happens when a secondary oocyte enters meiosis II?

Meiosis stops and is not completed unless fertilization occurs

76. What happens on day 14 of a 28 day cycle?

Day 14 (of 28-day cycle), secondary oocyte and surrounding granulosa cells (corona radiata) lose connections with follicular wall (in preparation for ovulation)

77. What occurs during ovulation?

1. Tertiary follicle (ovarian) wall ruptures2. Secondary oocyte released into pelvic cavity3. Sticky follicular fluid keeps corona radiata attached to ovary surface

– Comes in contact with fimbriae, or– Fluid currents transfer secondary oocyte to uterine tube

4. Marks end of ovarian follicular phase and start of luteal phase

78. What generally occurs during the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle? List aka for luteal phase.

Aka: Postovulatory phase Formation and degeneration of corpus luteum (CL)

79. What does the luteal phase involve?

Involves formation and degeneration of corpus luteum (CL)– Empty tertiary follicle collapses, ruptured blood vessels leak into antrum à corpus

hemorrhagicum (bloody body) – LH stimulates remaining granulosa cells à proliferate à corpus luteum (CL, yellow body)

80. What does the corpus luteum (CL) produce?

– Progesterone = principle ovarian hormone after ovulation– Small amount of estrogen (principle hormone before ovulation)

81. What is the primary function of progesterone? What does progesterone stimulate?

– Primary function is to prepare uterus for pregnancy– Stimulates:

• Development of uterine lining (endometrium)• Secretions of uterine glands

82. Describe what happens in the absence of fertilization.

– CL begins to degenerate 12 days after ovulation– Estrogen and progesterone levels fall– Fibroblasts invade corpus luteum à corpus albicans (white body)– Disintegration (involution) of corpus luteum marks end of ovarian cycle– FSH à new cycle and new follicular phase

• Another group of primordial follicles form primary follicles

83. Describe the uterine tube.

• A hollw muscular tube lined with mucosal membrane that produces mucus. The mucosa is surrounded by layers of smooth muscle

84. The oocyte is transported from the infundibulum to the uterine cavity, which normally takes 3 – 4 days.

85. Secondary oocyte transport involves ciliary movements and peristaltic contractions.

86. Where does fertilization occur and when must it happen?

– Occurs near boundary between ampulla and isthmus– Must happen during first 12-24 hours

87. What is the nutrient supply for the spermatozoa and developing oocyte?

Lipids and glycogen

88. What is the function of the uterine wall?

Provides for developing embryo (weeks 1-8) and fetus (week 9 through delivery) with:– Protection– Nutritional support– Waste removal

89. List the 3 layers of the uterine wall.

1. Perimetrium 2. Myometrium3. Endometrium

90. Describe the Perimetrium.

– Serous membrane that covers outer surface of uterus– Continuous with peritoneal lining of abdominopelvic cavity

91. Describe the Myometrium.

– Thick layers of smooth muscle• Longitudinal, circular, oblique layers

– Provides force needed to move fetus out of uterus and into vagina– Arteries

• Arcuate à radial arteries (in myometrium) à straight à spiral (endometrium)

92. Describe the Endometrium.

– Thin glandular, vascular layer– Lines surface of uterine cavity– Supports physiological demands of (potential) fetus– Under influence of estrogen

• Uterine glands, blood vessels, and epithelium change with phases of monthly uterine cycle

– Has 2 zones

93. What are the 2 zones of the endometrium?

1. Basilar2. Functional

94. Describe the basilar zone of the uterine wall.

– Outer zone, adjacent to myometrium – Attaches endometrium to myometrium – Contains

• Terminal branches of uterine glands• Straight arteries

– Structure remains constant over time

95. Describe the functional zone of the uterine wall.

– Closest to uterine cavity; thickest– Contains most of uterine glands– Blood supply provided by spiral arteries– Undergoes cyclical changes in response to sex hormones

• Degeneration, sloughing à menses

96. What is the uterine/endometrial (menstrual) cycle?

Repeating series of changes in structure of endometrium that occur in response to the ovarian hormones (E and P) and whose average length is 28 days (range 21-35)

97. What are the 3 phases of the uterine/endometrial cycle and when does each occur?

1. Menses - occurs during early follicular phase of ovarian cycle2. Proliferative phase - occurs during later follicular phase of ovarian cycle3. Secretory phase – corresponds to luteal phase of ovarian cycle

98. What does menses mark the beginning of?

Marks beginning of uterine cycle (Day 1)

99. Define menses.

Degeneration and loss of entire functional zone of endometrium where blood cells and degenerated tissues break away and enter uterine lumen, vagina

100. What causes the degeneration and loss of the entire functional zone of the Endometrium?

Caused by constriction of spiral arteries à reduced blood flow to endometrium à no O2 or nutrients Secretory glands deteriorate Arterial walls rupture

101. What is menstruation? How long does it last? How much blood is lost during menstruation?

– endometrial sloughing– Lasts 1-7 days– Lose small amount of blood (35 – 50 mL)

102. What is dysmenorrheal? What is its cause(s)?

– Painful menstruation– Due to uterine inflammation and contraction (due to prostaglandins)– Other conditions of pelvic structures

103. Describe the proliferative phase of the uterine (menstrual) cycle.

After menses (Days 8-14) Increase in basilar uterine gland cells Further growth and vascularization à restoration of functional zone Occurs at same time as enlargement of primary and secondary follicles in ovary (follicular phase) Phase stimulated and sustained by E from ovarian follicles

104. Describe the secretory phase of the uterine (menstrual) cycle.

Begins at ovulation (Day 14) Lasts as long as CL (14 days) Occurs in response to CL à P and E

• Endometrial glands enlarge• Arteries elongate and spiral through functional zone

Secretory activities peak 12 days after ovulation CL stops producing P and E Glandular activity declines over next 1-2 days Uterine cycle ends (Day 28, 14 days after ovulation)

105. A new menses cycle (day 1) begins with the disintegration of the functional zone followed by menses.

106. When does ovulation occur?

Day 14

107. What is menarche?

First uterine cycle at puberty (approx age 11-12)

108. What does amenorrhea mean? List the 2 types.

Amenorrhea = no menses 2 types:

Primary amenorrheaSecondary amenorrhea

109. What is primary amenorrhea? What is it caused by?

– Failure to initiate menses; no menarche– Caused by:

• Developmental abnormalities (e.g. nonfunctional ovaries, absence of uterus)• Endocrine or genetic disorder• Malnutrition

110. What is secondary amenorrhea? What is it caused by?

– Menses interrupted for > 6 months – Caused by:

• Physical stresses (e.g., drastic weight loss, anorexia nervosa, intensive physical training (marathon runners))

• Emotional stresses (e.g., severe depression, grief)

111. The female reproductive tract is under the control of the pituitary and the ovaries.

112. The female reproductive tract is more complicated than in males because both ovarian and uterine cycles have to be coordinated. If they are not coordinated, what happens and why?

If not coordinated, infertility results: Uterus normal but do not ovulate Ovulate but uterus abnormal

113. Explain the role that the hypothalamus plays in the female reproductive system.

GnRH from Hth regulates reproductive function in females (like males)– But, GnRH amount and release frequency changes throughout ovarian cycle (constant in males)– GnRH à FSH and/or LH depending on pulse frequency and amount secreted– Change in GnRH controlled by estrogen and progesterone

114. In the female reproductive system, how is the role of GnRH similar to and different than its role in the male reproductive tract?

1. GnRh amount and release frequency varies during ovarian cycle in females, it is constant in males2. GnRh pulse frequency variable in women, so FSH and LH secretion varies, it is constant in males3. Similarity: GnRH stimulates FSH secretion and LH synthesis in males and females

115. FSH stimulates the monthly development of monthly development of some primordial follicles into primary follicles.

116. What is the function of FSH females and males?

Females – promotes egg and follicle development in ovaries Males – promotes sperm development in testes (STs)

117. What happens to FSH levels as secondary follicles develop?

As secondary follicles develop, FSH decreases due to negative feedback effects of inhibin (produced by granulosa cells)

118. As follicular development /maturation continues it is supported by FSH, estrogen and LH.

119. What two types of cells work together to produce estrogens?

Follicle and thecal cells

120. What are the follicle cells around the oocyte in the ovary responsible for?

The production of estrogen and inhibin

121. What is the dominant hormone prior to ovulation?

Estrogens (E)

122. What happens to the estrogen levels as the tertiary follicle begins forming?

Estrogens rise sharply as tertiary follicle begins forming

123. List the physiological effects of estrogen.

1. Stimulates endometrial growth and secretion2. Maintains accessory glands and organs3. Establishes/maintains female secondary sex characteristics

• Body hair distribution, fat deposits4. Stimulates bone and muscle growth5. Affects CNS (esp. Hth à E inc sex drive)

124. A sudden surge of LH is released in response to high estrogen levels.

125. What does a sudden surge in LH trigger?

Sudden surge triggers:• Completion of meiosis I by primary oocyte (in tertiary follicle) à secondary oocyte • Rupture of follicular wall• Ovulation (9 hours after LH peak)

126. What does LH promote in females?

Ovarian secretion of progesterone

127. What does LH promote in males?

Testicular secretion of testosterone

128. By what ovarian structure is progesterone secreted and what is it secreted in response to?

Secreted by CL in response to LH peak

129. What is the dominant hormone after ovulation?

Progesterone is the dominant hormone after ovulation (as P inc, E dec)

130. What is the primary function of progesterone in female reproduction?

To prepare uterus for possible pregnancy

131. What happens to the progesterone levels at and after LH reaches its peak?

Increases endometrium functional zone • Growth• Secretion• Blood supply

Remains high for 7 days Declines as CL degenerates (when pregnancy doesn’t occur) Decreased P and E initiates menses and increasing GnRH stimulates FSH, etc.

132. Inhibin is secreted by follicular cells and inhibits FSH production and secretion (causes a ↓ of FSH and possible GnRH in both males and females).

133. What is the relationship between hormones and body temperature?

• Monthly hormonal fluctuations affect core body temperature• Basal body temp lower during follicular phase, when E dominant hormone• Decreases basal body temperature (BBT) at ovulation• Large increase during luteal phase, when P dominates• Use to plan/avoid fertilization

134. What coordinates sexual function?

Coordinated by complex neural reflexes

135. In order for the male reproductive system to function successfully, what must occur?

• Sperm count must be adequate• Semen must have correct pH and nutrients• Erection and ejaculation must function properly

136. What is impotence?

The inability to achieve or maintain an erection

137. In order for the female reproductive system to function successfully, what must occur?

• Ovarian and uterine cycles must coordinate properly• Ovulation and oocyte transport must occur normally• Environment of reproductive tract must support:

– Survival and movement of sperm– Fertilization of oocyte– Maintenance of pregnancy– Embryonic and fetal development

138. What must the environment of the reproductive tract support so that the function of the female reproductive tract is successful?

1. Survival and movement of sperm2. Fertilization of oocyte3. Maintenance of pregnancy4. Embryonic and fetal development

139. List characteristics of menopause.

Occurs at age 45-55 Time when ovulation and menstruation cease No primordial follicles left to respond to FSH E and P decrease GnRH, FSH, LH increase Accompanied by variety of physiological effects (p. 1066-1067)

140. List characteristics of male climacteric (andropause)

Occurs at age 50-60 Period of declining reproductive function T decreases FSH and LH increase Sperm production continues (into 80s) but sex drive reduced