ch. 2 creating a new government the main idea after the revolution, american leaders struggled to...

Ch. 2 Creating a New Government

The Main Idea

After the Revolution, American leaders struggled to form a national government and

eventually wrote the Constitution.

Problems with the Articles of Confederation

• The states formed new governments quickly after the Declaration of Independence, but had trouble with central government principles.

• Americans wanted a republic that ruled “with consent of the governed” instead of a monarchy or supreme authority.

• After the Revolutionary War, America still worked under the Articles of Confederation, which established an association of independent states.

• Under the Articles, the central government had power to set national policies and carry on foreign relations.

• The Articles also had several weaknesses:

Shay’s Rebellion

• Daniel Shay - Captain in Continental Army

• Didn’t get paid for war effort, could not pay debts

• Banks seized farms to repay debt, or debtor’s prison

• Led farmers in march on court houses to stop courts from seizing farms

• Led 1,200 farmers in march on arsenal. Militia fire and kill 4 farmers

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The Constitutional Convention• Frustration with the Articles of Confederation built for

years among many Americans.• In the fall of 1786, George Washington and James

Madison convened a meeting of the states, but only five states showed up.

• Congress then called the states to meet in Philadelphia in 1787 for a Constitutional Convention.

• James Madison kept a diary with a detailed account of this event, which was a turning point in American history.

• James Madison is called the Father of the Constitution.• The convention unanimously chose George Washington

as its president.

Ratifying the ConstitutionWhen the Constitution was finally published, supporters and opponents presented their arguments.

•Wanted to ratify, or accept, the Constitution•Believed in a strong national government •Believed the separation of powers in the Constitution

limited government power•Popular with the wealthy• Inspired the Federalist Papers, essays written by James

Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, which offered practical arguments for strong government

•Feared a strong national government would lead to tyranny and abuse of states’ rights and individual liberties

•Did not trust government to protect people’s rights•Popular with farmers and planters•Thought the new government favored the wealthy and

educated over ordinary people

Debates

Federalists

Anti-federalists

The Fight for Amendments• Before agreeing to ratify the Constitution, Antifederalists

wanted a Bill of Rights added to protect individual liberties.• Only 9 of 13 states needed to ratify the Constitution• Some important states only agreed because they were

promised a Bill of Rights.• Article V gave Congress or state conventions the right to

propose amendments, which then went to the states for approval.

• James Madison, a supporter of the Constitution, took charge of getting a Bill of Rights through Congress so that the document would finally be ratified.

• By 1791, ten approved amendments became the Bill of Rights.

The Bill of Rights

The Bill of Rights protected individual rights.

• The first eight amendments dealt with individual civil liberties.

• The 9th Amendment stated that listing certain rights in this document did not mean that other unlisted rights did not exist.

• The 10th Amendment defined two types of government powers: delegated and reserved powers. – Delegated powers are those given out to the three

branches of government.– Reserved powers belonged to the states or the

people.

Ch.2 Forging the New Republic

The Main Idea

Under presidents Washington, Adams, and Jefferson, the United States continued to

shape its new government while facing both foreign and domestic challenges.

Washington Takes Action as President

• The Constitution mentions “heads of the executive departments” but does not specify what those cabinet departments are.

• Congress created the first three executive departments and Washington began to choose his cabinet:

Henry Knox became secretary of war.

Alexander Hamilton, a Federalist, became secretary of the treasury.

Thomas Jefferson, an Antifederalist, was secretary of state.



Hamilton & Jefferson• Hamilton wanted a strong

centralized nation with a role in world affairs.

• Jefferson envisioned a more rural nation with power residing in state governments.

• Along with James Madison and Jefferson, those who shared these beliefs called themselves the Democratic-Republicans.



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Hamilton’s Financial Plan•The new government had no money to pay for daily expenses, and

owed money to foreign nations, private lenders, and soldiers.

•Hamilton did not share Republican ideals, and believed the wealthy were the key to a stable government.

•Hamilton created a controversial three–point plan.

1.The federal government should take on both state and national debt.

2. The government should raise revenue by passing tariffs.

• Some thought Hamilton’s plan favored the wealthy who bought war bonds from original bondholders.

• Southerners protested — they had already paid their war debts.

• Tensions in the North and South were partially solved by moving the capital from New York to Philadelphia, and finally to Washington, D.C.

3. The United States should create a national bank and mint to stabilize the banking system.

The Bank of the United States• By far the most controversial part of Hamilton’s plan was

the idea of a national bank.

– Some people, such as Jefferson, believed the government did not have the power to create a national bank because it was not specifically granted in the Constitution.

• Those people were called strict constructionists.

– Some people, such as Hamilton, pointed out that the Constitution allows actions that are not strictly prohibited, including a creating a national bank.

• Those people were called loose constructionists.

The Bank of the United States

• Jefferson urged Washington to veto the bank bill, but Hamilton convinced him that being flexible was important to the government.

• Hamilton and Jefferson’s differences led to the creation of political parties.

– Those who supported Jefferson were the Democratic-Republicans.

– Those who supported Hamilton were the Federalists.

The French Revolution• In 1789 France exploded into

revolution over food shortages, high prices, and taxes.

• The revolutionary government won and became a constitutional monarchy.

• In 1793, radicals called Jacobians took over, declared a republic, and beheaded and imprisoned thousands in a Reign of Terror.

• Democratic-Republicans supported the French Revolution because it was a turn toward liberty.

• Federalists were unhappy that the government was overthrown and that France was at war.



France & England

• Britain declares war on France - Napoleonic Wars

• Anti-Federalists -Jefferson support France

• Federalists -Adams, Hamilton favor England

• Washington issued the Neutrality Proclamation because he believed that the prosperity of the U.S. depended on neutrality.



Jay’s Treaty

• Chief Justice John Jay negotiated Jay’s Treaty, which required Britain to:

– Pay damages for ships they had seized from the U.S.

– Vacate their forts in the Northwest Territory

• The treaty was unpopular in the U.S. because many thought the British should have been punished more harshly.



Pinckney’s Treaty

• In Pinckney's Treaty, the U.S. settled boundary disputes with Spain over Spanish Florida.

• This treaty opened the frontier to further settlement.



The Whiskey Rebellion• 1794: Farmers

objected to Hamilton’s tax on whiskey.

• They attacked tax collectors and burned barns of those who told where whiskey was stilled.

• Washington responded quickly, making it clear that rebellion was not tolerated.



A tax collector is tarred and feathered during the Whiskey

Rebellion

The XYZ AffairPresident Adams

• John Adams wanted better relations with France.

• Adams sent three diplomats, but French officials demanded a bribe of $240,000 or France will declare war.

• Outrage over this allowed Congress to pass laws protecting against foreign enemies and domestic dissent.



Jefferson’s Presidency• 1800: first election that

changed the party in power

• The tied election between Jefferson and Burr led to the 12th Amendment, which set up separate ballots for president and vice president

• Jefferson’s presidency was to be guided by two principles:– Reducing taxes passed

under Hamilton’s plan– Reducing the size and

influence of the federal government



Marbury v. Madison• Jefferson’s inauguration 1801• Adams worked late into the

night appointing Federalists judges.

• Secretary of State James Madison refused to deliver a commission to one of the “midnight judges.”

• In Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court ruled that the Constitution couldn’t make Madison deliver it.

• John Marshall - Supreme Court Chief Justice

• This crucial decision established Judicial Review, the Supreme Court’s right to declare laws unconstitutional.



John Marshall

The Louisiana Purchase• One of Jefferson’s major achievements was the purchase of the

Louisiana Territory from France, known as the Louisiana Purchase.

• The purchase of new territory raised complicated questions for Jefferson.

– He was a strict constructionist and followed the Constitution literally.

– The Constitution didn’t give him the authority to purchase new land.

• Jefferson finally decided to purchase territory for $15 million.

• Once the purchase was approved, Jefferson sent out expeditions, including the Lewis and Clark expedition.

• The Lewis and Clark expedition reached the Pacific Ocean and mapped and surveyed much territory along the way.

The War of 1812

• In 1803 the Napoleonic Wars broke out between France and Great Britain.

• Both French and British warships stopped American merchant ships, and the British began seizing and drafting Americans at sea - Impressment.

• Americans were angered by the British seizures and also when they discovered the British were helping Native Americans against the settlers in the Northwest Territory.

• A group of young members of Congress known as the War Hawks called for war against the British to protect American interests.

The War of 1812



Impressment

The War of 1812: Causes and Effects• The War of 1812 was the second war between the British and

Americans in North America. It ranged from Canada in the north to Louisiana in the south.

• In the final battle, Americans won a decisive victory when General Andrew Jackson led American troops against a large British force in New Orleans.

• Unfortunately, while Jackson fought at New Orleans, a peace treaty had already been signed. Slow communications prevented Jackson from receiving the message.

Causes

• British impressment of American sailors

• International conflicts over commerce

• British military aid to Native Americans on the Northwest Territory frontier

Effects

• Foreign respect for the U.S.

• National pride

• Increase in American manufacturing

• Less Native American resistance

Burning Washington D.C.



The British set the White House on fire

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ch. 2 creating a new government the main idea after the revolution, american leaders struggled to...

Documents

individual rights

united states

certain rights

unlisted rights

james madison

national government

types of government

george washington