ch. 2 “a living planet” · 2017. 8. 31. · plate boundaries • plate boundaries: where plates...
TRANSCRIPT
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CH. 2 - A Living Planet
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Ch. 2.1 “The Earth Inside and Out”
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The Solar System
• Nine planets and
other celestial bodies
that revolve around a
sun
• Earth is 3rd planet
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Earth’s Structure
• Core: solid, very hot, made of iron and nickel
• Mantle: molten rock aka. magma
• Crust: made of tectonic plates
• Plates that rise above ocean waters form the 7 Continents
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Above Ground
• Atmosphere: layer of
gases that surround
earth
• Lithosphere: solid
rock surface
• Hydrosphere: water
elements
• Ecosphere/Biosphere:
plants and animals
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“Continental Drift Theory”
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“Sea Floor Spreading”
• One of the causes
continental drift.
• Occurs over millions
of years
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Ch. 2.2
“Bodies of Water and Landforms”
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Oceans and Seas
• Oceans:
interconnected body
of salt water
• Covers 71% of planet
• 3 basic motions:
– Current
– Waves
– Tides
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Lakes, Rivers, Streams
• Lakes:
– Hold 95% of all fresh water
– Can be both fresh and salt water (Great Salt Lake)
• Rivers and Streams feed water to oceans and lakes
• Drainage basin: area drained by rivers and streams
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“Hydrologic Cycle”
• Continuous
circulation of
water between
the:
1. Oceans, Lakes
2. Atmosphere
3. Earth
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Ground Water
• Water that is held in
pores of rock
• Water table
– The level at which the
rock is saturated
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Landforms
• Naturally formed
features on the
earth
• 2 kinds:
1. Oceanic
2. Continental
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Oceanic Landforms
• Seafloor has same
features except below
water
• Continental Shelf:
edge of continent to
deep part of ocean
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Continental Landforms
• Relief: difference in elevation from lowest to
highest point
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Ch. 2.3
“Internal Forces that shape the earth”
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Plate Tectonics
• Pieces of earths crust that float on magma
• Interaction of plates is what shapes the earth
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Plate Boundaries
• Plate Boundaries: where plates come in
contact with one another
– 3 Types
1. Divergent
2. Convergent
3. Transform
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Divergent boundary
• plates move apart or
spread
• Example is sea floor
spreading
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Convergent Boundary
• Plates collide and
either:
1. Dive under
one another
2. Rip up
• Fault: fracture in the
earths crust
Fig 2
Fig 1
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Transform boundary
• Plates slide past one
another
• Earthquake: violent
movement of plates
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Earthquakes
• Epicenter: surface
mark of quakes
beginning
• Richter scale:
measures amount of
energy released by
an earthquake.
• Tsunami: giant wave
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Volcanoes
• Where magma (lava)
pours out of earth
onto the surface
• Ring of Fire: volcanic
zone around the rim
of Pacific Ocean
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Ch. 2.4
“External Forces Shaping the earth”
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Weathering
• The mechanical-(physical) and chemical
process that changes earth
– Break down rock to form sediment
• 2 forms: A. Mechanical B. Chemical
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Mechanical Weathering
• Process that breaks
rock into smaller
pieces
• Ice crystals, plant
roots, drilling are all
examples
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Chemical Weathering
• When rock is
changed into
new substance
after reacting to
air or water
– Ex: iron rust
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Erosion
• The movement of weathered material
• 3 Kinds:
A. Water B. Wind C. Glacier
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Water Erosion • Movement of material through the motion of
water flow through streams, rivers, ocean
currents
-when a river enters the ocean, sediment is
deposited in fan-like landforms called deltas
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Wind Erosion • Movement of
material through
the wind
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Deposits • New landforms are
created by loess-
– Wind-blown silt and
clay sediment that
produces fertile
soil.
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Glacial Erosion
• Glacier: large, long
lasting mass of ice
• Glaciation: changing
of landforms by slow
moving glaciers
– Ridges or hills formed
by glacial rocks are
called a moraine.
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Building Soil
• Weathering and
erosion are part of the
process of “building
soil”
• Soil is comprised of
rock, humus, air, and
water
• Humus: organic
material
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AVID Cornel
Notes, 7
sentences,
periods
highlighted!
Summary:
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