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Ch 19 pp. 419-440 Chapter 20 p. 449-454, 464-470 Part 1:The Conquest of Latin America

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#1 The Caribbean: Testing Ground 2 nd expedition after Columbus set up Hispaniola This was a sort of practice effort for what would follow: NOTICE THE PATTERN Launching point for new expeditions Encomiendas Begin with Taino people Indigenous people granted/given to Spaniards (serfdom) Missionaries-set up churches and tried to battle worse abuses Sugar plantations Disease then African slavery, etc ruined islands

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#2 The Aztec Hernan Cortes- 600 men to Mexico Meets Aztecs and Montezuma II Amazed by Tenochtitilan Mistaken for Quetzxlcoatl Aztec defeated in 2 years Enemy tribes- WHY? Disease Otherwise...

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#3 The Inca Fall Francisco Pizarro- south in search of riches With less than 200 soldiers defeats Incan Empire Civil war Conquistadors in search of golden cities or simply encomiendas. Mita- anyone remember? BY 1570- 192 Spanish cities throughout Americas.

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#4 Things Settle Down: A New Spanish World Mostly agricultural, mining, and ranching- 80% Mostly SILVER!!!p- Mexico and Peru.Urban areas begin to grow. Latin America became a key part of the NEW TRADE system that was developing world-wide. What do you remember from CH 15-17?

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Treatment of Natives Seen as inferior Disease, war, mistreatment=death Central Mexico- 25 million to 2 million in Lands siezed and people forced into towns and labor- mostly agriculture, ranching and _________?

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Encomiendas and Haciendas No slavery! Good? Yes but Encomiendas- land grants given to conquistadors. Indians used as forced labor and for taxation. Ended by 1620 but mistreatment continued. Colonists who owned land set up Haciendas. Haciendas- Spanish lead rural estates farmed by Indian and mixed-ancestry workers. Local Aristocracy grew

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Cultural Change Decrease human population- increase in livestock Multiracial societies: Indians, Spanish, Africans- all in L. America for different reasons- lead to a heirarchy Masters-servants Christians-pagans

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Racial and Ethnic Blending Shortage of European women in new world lead to marriages between Spaniards and Native women Mestizos- offspring of European and native parents- some discrimination Over time there was a distinction between Creoles- New World born Spaniards and Peninsulares- Spain-born Spaniards Creoles basically ran local economies and were later important (Independence)

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Part 2: African Slavery

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How the African Slave-trade started Portuguese ports along the West African Coast African leaders agreed for trade benefits The slave trade grew in prominence as slaves were needed for sugar plantation in other colonies. 3 S: Silver, Slaves, Sugar

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Data 1450-1850- 12 million Africans shipped- 10- 11 million arrive alive 40% went to Brazil Demographic effects BY 1850 population in Central and West Africa= abt 50% what it might have been without the slave trade Since mostly men were taken. The ratio of male/female was skewed Intro of maize (corn) and manioc from New World boosted agriculture and remedied some population problems

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Slave Trade Effects on the World Triangular trade Africa sends slaves to America America uses slaves to grow sugar, tobacco- sends to Europe Europeans make products and trade to Africa for more slaves. The slave-trade was profitable and lead in many ways, to the growing capitalist economies and later the industrial revolution.

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African Diaspora Slave trade demonstrated integration of Africa into the new trading system Slave trade demonstrated integration of Africa into the new trading system A. Slave Lives Third of slave died in Middle Passage to America, determined by length of trip Third of slave died in Middle Passage to America, determined by length of trip B. Africans in America Most worked on plantations, sugar, rice, cotton, tobacco or in mines Most worked on plantations, sugar, rice, cotton, tobacco or in mines W. African slaves well suited W. African slaves well suited

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Slave Society Saltwater/ Creole slaves developed hierarchy Determined social/occupation position Caribbean: Africans 80% of population Religious Conversion Catholic/Protestant syncretism with native religions, especially in Caribbean (vodun)

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End of Slave trade Manifestation of Enlightenment and Age of Revolutions Manifestation of Enlightenment and Age of Revolutions Rousseau & Smith early theorists Rousseau & Smith early theorists Seen as immoral, cruel Seen as immoral, cruel Britain outlawed 1807 (Wilberforce), with full end 1888 when Brazil abolished the practice. Britain outlawed 1807 (Wilberforce), with full end 1888 when Brazil abolished the practice.