ch 16 design with nature for people

8/3/2019 Ch 16 Design With Nature for People

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Land Use and Environment

Objectives

Accommodate people: provide livable, healthy,

meaningful, productive, fun places for people to live

Protect the environment: in urban and metropolitan

areas, in the productive hinterlands, in the wildlands,

in the world

Challenge of planners, designers, developers,government, and land stewards


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Urban Development:

Sprawl

Sprawl: land consumptive, dispersed, auto-

dependent land development made up of

homogeneous segregated uses: housingsubdivisions, shopping centers, office/businessparks, large civic institutions, and roadwaysheavily dependent on collector roads.

Post 1950s housing boom


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BALTIMORECITY

WASHINGTON D.C.

Development Patterns through:

1900


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1960


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1997


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Development Patterns:

1900 - 1997


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BALTIMORE

CITY

WASHINGTON D.C.

Highway & Development Patterns through:

1900 Growth in red; Roads with VMT as width of lines

Roads


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1960


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1997


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Problems of Urban Sprawl Environmental

Economic

Social


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U.S. Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT)

1960-2005, projections to 2025

Millions

Growth at 2.3%/yr, doubling every 30 years


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Spatial dependence of automobile


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Response to Sprawl The Design response: New Urbanism

The Government response: Smart Growth

through Growth Management

The Regional response: The Regional City


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Design with Nature for People Basic Concepts of Sustainable Community Design

New Patterns of Development?

The Evolving Practice

Toward walkable and transit oriented communities Traditional neighborhoods

Community and suburban revitalization

The working landscape, rural clusters, conservationsubdivisions

Greyfield and Brownfield redevelopment

Green buildings and green development

The regional context

The process of sustainable land use design


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Sustainable Design starts with recognizingEnvironmentally Sensitive Lands

Environmentally and Community Sensitive Design


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Environmentally and Community Sensitive Design,

Development, and Land Use Practices

Preservation/Restoration of Natural Features(avoid; buffer and mitigate; restore; monitor and steward)

Water resource protection

(stormwater management, natural drainage channels, riparian lands,blueways, shorelines, aquifer recharge/wellhead areas)

Environmental resource land protection

(productive use and community character) (agricultural lands, recreation

lands, open space) Ecologically sensitive land preservation

(natural heritage, wildlife habitats, wetlands, coastal dunes)

Protection against natural hazards

(floodplains, steep slopes, seismic hazard, coastal storms)

Efficient Use of Resources Conservation of land (compact development)

Conservation of material resources (indigenous materials)

Conservation of energy

(energy efficient design; renewable energy; compact and mixed use;

pedestrian, bicycle, and transit friendly)


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Environmentally and Community Sensitive Design,

Development, and Land Use Practices (cont.)

Enhancement of Community Features Existing neighborhood/community revitalization and redevelopment

Historic and cultural preservation

Compact, discrete communities (defined community center)

Mixed, Compact, Walkable Community Design Mixed land use (mixed housing (income diversity), commercial,

employment, education, recreation, open space, greenways)

Cluster development on buildable, non-sensitive areas

Energy-efficient, time-efficient circulation, transportation (compact scale,pedestrian/bicycle oriented inside, transit-oriented to outside)

Regional Context Neighborhoods, towns, cities must fit into a regional context

Regional growth boundaries, regional environmental policies, regionalopen space investments, regional transportation


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1960s Plan for the ValleysWallace, McHarg, Roberts & Todd


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1970s Village HomesDavis, California

1980 V d R C l h


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1980s Van der Ryn, Calthorpe


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The 1991 Ahwahnee Principles

Community Principles:

1. All planning should be in the form of complete and integrated communities containing housing, shops, work

places, schools, parks and civic facilities essential to the daily life of the residents.

2. Community size should be designed so that housing, jobs, daily needs and other activities are within easy

walking distance of each other.

3. As many activities as possible should be located within easy walking distance of transit stops.

4. A community should contain a diversity of housing types to enable citizens from a wide range of economic levels

and age groups to live within its boundaries.

5. Businesses within the community should provide a range of job types for the community's residents.

10. Each community or cluster of communities should have a well-defined edge, such as agriculturalgreenbelts or wildlife corridors, permanently protected from development.

12. Wherever possible, the natural terrain, drainage and vegetation of the community should be preserved

with superior examples contained within parks or greenbelts.

13. The community design should help conserve resources and minimize waste.

14. Communities should provide for the efficient use of water through the use of natural drainage, drought

tolerant landscaping and recycling.

15. The street orientation, the placement of buildings and the use of shading should contribute to the energyefficiency of the community.

Regional Principles:

17. Regions should be bounded by and provide a continuous system of greenbelt/wildlife corridors to be

determined by natural conditions.

Signators: Peter Calthorpe, Peter Katz, Michael Corbett, Judy Corbett, Andres Duany, Steve Weissman, ElizabethMoule, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, Stefanos Polyzoides


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Walkability and transit orientation

1990 T it O i t d D l t (TOD)


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1990s Transit Oriented Development (TOD)


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TheRegional

Contextfor TOD

A li t C t TOD


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Arlington County TOD


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Washington Metro & TODs


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Portland


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Portland Light Rail and TODs


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The Urban Turnaround

Simmons and Lang, 2001

C l Ci R b d


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Central City Rebound


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Land Conservation, Development,

and Farmland Conversion In 2006, more land put into permanent

conservation than into development, but still

considerable conversion of prime farmland todevelopment

By 2009, land development crashed due to

recession, housing market, higher gasoline

prices

In 2011, with housing prices in the tank and food

prices soaring, land destined for development was

being sold and converted back to agriculture


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Wall Street Journal, Nov 14, 2011


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Foundation of New Urbanism: The Neighborhood

The optimal size of aneighborhood is a quarter-mile from center to edge.For most people, a quartermile is a five-minute

walk. For a neighborhoodto feel walkable, manydaily needs should besupplied within this five-

minute walk. That includesnot only homes, butstores, workplaces,schools, houses ofworship, and recreational

areas.

C iti ith hi h i id f


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Communities with high incidence ofNew Urbanism developments (2002)


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New Urbanism: Bright side, Dark side Bright side:

Compact, walkable, community oriented, mixed use

Can be transit-oriented, can provide natural

drainage, natural areas, open space

Dark side:

Often up-scale, non-affordable

Often restrictive designs


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Kentlands, Gaithersburg, Maryland


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King Farm Rockville MD


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King Farm, Rockville, MDNew Urbanism Development


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High Point Seattle


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High Point, Seattle


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Cincinnati

Boston


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Small town revitalization


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Rural cluster


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Conservation Subdivisions


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Conservation Subdivisions


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Clusters


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GreyfieldRedevelopment


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Brownfields are abandoned, idled, or under-usedindustrial and commercial facilities where expansion or

redevelopment is complicated by real or perceived

environmental contamination

Brownfields

EPA:

1 brownfield acre redeveloped protects 21.4 acres greenfields


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Green Building

Provide greater energy efficiency and reduce pollution Provide healthier indoor air quality Reduce water usage Preserve natural resources through effective material usage

Improve durability and reduce maintenanceCertification Systems:

LEED, EnergyStar, 80 Local systems


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U.S. Green Building Council: LEED

U.S. Green Building Council (US GBC)

A national non-profit organization

Developer and administrator of the LEED Green

Building Rating System Leadership in Energy & Environmental

Design Green Building Rating System

A leading-edge system for designing, constructing,operating and certifying the worlds greenest

buildings

Consensus-based checklist approach


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Green Building

US GBC Definition

Design and construction practices thatsignificantly reduce or eliminate the negative

impact of buildings on the environment andoccupants

Three Steps of LEEDCertification

Step 1: Project Registration (Registered Projects)

Step 2: Technical Support

Step 3: Building Certification (Certified Projects)


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LEED protocols (USGBC)

LEED-NC, LEED-CI, LEED-EB, LEED-H

LEED-ND (neighborhood development)

Location efficiency Environmental protection

Compact, complete, connected neighbohoods

Resource efficiency

LEED-H Homes


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Points Location and Linkages 10

Sustainable Sites 14

Water Efficiency 12

Indoor Air Quality 141 ENERGY STAR with Indoor Air Quality Package (IAP) 10

2 Combustion Venting Req

3 Humidity Control 1

4 Outdoor Air Ventilation Req+3

5 Local Exhaust Req+2

6 Supply Air Distribution Req+2

7 Supply Air Filtering Req+38 Contaminant Control Req+2

9 Radon Protection Req+1

10 Vehicle Emissions Protection Req

Materials and Resources 241 Home Size: Smaller than National Average 10

2 Material Efficient Framing Req+2

3 Local Sources Materials 3

4 Durability Plan Req+35 Environmentally Preferable Products Req+4

6 Waste Management Req+2

Energy and Atmosphere 29 Homeowner Awareness 1

Innovation and Design Process 4

Project Maximum Points: 108

Certified 30-49 ts Silver 50-69 ts Gold 70-89 ts Platinum 90-108 ts


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LEED-ND Neighborhood Development


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g pTitle # Credits Points % of total

Location Efficiency 7 28 25%

Reduced Automobile Dependence 2 to 6

Environmental Preservation 13 11%

Compact, Complete, & Connected Neighborhoods 22 42 37%

Compact Development 1 to 5

Transit-Oriented Compactness 1

Diversity of Uses 1 to 3

Comprehensively Designed Walkable Streets 2

Superior Pedestrian Experience 1 to 2

Transit Amenities 1

Access to Nearby Communities 1

Resource Efficiency 17 25 22%

Certified Green Building 1 to 5

Energy Efficiency in Buildings 1 to 3

Heat Island Reduction 1

Infrastructure Energy Efficiency 1

On-Site Power Generation 1

On-Site Renewable Energy Sources 1

Reuse of Materials 1

Recycled Content 1

Regionally Provided Materials 1

Construction Waste Management 1

Other 2 6

TOTAL 48 114 100%Certified: 4656; Silver: 5767; Gold: 6890; Platinum: 91114


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Process of Sustainable Land Use Design

The process for developing sustainable and livable land use

designs is technical, creative, and participatory. It combines:

1. Land analysis to understand the lands natural features and

development opportunities and constraints;

2. Creative design that incorporates features of land protection,

community aesthetics, and livability; and

3. Stakeholder involvement, including community groups, local

government, land conservation organizations, existing residents,

and potential consumers, to provide local knowledge,

perceptions, and cultural context.


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Participatory Design

Green mapping (inventory)

Charrettes

Participatory mapping (developing scenarios)

Visual Surveys Photo simulations

Design/planning charrettes

Scenario development Good examples:

www.greenmap.org

Calthorpe Associates projects in Minnesota and Utah


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Photo simulation: Stillwater, Minnesota


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Steve Price, UrbanAdvantage, for Calthorpe Associates and Twin Cities Metro Council

http://www.urban-advantage.com/
http://www.urban-advantage.com/http://www.urban-advantage.com/http://www.urban-advantage.com/http://www.urban-advantage.com/


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American Institute of Architects (AIA) TenPrinciples for Livable Communities


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Principles for Livable Communities

1. Design on a Human Scale: Compact, pedestrian-friendly communities

allow residents to walk to shops, services, cultural resources, and jobs and canreduce traffic congestion and benefit people's health.

2. Provide Choices: People want variety in housing, shopping, recreation,

transportation, and employment. Variety creates lively neighborhoods and

accommodates residents in differentstages of their lives.

3. Encourage Mixed-Use Development: Integrating different land uses and

varied building types creates vibrant, pedestrian-friendly and diverse

communities.

4. Preserve Urban Centers: Restoring, revitalizing, and infilling urban centers

takes advantage of existing streets, services and buildings and avoids the needfor new infrastructure. This helps to curb sprawl and promote stability for city

neighborhoods.

5. Vary Transportation Options: Giving people the option of walking, biking

and using public transit, in addition to driving, reduces traffic congestion,

protects the environment and encourages physical activity.

American Institute of Architects (AIA) TenPrinciples for Livable Communities


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6. Build Vibrant Public Spaces: Citizens need welcoming, well-defined

public places to stimulate face-to-face interaction, collectively celebrate

and mourn, encourage civic participation, admire public art, and gather

for public events.

7. Create a Neighborhood Identity: A "sense of place" gives

neighborhoods a unique character, enhances the walking environment,

and creates pride in the community.

8. Protect Environmental Resources: A well-designed balance of

nature and development preserves natural systems, protects waterways

from pollution, reduces air pollution, andprotects property values.

9. Conserve Landscapes: Open space, farms, and wildlife habitat are

essential for environmental, recreational, and cultural reasons.

10. Design Matters: Design excellence is the foundation of successful

Principles for Livable Communities

ch 16 design with nature for people

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