CH 1 INTRODUCTION

What is science?

SCIENCE = is the knowledge based on observation and experimentation.

What are the 4 branches of science?

1. BIOLOGY = study of life.

2. CHEMISTRY = composition & properties of matter

3. PHYSICS = forces & motion of matter

4. EARTH SCIENCE = study of earth and it’s surroundings

Four Branches of Earth Science

1. GEOLOGY = study of solid earth.

2. OCEANOGRAPHY = study of oceans.

3. METEOROLOGY = study of the atmosphere & weather

4. ASTRONOMY = study of the universe.

4 Earth’s Spheres 1. Hydrosphere

water 2. Atmosphere

air 3. Geosphere

solid earth 4. Biosphere

living things

Interaction of the 4 Spheres

5 Steps of Scientific Method

1. Identify problem

2. Make observations

3. Form a hypothesis

4. Test the hypothesis

5. Accept, reject, or modify hypothesis.

Chemistry Introduction Matter – anything w/ volume and mass

4 states of matter Solid – definite shape and definite volume

atoms close together Liquid – no def. shape but definite volume

atoms further apart Gas – no definite shape or volume

atoms real far apart move easily Plasma—charged particles(lightning, etc.)

ELEMENTS

Elements = building blocks of minerals.

Can’t be broken down into simpler

substances by chemical/physical means

Periodic Table

Each element represented by 1-3 letters 8 elements make up most of earth’s crust.

Know top 2! (page 35) Oxygen=47% Silicon=28% Metals – malleable, ductile, good conductors

of heat/electricityleft side of periodic table

Non-metals – brittle and poor conductorsright side of the periodic table

Atom Parts Protons – positively charged

1 amu = massFound in nucleus

Neutrons – no charge (neutral)1 amu = massFound in nucleus

Electrons – negatively chargedVery little massOutside of nucleus in energy levels

Atoms=smallest particle of matter that contains all of the characteristics of the element

Atoms are neutral (no charge)Equal #’s protons + and electrons -

Atomic number – number of protons in the nucleus

Mass number - number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

Isotope – atom with same number of protons but different number of neutronsUsed for dating rocks/fossils EX: 12C and 14C

Ion – atoms that gained or lost electrons giving them a charge (+ or -)

Mixtures & Compounds Mixture – combination of substances…

Don’t lose identities (of components) Easy to separate components Not in a set ratio

Solutions – special type of mixture(Solute vs. Solvent) (Alloys=mixture)

Compounds – 2 or more elements chemically combined Components lose their identity Components can’t be separate out easily Components in a specific, set ratio

Atomic Bonds (James)

Atoms without a full outer energy level are likely to bond chemically. 3 types:

1. Ionic – formed when electrons are transferred from a + ion to a – ion

- between metals and non-metals

2. Covalent – when electrons are shared between the atoms of non-metals

3. Metallic – when electrons are shared by metal ions.

Determining Location Latitude – distance N or S of equator,

measured in degrees (are parallel)Lines run East and WestOº = equator90º = poles

Longitude – distance E or W of prime meridian, measured in degrees (not parallel)Lines run North and SouthOº = Prime Meridian180º = International Date Line

Topographic Maps Represents the 3-D earth in 2-D.

Contour lines - lines of equal elevation;

shows elevation on a flat mapContour interval – elevation difference between

adjacent linesHachure marks – represent depressionsScale – a distance on the map = a distance on

the surface (ratio, bar, verbal)Legend/key – explains map symbols Benchmark -- triangle represents special

elevation

THE END !