ch 08 ppt_lecture

Chapter 8 Lecture

Teaching Today’s HealthTenth Edition

Body Systems

© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Valued Outcomes

• Describe the function and structure of skin, hair, and nails.

• Explain the different roles of the brain.• Discuss the function of selected components

(structures) of the nervous system.• Describe the functions of selected glands and

the hormones associated with the endocrine system.


Valued Outcomes

• Discuss the role of each component of the respiratory system in the breathing process.

• Trace a drop of blood through the circulatory and pulmonary systems.

• Describe the major function of the red blood cells.

• Explain the function of white blood corpuscles in fighting off infection.


Valued Outcomes

• Describe how food travels through the body.• Describe the function of the skeletal system.• Describe how liquid and solid wastes are filtered

in the body.• Differentiate between voluntary and involuntary

muscles.


A Unique Machine

• At conception, everyone has the capacity for growth, development, and functioning through genetic factors.

• Environmental factors, however, determine what actually happens.

• Health can only be achieved by keeping the body and its systems in good condition.


The Integumentary System

• The largest human organ is the skin.• The skin protects the muscles, bones, and other

body organs.• The skin also helps to regulate body

temperature and contains nerve cells that enable people to feel warmth, cold, pain, touch, and other sensations.


The Integumentary System

• The outermost layer of skin is the epidermis.• The middle most layer of skin is the dermis.• The innermost layer of the skin is the

subcutaneous tissue.• Other components of the integumentary system

include the hair and nails.


Skin and Hair


The Nervous System

• The nervous system controls all physiological functions and many psychological ones.

• The nervous system is divided into two parts.– The central nervous system.– The peripheral nervous system.


The Central Nervous System

• The central nervous system (CNS) is divided into 2 major parts: the brain and the spinal cord.


The Brain

• The brain is composed of 4 parts: – Cerebrum – Cerebellum – Diencephalon– Brainstem


Parts of the Brain

• Cerebrum– Largest part of the brain; governs intelligence

and reasoning, learning, and memory• Cerebellum

– Needed for muscle coordination and maintains muscle tone, posture, and balance


Parts of the Brain

• Brainstem (medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain)– Closest to the spinal cord and helps regulate

heartbeat, breathing, vasoconstriction (blood pressure), and reflex centers (vomiting, coughing, sneezing, swallowing, hiccupping)

• Diencephalon – Includes the hypothalamus and thalamus. The

hypothalamus regulates homeostasis (thirst, hunger, body temperature, water balance and blood pressure). The thalamus serves as a central relay point for incoming nerve messages.


The Cerebrum and Lobes of the Brain

• The cerebrum is the largest part of the human brain and is divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres.

• The central hemispheres are covered by a thin layer of gray matter known as the cerebral cortex.

• The surface of the cerebral cortex is covered with bumps or bulges, called gyri and grooves called sulci.


The Cerebrum and Lobes of the Brain

• The occipital lobe (back of head) receives and processes information.

• The temporal lobe receives auditory signals and processes language and meaning of words.

• The parietal lobe processes information about the senses (touch, taste, pressure, pain, heat, and cold).

• The frontal lobe conducts 3 functions: motor activity, speech, and thought processes.


The Control Centers and Lobes of the Brain


Indelible Learning

• "Active learning" helps students retain what they have learned.

• Active learning builds patterns and programs in the brain to provide feedback loops.

• Three criteria must be met to help promote knowledge retention:

1. The learning is meaningful to the student

2. The student experiences strong emotions about the learning.

3. The student applies the lesson within 24 hours.


The Diencephalon

• Contains the thalamus and hypothalamus– Thalamus acts as switching center for nerve

passages.– Hypothalamus is major homeostatic center

with nervous and endocrine functions.


The Cerebellum

• The 'little brain' located behind the brain stem.• Control fine motor coordination, body movement,

posture, and balance.


The Brain Stem

• Area of the brain between the thalamus and spinal cord.

• Includes the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

• Smallest, most primitive part of the brain, it controls most basic body functions.– Heart rate– Blood pressure– Digestion– Respiration


The Spinal Cord

• Links the brain to the rest of the body.• Main pathway for information connecting the brain

and peripheral nervous system.• Protected by the bony spinal column, which

consists of bones called vertebrae.• The spinal cord is located within the vertebral

foramen (central holes in the vertebrae).• Contains ascending and descending bundles of

neurons.• Also control reflexes that do not involve the brain.


How Parts of the Brain Work Together

• Cerebral cortex helps with cognitive functions like speech and decision making.

• Cerebellum coordinates muscles and joints to act on thoughts.

• Brain stem sends information to brain and spinal cord to control changes as a result of behavior.


The Peripheral Nervous System

• Connects the central nervous system with sensory receptors, organs, muscles, and glands.

• Made up of two components: somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system.– Somatic system controls skeletal muscles

and voluntary movements– Autonomic system regulates smooth

muscles• Sympathetic division activates 'fight-or-flight'

response.• Parasympathetic division restores resting state.


The Endocrine System

• The endocrine system regulates the body with the production of hormones.

• The two "controller" glands of the endocrine system are the hypothalamus and the pituitary, which are both located in the brain.

• The hypothalamus controls body temperature and also controls the pituitary gland.


The Endocrine System

• The pituitary gland is responsible for influencing: reproductive glands, human growth and development, water balance and blood pressure, and skin pigmentation.– Anterior pituitary lobe ("the master gland")

secretes 6 major hormones controlling reproduction, growth and development.

– Posterior pituitary lobe stores and releases hormones into blood.


Major Structures of the Endocrine System


The Thyroid Gland

• Located in the neck.• Thyroid hormone increases the overall metabolic

rate and regulates growth and development, including the onset of sexual maturity.


The Adrenal Glands

• Located above the kidneys.• Each gland is divided into an inner medulla and

an outer cortex.• The medulla secretes amine hormones

(epinephrine and norepinephrine) to initiate the "fight or flight" response.

• The adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones that maintain electrolyte balance, regulate blood sugar, suppress the immune response, and inhibit the inflammatory response.


The Pancreas

• The pancreas secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood glucose levels.

• After eating, blood glucose levels rise, stimulating the release of insulin.

• When insulin is released, cells absorb glucose; and liver and skeletal muscle cells form the carbohydrate glycogen.

• Glucagon breaks down glycogen into glucose, which is then released into the blood to maintain glucose levels in a balanced range.


The Respiratory System

• Air enters the body through the nose, and then it is warmed, filtered, and passed through the nasal cavity.

• Air then passes the pharynx and larynx, then moves into the bronchi that carry air in and out of the lungs.


The Respiratory System


Ventilation

• Ventilation is the process of breathing in and out.• When one inhales, muscles in the chest wall

contract, lifting the ribs and pulling them outward.

• The diaphragm moves downward, enlarging the chest cavity.

• Reduced air pressure in the lungs causes air to enter the lungs.

• Exhaling reverses these steps.


The Circulatory System

• The Heart– The heart is a 2-sided, 4-chambered muscle that

contracts in a rhythmic pattern to pump blood.– Blood flows through the heart from veins to atria to

ventricles and then out by arteries.– One heartbeat, or cardiac cycle, includes atrial

contraction and relaxation, ventricular contraction and relaxation, and a short pause.

– Normal cardiac cycles at rest last 0.8 seconds.– Systole is heart muscle contraction; Diastole is the

relaxation phase.



• Flow of blood through the heart– Blood from the body flows through the vena

cava, which empties into the right atrium.– At the same time, oxygenated blood from the

lungs flows from the pulmonary vein into the left atrium.

– The muscles of each atria contract, forcing blood downward through each AV valve into each ventricle.


Steps for a Healthy Heart

• Learn the risk factors for heart disease and the symptoms of a heart attack.

• Eat heart-healthy foods.• Be physically active on most days of the week.• Stop smoking.• Have your weight and waist measured.



• Blood– Plasma is the liquid component of blood that

contains nutrients, wastes, salts, and proteins.– Red blood cells (erythrocytes) carry oxygen in

the cell's hemoglobin.– Red blood cells comprise approximately 1/3 of

all the body's cells and are continuously manufactured in the marrow of bones, ribs, skull, and vertebrae.



• Blood– White blood cells (leukocytes) lack hemoglobin

and function in the cellular immune response.– White blood cells comprise less than 1 percent

of the blood's volume, and are made from stem cells in bone marrow.

– Red blood cells (erythrocytes) contain hemoglobin and carry oxygen.

– About 1/3 of all cells in the body are erythrocytes (25,000,000,000 cells).



• Blood– Platelets result from cell fragmentation and

are involved in blood clotting.– Platelets stick and adhere to tears in blood

vessels.– A hemophiliac's blood cannot clot, so

providing correct proteins (clotting factors) has been a common treatment for hemophiliacs.


What is High Blood Pressure

• Abnormal condition where force of blood against sides of arteries is consistently high.

• Systolic (higher number) pressure when the heart is beating.

• Diastolic (lower number) pressure between beats is the resting phase.

• Normal blood pressure is less than 120/80.• High is 140/90 or higher.• High blood pressure can lead to stroke, heart

attack, heart failure , and kidney failure.


The Lymphatic System

• The lymphatic system is a secondary circulatory system that carries fluid called lymph.

• Lymph nodes are small, irregularly shaped masses through which lymph vessels flow.

• Clusters of lymph nodes occur in the armpits, groin, and neck.

• Cells of the immune system line the nodes and attack bacteria and viruses traveling in the lymph.


The Digestive and Excretory Systems

• The digestive system contains organs that chemically alter food for absorption by body tissues.

• It also is responsible for processing food, using specific enzymes to break food down into usable components (protein, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, and other substances).


The Digestive System



• Digestion begins in the mouth, moving down through the esophagus and into the stomach.

• The stomach gradually releases food material into the upper small intestine, where digestion is completed.

• After solid food has been digested, the remaining fluid—chyme—is digested and passes into the small intestine.



• In the small intestine, nutrients are absorbed from the chyme into the bloodstream, leaving the unusable residue and some water.

• The residue passes through the colon (large intestine) to the rectum, excess water is absorbed back to the body.

• The remaining solid waste, called feces, passes out of the body through the anal canal and the anus.


The Excretory System

• The Kidneys– The kidneys' major function is to regulate the

water content, mineral composition, and acidity of the body.

– They excrete each substance in an amount adequate to achieve balance and maintain normal concentrations in the extracellular fluid.

– The kidneys also are responsible for removing metabolic wastes from the blood and excreting them in urine.


The Excretory System


How to Care for the Digestive System

• Eat the proper foods in appropriate quantities.• Exercise.• Consult your health care provider if you

consistently have an upset stomach, heartburn, or constipation.


The Skeletal and Muscular Systems

• The skeletal-muscular system gives shape to the body and provides support, protection, and mobility.

• More than 200 bones comprise the human skeleton.

• The long bones of the body contain red marrow essential for manufacturing red blood cells.



• In infancy, bones are flexible and soft.• Throughout the developmental process, the

ingestion of calcium, phosphorous and vitamin D, help bones become more rigid and grow thicker and longer.

• The upright walking posture of the human body relies on the strong vertebral column and pelvis for support.


The Skeletal System



• The place where bones meet are called joints.• There are three broad structural categories of

joints:– Synovial Joints—fluid-filled cavity and are

the most flexible type of joint.– Cartilaginous Joints—articulating surfaces

that are covered with cartilage and permit a moderate amount of flexibility.

– Fibrous Joints—provide the least flexibility because the joints are joined together with fibrous tissue.


The Vertebral Column

• 33 vertebrae (spinal column and backbone) that extend from the base of the head to the hip region.

• Allows bending, twisting, and turning motions of the upper body.

• Divided into:– 7 Cervical vertebrae.– 12 Thoracic vertebrae.– 5 Lumbar vertebrae.– 5 fused Sacral vertebrae.– Coccyx (tailbone)


The Skull

• The human skull includes the cranium and the bones of the face.

• The cranium is a group of 16 large, flat, hard bones that form a domelike structure that surrounds and protects the brain.

• The facial bones provide protection for the eyes, nasal passages, and the cheeks.


The Sternum and Rib Cage

• The sternum is a flat, elongated, thick and rigid bone that protects the heart.

• The rib cage attaches to the sternum (front) and thoracic vertebrae (back) and protects the lungs.

• 10 pairs of attached ribs and 2 pairs of unattached, floating ribs.


The Pelvis

• The bowl-shaped pelvis is formed by connections of the sacral and coccyx vertebrae of the back with the hipbones in the side and front portions of the body.

• The pelvis helps protect organs of the reproductive and excretory systems.

• The pelvis also supports the upper part of the body and aids in twisting, turning, and sitting.


Bones of the Legs and Feet

• Femur—extends from each side of the hip and is the upper leg bone. It is the largest bone in the body.

• Patella—protects the knee.• Tibia—(shin) is attached to the femur at the

knee.• Fibula—is part of the lower leg.• Tarsals—place where the bones of the tibia and

fibula are joined to the bones of the feet and ankle.

• Phalanges—the 14 bones of the toes.


Bones of the Arms and Hands

• Scapula—triangular shoulder blade• Humerus—upper arm bone• Clavicle—collarbone• Ulna—the longer bone of the lower arm• Radius—shorter lower arm bone on the thumb

side• Carpal Bones—wrist bones• Metacarpals—palm of the hand• Phalanges—bones of the fingers


The Muscles

• The human body contains over 650 muscles attached to the skeleton.

• The main job of the muscular system is to provide movement for the body.

• The muscular system consists of three different types of tissue: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth.

• Muscles are either voluntary or involuntary (e.g., cardiac muscle).


The Muscular System


Types of Muscle Tissue

• Skeletal muscle– Skeletal muscle comprises approximately

40% of adult body weight.– The nervous system controls the contractions.– Many of the contractions are automatic, but

we still can control the action of skeletal muscle (voluntary muscle).



• Cardiac muscle– Cardiac muscle makes up the wall of the

heart (myocardium) and is involuntary.– It is attached to other cardiac muscle rather

than to bone.



• Smooth muscle– Much of our internal organs are comprised of

smooth muscles.– The nervous system and hormones control

smooth muscles.– We cannot consciously control this type of

muscle (involuntary muscle).


Care for the Skeletal and Muscular System

• Maintain a healthy body weight.• Engage in regular physical activity.• Don't smoke.• Protect yourself from injury.• See your health care provider regularly.