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Teaching and Learning with Technology, 4e© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

All rights reserved.

Chapter 3Chapter 3

Designing and Designing and Planning Technology-Planning Technology-Enhanced InstructionEnhanced Instruction

Designing and Designing and Planning Technology-Planning Technology-Enhanced InstructionEnhanced Instruction

Teaching and Learning Teaching and Learning with Technologywith Technology

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Teachers need to determine what needs to occur in the classroom and during lessons

Set of focused questions provides a framework and systematic process to create effective instruction

Planning ensures best possible approach to learning

Instructional Planning

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Effective instruction is planned by skillful and creative educators

Systems Approach - carefully planned, step-by-step process to design, create, evaluate, and revise

The Design-Plan-Act! (D-P-A) three-step system addresses all needed planning steps

Instructional Planning System

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The D-P-A System

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Instructional Planning

The Design PhaseTeacher looks comprehensively and

strategically at the targeted curriculumAn instructional design template helps

ensure that no step is missed The Dynamic Instructional Design (DID) model

assists you in creating your instructional design

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The PLAN PhaseEssential components of the daily lesson plans:Ready the learnersTarget specific daily objectivesSystematically prepare the lesson

Prepare the classroomDetail the steps of the pedagogical cycleIdentify technologies and materialsCheck for success

Lesson Planning

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Action Planning

The ACT PhaseReview your lesson planThe Instructional Action Plan (IAP) is your

lesson plan to-do listYour IAP details everything to be done as a

series of stepsThen you are ready to implement

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The DID Model

Gagné’s DID, comprehensive model of instructional design

Focuses on dynamic design supporting continuous adjustment and change

DID model built around continuous internal/external feedback loop

Continuous improvement is core of high-quality instructionFormative feedback occurs during every step of the

learning processSummative feedback is returned at end of the

learning process

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The DID Model

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The DID Model

Step 1 - Know the LearnerWhat are the learners’:Physical and cognitive developmental

stage(s)?Cultural and language differences?Incoming skills and current knowledge base?Individual characteristics (learning and

cognitive styles, intelligences, etc.)?Group similarities and differences?How will the above affect the design?

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The DID Model

Step 2 – State Your ObjectivesUse Performance Objectives State what the learner will do after the

instructional event Focus objectives on skills and

competencies of studentsObjectives should be clear, reasonable, and

measurable

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Performance Objectives contain four components: Stem Target performance Assessment method Criterion for successExample:The student will be able to identify the subject and verb in a sentence written on the board with 95% accuracy.

The DID Model

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Consider Bloom’s taxonomy when articulating objectives

Bloom’s Levels of Cognition Knowledge – recall of facts Comprehension – interpreting facts Application – applying information to new

situations Analysis – recognizing components within data Synthesis – creating new ideas for the data

provided Evaluation – making thoughtful value judgments

The DID Model

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The DID Model

Objectiveaction verbs based on Bloom’sTaxonomy

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Step 3 - Establish the LearningEnvironment Adjust the physical space to support learners Provide a positive nurturing environment Keep learners active and engaged Prepare well-organized and articulated lesson plans

The DID Model

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What is the Learning Environment?

Includes all conditions affecting learners, physical and nonphysical Physical space Classroom climate Attitude of teacherDunn and Dunn’s research Different aspects of physical space affect different learning styles Simple changes can often enhance the learning environment

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Step 4 - Identify Teaching and Learning Strategies

Teaching strategies = methods you use to help your students obtain objectives Learning strategies = techniques and activities you require for your students to master content Combined, they are referred to as pedagogy or the pedagogical cycle

The DID Model

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Utilize the steps of the pedagogical cycle to help determine your teaching strategies

The DID Model

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The pedagogical cycle steps: Provide preorganizers to focus attention Use motivators to help learners focus and engage Bridge to prior knowledge Share objectives and expectations Introduce new knowledge using selected methods and media Reinforce knowledge acquisition with demonstrations,

modeling, and feedback Provide practice experiences Include culminating verbal, visual, and auditory reviews

The DID Model

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Methods vs. Media

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Step 5 - Identify and Select Support Technologies Select tools to support teaching and learning strategies Once strategies have been mapped out, tools to build experience should be evident Identify the technology tools you need Select from those available to you Be competent in their use

The DID Model

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The DID Model

Available Support Technologies

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Step 6 – Summative Evaluation and Revision Plan Formative feedback continues throughout all steps of the DID model Summative feedback is evaluation at the end of the design Final evaluation and revision ensure continuous improvement of design

The DID Model

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Lesson Planning

The PLAN PhaseThe DID model provides the instructional big

picture and a blueprint for the teaching-learning process

Once design is completed, you can PLAN your daily lessons

Lesson plans provide day-to-day snapshots of what will happen

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The ACT PhaseThe Instructional Action Plan includes:1. Identify learner preparation activities2. Ready the classroom3. List teaching and learning activities4. Create your personal prompts5. Identify support technologies6. List feedback tools7. Detail follow-up activities

Action Planning

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Planning for Technology in Teaching and Learning

Remember that technology…Is a tool that may support your design and

plansEnhanced teaching and learning must be well

thought outShould help you do something new or do it

better Has many options; choose wisely

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