ch 01 student
TRANSCRIPT
McGraw-Hill/Irwin ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002
Principles of Taxation
Introduction and Chapter 1 Types of Taxes and the
Jurisdictions that Use Them
Slide 1-2
McGraw-Hill/Irwin ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002
Introduction to Students Taxes as Business Costs - Maximize
after-tax values - why is this different from tax minimization?
Taxes as Household Expenditures - tax bite is 3 / 8 hours.
Objectives: tax policy: helps understand law,
become better informed voter link finance and taxation - NPV of
after-tax cash flows - tax deferral framework of taxation is stable
Slide 1-3
McGraw-Hill/Irwin ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002
Taxing America Basic Terminology Tax Base, Rate, and Revenue
Relationship Classifying and Describing taxes Tax Policy Sources of Law
Slide 1-4
McGraw-Hill/Irwin ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002
Taxing America Basic Terminology• Tax =
(How is this different from a fee or a penalty/fine?)
• Taxpayer =
• Incidence refers to the ultimate economic burden of the tax. Not always the person who pays the tax. see Q4, Q6.
• Jurisdiction = See IR5, 9
Slide 1-5
McGraw-Hill/Irwin ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002
Taxing America Tax Base X Tax Rate = Tax Revenue
Tax Base:
Tax Rate:
Tax Revenue:
Slide 1-6
McGraw-Hill/Irwin ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002
Transaction or Activity-Based Taxes
What are examples of transaction (event) based taxes?
What is an example of an activity based tax?
Slide 1-7
McGraw-Hill/Irwin ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002
Taxing America Taxes Imposed by Jurisdiction
LocalProperty, Earnings, and Sales Taxes
StateSales and Income Taxes
FederalIncome TaxesEmployment TaxesExcise TaxesTransfer Taxes
Slide 1-8
McGraw-Hill/Irwin ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002
Taxing America
Local TaxesReal property and Personal Property Taxes
Why are these called “ad valorem” taxes?
See Q7, IR2.Earnings Taxes
Sometimes imposed on individuals who work in one city but live elsewhere. Many big cities impose.
Sales TaxUsually piggy-backed with state sales tax and
remitted to local authority.
Slide 1-9
McGraw-Hill/Irwin ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002
Taxing America State Taxes
Sales and Use TaxHow is the use tax related to the sales tax?
What kinds of property is the use tax easily enforced against?
Excise TaxWhat are common goods subject to an excise tax?See Q13What states do you think have low excise taxes on
beer?
Slide 1-10
McGraw-Hill/Irwin ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002
Taxing America State Taxes
Personal Income Tax_________________ states and the District of
Columbia impose a personal income tax. Tax rates vary considerably from state to state. See IR7
Corporate Income Tax_________________ states and the District of
Columbia tax corporations on their net income. Most refer to federal taxable income as the starting point for determining corporate taxable income for state purposes. See Chapter 12 for how to apportion income among states.
Slide 1-11
McGraw-Hill/Irwin ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002
Taxing America Federal Taxes
Income TaxIn your own notes, briefly describe the history of the US income tax.
Slide 1-12
McGraw-Hill/Irwin ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002
Taxing America Federal Taxes
Employment TaxesThe two largest programs sponsored by
the federal government are the ___________________ and ________________. . These programs are funded by taxes earmarked exclusively to pay for Social Security and Medicare.
The taxes are based on annual wages and salaries of employees and net income of the self-employed. See Chapter 9.
Slide 1-13
McGraw-Hill/Irwin ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002
Taxing America Federal Taxes
Excise TaxesOriginally intended to reduce consumption of
socially unacceptable goods (like what? __________ , ___________ ) or discourage consumption of goods in short supply (like what? ______________ , _______________ ).
Class discussion - does this work?
Transfer TaxesBased on the value of an individual’s _________
transferred by ________ or ____________. These taxes represent a form of wealth redistribution. What effect do you think an estate tax has on savings?
Slide 1-14
McGraw-Hill/Irwin ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002
Foreign Taxes
Income taxes like the U.S. Value-added taxes (the U.S. does NOT
have this). Value-added taxes are like sales taxes, but
they are assessed incrementally on value added throughout production process.
VAT is self-enforcing because taxpayer can claim a credit for VAT paid to supplier with proof of payment.
Foreign governments compete for tax dollars and foreign investment through rates and tax preferences.
Slide 1-15
McGraw-Hill/Irwin ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002
Dynamic Nature of Taxation
New tax bases:Urban tax bases decline - what are
alternatives?Gambling - where is the incidence of
taxation?Sales and use tax - What did the
Supreme Court case Quill Corporation vs. North Dakota hold? What are the implications for internet commerce?
Slide 1-16
McGraw-Hill/Irwin ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002
Three Primary Sources of Tax Law
What is the source of statutory authority?
What are examples of administrative authority?Go to www.irs.gov and look at a
Revenue Ruling.
Judicial authority. A Supreme Court verdict is the equivalent of law. Other jurisdictions carry less weight (hierarchical).
Slide 1-17
McGraw-Hill/Irwin ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002
Looking Ahead to Chapter 2
Assume you are the fair-minded tax manager of LilLand. Queen Lil demands that you collect $36,000 from the following four taxpayers: A earns $100,000 B earns $50,000 C earns $25,000 D earns $10,000.
Write on a piece of paper how much you will collect from each taxpayer. The sum must be $36,000. Turn this in on your way out, and we’ll discuss next time.