cgqjkvªh; deifu;kssa dk vlyh psgjk - rajiv...

$: cgqjkVªh; dEifu;kssa dk vlyh psgjk - Rajiv Dixitrajivdixit.net/allMedia/books/_pustak_angrah__1401645040.pdf · 1-izdk'kdh; 1498 esa okLdks fn xkek vÚhdk ls gksrk gqvk nf{k.k esa$

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3- eksulsaVks 15

4- usLys 22

5- tujy eksVlZ 28

6- fiQfyi eksfjl 33

7- gkDs LV 42

8- flVh cSad 46

9- ukbZd 50

10- ;wuksdy 54

11- Mkm dksfuZaax 57

12- MCY;w- vkj- xzsl 61

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14- M~;wiksa 68

15- lhck xk;xh 76

16- ekbØkslkWÚV 80

17- ,ujkWu 85

18- isIlhdksyk&dksdkdksyk 90

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Hkkjr dks Lons'kh] LokoyachvkSj LokfHkekuh cukus ds fy, py jgsLons'kh vkUnksyu vkSj Hkkjr LokfHkeku

ds mu yk[kksa Økafrdkfj;ksa dks tksjktho HkkbZ ds Lons'kh Hkkjr dslius dks iwjk djuk pkgrs gaSA

mu lHkh iqjkus lkfFk;ksa dks ftUgksausjktho HkkbZ ds lkFk dU/s ls dU/k

feykdj yM+kbZ yM+h

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lEiw.kZ lkfgR; laxzgksa dh eqfnzr izfr izkIr djus ds fy;s lEidZ djsa % Lons'kh izdk'ku] o/kkZ] egkjk"Vª % lEidZ lw= % 08380027016 / 08380027022

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1498 esa okLdks fn xkek vÚhdk ls gksrk gqvk nf{k.k esa dsjy dsdkyhdV leqnz ij ig¡qpkA mlds vkxeu ds lkFk gh if'pe ds ns'kksa dh?kqliSB Hkkjr esa 'kq# gks xbZ FkhA 'kq#okr esa rks okLdks fn xkek tSls dbZ yqVsjsHkkjr esa vk;sA mlds ckn mlh jkLrs ls Mp] Úkalhlh vkSj vaxzst Hkh /hjs /hjsdjds vk;sA mudh txg daifu;ksa us ys yhA bfrgkl gesa crkrk gS fd bZLVbf.M;k dEiuh us 1600 esa Hkkjr esa viuk lkezkT; LFkkfir djuk 'kq# fd;kAdEiuh ds flikfg;ksa vkSj vf/dkfj;ksa us Hkkjr ds lkFk&lkFk nf{k.k iwoZ,f'k;k ds ns'kksa ij Hkh dCtk fd;k vkSj ywVus dk dke 'kq# fd;kA ywVus dslkFk&lkFk Hkkjr ds fons'k O;kikj] ftl ij LFkkuh; O;kikfj;ksa dk dCtk FkkAmldks Hkh bZLV bf.M;k daiuh us vius gkFk esa ys fy;k] D;ksafd LFkkuh;O;kikfj;ksa ds tgktksa dks jksduk mUgsa ijs'kku djuk 'kq# fd;k rks mUgkasus lkjkfons'k O;kikj vaxzstksa ds gkFk esa ns fn;kA

1706 ds ckn ÚkUlhfl;ksa us Hkh Hkkjr esa viuh ?kqliSB c<+kbZAvaxzstksa vkSj ÚkaUlhfl;ksa esa ;q¼ gqvk] ÚkUlhlh ijkLr gq, vkSj vaxzstksa us iwjsHkkjr ij viuk lkezkT; LFkkfir fd;kA bZLV bf.M;k dsoy ,d gh dEiuhugha FkhA if'peh ns'kksa us 16 oha 'krkCnh rd dbZ daifu;ka cuk yh Fkh ftudkmn~ns'; ywVekjh djuk gh FkkA Hkkjr ds lkFk&lkFk vejhdk vkSj vÚhdk dsns'kksa esa Hkh bu dEifu;ksa us viuk dCtk tekuk 'kq# dj fn;k FkkA viusjktkvksa ls ywV dk pkVZj ysdj vkSj lsuk ysdj ;g dEifu;ka vU; ns'kksa esatkrh Fkh vkSj O;kikj 'kq# djrh FkhA bfrgkl dk vè;;u djas rks lkiQ irkpyrk gS fd bu dEifu;ksa ds ihNs buds ns'kksa dh jktkKk vkSj rU=k iwjh rjgenn djrk FkkA bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh ds ihNs bXyS.M dk iwjk ljdkjh rU=k

vkSj jkuh dh lgefr gqvk djrh FkhA Hkkjr esa 1830 rd dEiuh jkt pykysfdu fcVªsu dh jkuh dh lgefr lsA mlds ckn lh/k fczVsu dk gLr{ksi'kq: gqvkA

1830 ds ckn Hkkjr eas tc lh/s fcVz us dk 'kklu pyus yxk rks bLZ Vbf.M;k dEiuh ds lkFk&lkFk dbZ vkSj dEifu;ksa us Hkkjr esa ?kqliSB dhA[kkldj caxky esa vkSj fo'ks"k :i ls dydÙkk esa twV] iVlu vkSj pk; ds{ks=k dbZ fons'kh dEifu;ksa vk xbZ FkhA ;g lHkh daifu;k¡ vaxzsth 'kklu dscqykus ij vkSj mudh enn ds fy, vkbZ FkhA ge ekurs gS fd og 16 oha'krkCnh ls ysdj 1947 rd vaxzstksus ftl rjg ls Hkkjr esa ywV vkSj vR;kpkjdk 'kklu pyk;k og vktknh ds ckn Hkh tkjh gSA cl vUrj bruk gS fdvkt 4500 ls vf/d fons'kh daifu;ka Hkkjr dks ywV jgh gaSA blfy, fiQjls u;k Lons'kh vkanksyu 'kq: gqvk gSA

Hkkjr dk izkphu m|ksx eqyr% fodsfUnzr vFkZO;oLFkk dk jgk gSANksVs&NksVs m|ksx] NksVh&NksVh rduhdsa vkSj NksVh&NksVh iw¡th vkSj O;fDrxr;k ifjokj dk lewg tks bu m|ksxksa esa yxk gqvk FkkA tSls diMk m|ksx esajaxkbZ] cqukbZ] drkbZ fiatkbZ] tSls dbZ rduhdh dkeksa dks vyx&vyx Lrjksaij ck¡Vdj iwjk diM+k m|ksx pyrk Fkk vkSj fons'kksa es O;kikj gksrk FkkA blhrjg ykgs k m|kxs ] tVw m|kxs ] ydMh dk dke vkjS vU; nLrdkfj;kas dk m|kxsdh NksVs&NksVs vkSj fodsfUnzr vFkZO;oLFkk ds vk/kj ij pyrs FksA ysfdu tcls dEifu;ksa dk O;kikj 'kq# gqvk rc ls 'kks"k.k dk ,d u;k vè;k; izkjaHkgvq kA

Hkkjr lksus dh fpfM+;k Fkk rks bUgha NksVs&NksVs vkSj fodsfUnzr m|ksxksads vk/kj ij gh FkkA tSls&tSls dEifu;ksa ds vkus ls 'kks"k.k c<rk x;k vkSjgekjk lkjk O;kikj vkSj m|ksx bu fons'kh dEifu;ksa ij vk/kfjr gksrk x;koSls&oSls ge daxky gksrs x;sA fuos'k ds #i esa bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh dh iw¡thcgqr de Fkh] ysfdu ywV dj ys tkus okyh lEifÙk ml rqyuk esa cgqr vf/d FkhA 'kq#okr esa dEifu;ksa dks bl ywV dk ykblsal rks vaxzsth ljdkj usgh fn;k FkkA ysfdu vktknh ds ckn gekjh ljdkjksa us Hkh bu fons'kh daifu;ksadks ywV dk ykblsal fn;k gSA bl fdrkc esa fn;s x;s dbZ ys[kksa ls ;g fl¼gksrk gSA

tSls&tSls bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh dh ywV vkSj vR;kpkj c<+rs x;s

5 cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk 6



olS &s olS s Hkkjr eas mudk ifz rjk/s Hkh c<r+ k x;k FkkA nf{k.k vkjS cxa ky ds dbZfj;klrksa us bZLV bf.M;k dEiuh dks iV[kuh Hkh nh FkhA 1857 ds us fonzksgdh [kqyh ?kks"k.kk dj nh FkhA dsoy lSfud Lrj ij gh ugha cfYd caxky esarks foKku vkjS rduhdh ds Lrj ij Hkh fonkz gs 'k#q gks x;k FkkA 1905 eas cxa kyds foHkktu ds iQy Lo#i Lons'kh vkanksyu 'kq# gqvk ftlesa caxky dsfoHkktu dk fojk/s vkjS vxa tsz kas ds cfg"dkj dh 'k#q vkr gbq AZ 1916 eas xk/a hthds vkus ds ckn rks Lons'kh vkanksyu us ubZ tehu rS;kj dhA vaxzsth gqdwerdks jktuSfrd #i esa gVk;k tk;s blds lkFk&lkFk vkfFkZd #i es Hkh vaxszthlkezkT; dks gokLr fd;k tk;s blds fy, Lons'kh vkanksyu 'kq# gqvkA xka/hth]fryd vkSj vU; ØkfUrdkjh;ks ds usr`Ro esa 'kq# gqvk ;g Lons'kh vkanksyu usfgUnqLrku ds ekjs x;sa m|ksxks ds fy, thfor djus dk dke fd;kAxka/hth dh lkjh ls u bUgh Lons'kh vkanksyu esa ls rS;kj gqbZ FkhA

1991 eas tc mnkjhdj.k vkjS o'S ohdj.k 'k:q gvq k rcls gh o'S ohdj.kls gksus okys uqdlkuksa dks ysdj NksVs&NksVs leqg mudk fojks/ djrs gh vkjgs gSaaA ikuh ds loky ij] leqnz esa eNyh idMus ds loky ij] fctyh esafons'kh dEifu;ksa dks cqykus ds loky ij] ?kksVkyksa }kjk ns'k dh ywV ds lokyij vkanksyu gks jgs gSa ysfdu i- iw- Lokeh jkensoth ds usÙk`Ro esa HkkjrLokfHkeku dh 'kq:vkr ,d vuks[kh 'kq:vkr gS tks fons'kh dEifu;ksa dh ywVvkSj Lons'kh ds vkxzg dks cMs Lrj ij mBk jgk gSA u dsoy vkokt mBk jgkgS cfYd fons'kh lkeuksa ds fodYi Hkh rS;kj dj jgk gSA dsoy Lons'kh gh ughaO;oLFkk ijhorZu dk liuk Hkh ns[k jgk gSA ;g liuk jktho HkkbZ dk liukgS blfy, bl lius dks vkxs ys tkdj lkdkj dju dk nkf;Ro ge lcdkgAS

fiNys 20 o"kksZa esa jktho HkkbZ us ftruk cksyk gS mldh rqyuk esafy[kk cgqr de gSA muds fy[ks gq, ys[kksa vkSj fdrkcksa rFkk O;k[;kukas dksfyf[kr #i esa ykus dh ;kstuk muds jgrs gh cu x;h Fkh ysfdu le;kHkkods dkj.k og laHko uk gks ldkA jktho HkkbZ ds tkus ds ckn mudk leLrlkfgR; miyC/ djokus dh dksf'k'k gks jgh gSA mlh dM+h esa ;g fdrkc Hkh'kkfey gSA muds fyf[kr vkSj cksys x,s lkfgR; ij yxHkx 20 fdrkcksa dkladyu rS;kj gks jgk gSA gekjk fo'okl gS fd vkxkeh 30 uoEcj rd ;glHkh fdrkcsa miyC/ gksaxhA ;g fdrkc ewyr% cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;kas ds ckjs esa

cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk 87 cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;kas dk vlyh psgjk

eYVhus'kuy ekWuhVj uked if=kdk esa vaxszth esa Nis gq, ys[kksa dk fgUnhladyu gS ;g ys[k ubZ vktknh if=kdk esa Hkh Nis FksA buesa ls dqN ys[kksadk vuqokn jktho HkkbZ us gh fd;k FkkA bu ys[kksa esa vkadMs mlh le; dsgS ysfdu vkt 15 o"kZ ckn Hkh mu ys[kksa dh ewy Hkkouk vkSj vf/d tkx`rgks xbZ gSA

vkt ds bl Lons'kh vkanksyu dks rS;kj djus esa vkSj Hkkjr dksLons'kh] Lokyach vkSj LokfHkekuh cukus ds fy, bl rjg dh fdrkcksa dkmi;ksx gks rks budh lkFkZdrk blh esa gSA tSls tSls ge fons'khdj.k ds tkyiQlsaxs oSls&oSls ;g ys[k gesa viuh lkFkZdrk fl¼ djsaxsA bl fdrkc esa fliZQmnkjhdj.k ;k cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa ls lEcaf/r ys[k gh fy, x;s gaS] ckdh ys[kvU; fdrkcksa esa vk jgs gSaA



ds fy, cksy fn;k gS vkSj laHko gqvk rks mUgsa fnYyh ys tkus dh rS;kjh djjgk gw¡ ogk¡ Hkh MkDVjksa ls lEidZ pkyw gSA tSls gh dqN gksxk eSa rqjUrcrkÅx¡ kA

blds ckn Mªkboj us pk; ihdj nqckjk ls xkM+h pkyw dh vkSj eSafHkykbZ esa iQksu ij lEidZ djus dh dksf'k'k djrk jgkA vuwi HkkbZ ls ckrgqbZ rks mUgksaus dgk fd vki tYnh ls tYnh vkbZ;s le; cgqr de gS] rceSaus dgk muls dgk fd fnYyh ys tkus dh ckr gks jgh gS vki fnYyh ysdjfudfy,] rks mUgksaus dgk fd mudh gkykr ,slh ugha gS fd fnYyh ys tk;ktk ldsA vki rks tYnh ls tYnh igq¡p tkbZ;sA rc eq>s FkksM+k 'kd gqvk fdvHkh rd esjh ckr ugha gks ikbZ jktho HkkbZ ls] pDdj D;k gSA jktho HkkbZLokeh th ls ckr dj jgs gS rks e>q ls D;kas ugha dj ik jgs gS ;k muds vkliklds yksx eq>s ckr D;ksa ugha djok jgs gaSA

djhc 12%15 ij Lokeh th dk fiQj ls iQksu vk;k mUgksaus rqjUr xkM+hjksdus ds fy, dgk] vkSj iQwV iQwVdj jksus yxs] yxkrkj 5&6 feuV rd jksrsjgsA eSa Hkh muds lkFk jksrk jgkA eSa vkokd gksdj lqurk jgkA 'kq: esa esjhle> esa dqN ugha vk;k] tc FkksM+k lakl feyh rks Lokeh th us dgk fd] vcdqN ugha cpk] jktho HkkbZ gedks NksM+dj pys x;s----- eSaus D;k&D;k ugha lkspkFkk] lc dqN [kRe gks x;k] esjs gkFk iSjksa esa rkdr gh ugha cph gSA eSaus viusvkidks laHkkyrs gq, Lokeh th ls ,d gh izkFkZuk dh fd Lokeh th jktho HkkbZds lius dks v/wjk ugha NksM+uk gS] fdlh Hkh dher ij iwjk djuk gSA ^HkkjrLokfHkeku* ds :i esa mUgksaus tks liuk ns[kk gS og iwjk gksuk pkfg, vki fdlhHkh dher ij ;g yM+kbZ ugha :dus nsuk---- fiQj mUgksaus iwNk fd vkxs D;kdjuk gS rks eSaus mudks dgk fd jktho HkkbZ oS/kfud :i ls Hkkjr LokfHkekuds jk"Vªh; lfpo Fks blfy, mudk vafre laLdkj Hkkjr LokfHkeku ds eq[;dk;kZy;] gfj}kj esa gh gksuk pkfg,] vki rS;kjh djokbZ;s eSa mUgsa ysdj vkrkgw¡aA mlds ckn Lokeh th dk iQksu dV x;k] iQksu ij ckr djrs&djrs mudhvkokt ,dne fu<ky gks xbZ FkhA eSa Hkh lqUu gks x;k Fkk dqN Hkh le> esaugha vk jgk Fkk D;k d:] 'kjhj vkSj fnekx nksuksa dks tSls ydok ekj x;kgksA dkB tSlk gks x;k FkkA

eSaus tc ls gks'k laHkyk Fkk rc ls fliQZ jktho HkkbZ dks fliZQ HkkbZgh ugha] ek¡&cki ekudj] muds lkFk vkSj muds lkfuè; esa FkkA vc oksNksM+dj pys x;s rks dSls vkxs c<+sxsaA mudh fgEer ls ge fgEer ikrs Fks]muds tks'k ls gesa tks'k feyrk Fkk] mudh fuMjrk ls gesa fuMjrk feyrh Fkh]


2-2-2-2-2-

Lons'kh ds izfr jktho HkkbZ dhLons'kh ds izfr jktho HkkbZ dhLons'kh ds izfr jktho HkkbZ dhLons'kh ds izfr jktho HkkbZ dhLons'kh ds izfr jktho HkkbZ dhvxk/ J¼k vkSj rM+i dksvxk/ J¼k vkSj rM+i dksvxk/ J¼k vkSj rM+i dksvxk/ J¼k vkSj rM+i dksvxk/ J¼k vkSj rM+i dks

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29 uoEcj dh eugwl 'kke dks djhc 7%30 cts fdlh us iQksudjds crk;k fd jktho HkkbZ dh rch;r Bhd ugha gS] mUgsa vLikrky esa HkrhZdjk;k gS] os ml le; NRrhlx<+ ds izokl ij Fks vkSj ml fnu fHkykbZ esas'kke dks Hkkjr LokfHkeku dh lHkk dks lacksf/r djus okys FksA tSls gh lwpukfeyh rks eSus rqjUr jktho HkkbZ ds uEcj ij lEidZ djus dh dksf'k'k dh rksnksuksa uEcj can Fks] lEidZ ugha gks ldkA gfj}kj ls NRrhlx<+ ds lkfFk;ksa dkuEcj ysdj iQksu yxk;k rks ckr gqbZ rc ;g lqfuf'pr gqvk fd okLro esajktho HkkbZ dh rch;r Bhd ugha gS mUgsa vLikrky esa HkrhZ fd;k x;k gSArqjUr eSaus iwNk fd Lokeh th dks [kcj dh ;k ugha rks mUgksaus crk;k fd gk¡&Lokeh th dks lwpuk dj nh gS vkSj os [kqn bl ekeys esa MkWDVj ls ckr djjgs gS vkSj ;fn fLFkfr T;knk [kjkc gqbZ rks fnYyh ys tkus dh O;oLFkk Hkh gksjgh gSA blds ckn eSaus dbZ ckj dksf'k'k dh ,d ckj jktho HkkbZ ckr gks tk;sysfdu fdlh Hkh rjg esjh muls ckr u gks ldhA le; [kjkc u djds rqjUrxkMh+ ls jk;ijq ds fy, fudy x;k ;g lkps dj fd ;fn lHa ko gvq k rks los kxkz eys vk;saxs vkSj ;gh bykt djok ysaxsA

djhc 9%30 ds vklikl ukxiqj ds vkxs dgh <kcs ij Mªkboj us pk;ihus ds fy, xkM+h jksdhA rHkh Lokeh th dk iQksu vk;k vkSj mUgksaus tkudkjhnh fd eSa Loea bl ekeys dks yxkrkj ns[k jgk gw¡ jktho HkkbZ nokbZ ysus lseuk dj jgs gSaA os ckj&ckj euk dj jgs gSa fd eq>s vaxzsth nokbZ ugha ysuhgS eq>s rks vk;Zqosfnd ;k gksE;ksiSFkh dh nok fHktok nh tk;s eSa mlh ls Bhdgks tkÅ¡xkA fpUrk dh dksbZ ckr ugha gSA fiQj Hkh MkDVjksa dks vko';d bykt



vafre n'kZu ds fy, j[kk x;kA NÙkhlx<+ ds eq[;ea=kh Mk-W je.k flag thviuh J¼katfy nsus vk;s] vkSj mlds ckn mUgsa ,;jiksVZ ysdj vk;s tgk¡gtkjksa Hkkjr LokfHkeku ds dk;kZdrkZ mudh vafre fonkbZ nsus ds fy, [kM+sFksA tSls gh jktho HkkbZ ogk¡ igq¡ps oSls gh muds n'kZu ds fy, yksxksa esaviQjkriQjh FkhA lc vius fiz; jktho HkkbZ dks vafre ckj ,d ut+j ns[k ysukpkgrs FkAs fiQj rks ncq kjk feyuk ugha gkxs k fliQZ ;knas gh jg tk;xsa hA ogk¡ vfa ren'kZu ds ckn ,d NksVs ls gokbZ tgkt ls mUgsa ysdj ge gfj}kj ds fy,fudy iM+sA

jk;iqj ls gfj}kj dk liQj dksbZ lk<s rhu ?kaVs dk FkkA gekjk gokbZtgkt mM+kA gokbZ tgkt ds dqy pkj lhVsa FkhA ,d ij eSa Fkk vkSj nks ijNÙkhlx<+ ds nks HkkbZ A jktho HkkbZ esjs cxy esa ysVs gq;s FksA ,d 6 iQqV dscdls esa mudk 'kjhj can FkkA liQsn&liQsn cknyksa ds chp esa tc ge tk jgsFks rc ckj&ckj ,slk yx jgk Fkk fd jktho HkkbZ dh vkRek Hkh] ;gha dghacknyksa esa chp esa gh gksxhA og gekjs lkFk gh py jgh gksxh] og rhu ?kaVs esjsthou esa u;k eksM+ ysdj vk;sA lcls igys rks ckj&ckj ;gh ckr eu esa vkjgh FkhA vc D;k djsa] dSls djs] bl yM+kbZ dks dSls vkxs c<+k;s] dSls jkthoHkkbZ ds liuksa dks iwjk djsaA jktho HkkbZ ds vUnj Hkkjr dks fons'kh laLÑfrvkSj 'kks"k.k ls eqDr djkus dh vkSj Hkkjr dks Lons'kh] Lokoyach vksj LokfHkekuhcukus dh tks rM+i Fkh] mldks dSls cjdjkj j[kk tk;sA mudh ;g rM+i lHkhHkkjrh;ksa esa dSls iznhIr dh tk;sA

jktho HkkbZ dk iwjk thou vk¡[kksa ds lkeus ?kwe x;kA dSls 20 lkydk ,d ukStoku] tks bykgkckn esa bathfu;j cuus vk;k] ?kjokyksa us vkbZ-,-,l-] ih-lh-,l ds [okc ns[kdj bykgkckn Hkstk] ns'k dh xjhch] Hkw[kejh vkSj'kk"s k.k o vU;k; dh yMk+ bZ eas 'kkfey gks x;k] 'kk;n jktho HkkbZ eas Økfa rdkfj;kasdk gh [kwu Fkk tks mUgsa bl {ks=k esa ysdj vk;kA muds thou ds lHkhmrkj&p<+ko vk¡[kksa ds lkeus ?kwe x;s vkSj vUr esa reke fojks/ksa ds ckotwnHkkjr LokfHkeku ds :i esa ns'k izse dks ijoku p<+kus dk le; Hkh ns[kkAysfdu vpkud ls ;g cszd yxh fd lcdqN 'kh'ks dh rjg VwVkA muds pj.kksaij gkFk j[kdj ladYi fy;k fd eSa thou Hkj jktho HkkbZ ds liuksa dks iwjkdjus dk opu fuHkkÅ¡xk] ftl rjg jktho HkkbZ vafre lkal rd ns'k dksLons'kh cukus dh yM+kbZ yM+rs jgs mlh rjg eSa Hkh vudh bl ijEijk dks vkxsc<+krs gq, viuk iwjk thou blh yM+kbZ ds fy, lefiZr dj nwaxk viuh vafrelkalksa rd ns'k dks Lons'kh cukus dh yM+kbZ dks tkjh j[kwaxk vkSj mudh bl


tc oks ngkM+ yxkdj fons'kh dEifu;ksa ds f[kykiQ cksyrs Fks rc gekjs vUnjgkSlyk iSnk gksrk FkkA vc dgk¡ ls ;g lc feysxk iwjs jkLrs lHkh dks lwpukdjrk jgkA fd ftudks Hkh laHko gks rqjUr gfj}kj igq¡psA tks&tks jktho HkkbZdks viuk xq: ekurs Fks] viuk l[kk ekurs Fks] viuk HkkbZ ekurs Fks os lcgfj}kj igq¡pasA ;g lans'k lHkh dks igq¡pkus ds fy, cksyrk jgkA

lqcg djhc 4 cts fHkykbZ igq¡pk] vuwi HkkbZ ds lkFk ml vLirkyesa igq¡pk tgk¡ jktho HkkbZ fpjfunzk esa ysVs FksA tc vkbZ-lh-;w esa igq¡pk rks osfcLrj ij ysVs gq, FksA osUVhysVj py jgk FkkA d`fÙke lakl pkyw FkhA vlyhlkal can FkhA vk¡[ks vk/kh [kqyh gqbZ FkhA tSls egkRek cq¼ dh ysVh gqbZ izfrekdh vk¡[ks [kqyh gqbZ gSa] Bhd oSlh gh] lekf/ tSlh fLFkfr FkhA irk ughafdldk bartkj djrs gq, lkal fudyh Fkh ;k irk ugha D;k lksprs&lksprslkal fudyh] psgjk ,dne 'kkar FkkA dksbZ rdyhiQ ;k ijs'kkuh tSlk dqN Hkhugha yxkA psgjs ij ped cjdjkj FkhA MkDVj us vkdj dqN crk;k irk ughaD;k dgkA cl bruk gh le> esa vk;k fd jktho HkkbZ ugha jgs] dsoyosaVhysVj pkyw gSA osUVhysVj fudkyus ds fy, dgk vkSj mudks 'kkafr ls lqyknsus ds fy, dgk] mudh [kqyh gqbZ vka[ksa can dh vkSj pj.kksa esa iz.kke fd;k]fliQZ ,d gh ckr eu ls fudyh bruh tYnh D;ksa pys x;sA vHkh rks cgqrdke djuk FkkA cgqr yM+uk FkkA vius liuksa dk Lons'kh Hkkjr cukuk FkkA;g lp gS fd viuh vfUre lakl rd jktho HkkbZ viuh deZHkwfe esa MVsjgsA ns'k dks Lons'kh cukus ds vfHk;ku dks tu&tu rd igq¡pkus esa yxs jgstSls ,d lSfud yM+kbZ ds vfUre nkSj rd viuh fLFkfr ugha NksM+rk_ pkgsmlds izk.k gh D;ksa u pys tk;s oSls gh jktho HkkbZ vfUre le; viuhlejHkwfe esa gh FksA

ml le; yxHkx 5 ct jgs FksA mudk 'kjhj lqcg 9&10 cts rdÚhtj esa j[kk x;kA ml le; Lokeh th dk f'kfoj f'kdksgkckn esa py jgkFkk ogha ls mUgksaus jk"Vª dks jktho HkkbZ ds tkus dk lans'k fn;k] iwjs ns'k esajktho HkkbZ dks tkuus okys vkjS pkgus okykas ds fy, ;g 'kkds kdyq lna 's k lnekigq¡pkus okyk FkkA muds vafre laLdkj dh [kcj nh xbZ dh og gfj}kj esagksxkA nwj&nwj ls yksx gfj}kj igq¡pus ds fy, fudy iM+sA

lqcg 9 cts vLirky ds uhps okys fgLls esa gh mUgsa vafre n'kZuds fy, j[kk x;k] fHkykbZ 'kgj ds gtkjksa Lons'kh izseh HkkbZ;ksa&cguksa us mudsn'kuZ fd,A ykxs kas ds vklw :d ugha jgs FkAs ejs s rks vkl¡ w gh l[w k x;s FkAs vk[¡ kasiRFkj gks xbZ Fkh] djhc 11 cts mudks jk;iqj ysdj x;s ogk¡ ij Hkh mudks



dh rS;kjh 'kq: gks xbZA vafre laLdkj ds fy, BkBkjh ij fyVkus ls iwoZ jkthoHkkbZ dks Luku djk;k x;kA lHkh izseh lkfFk;ksa us vius&vius gkFkksa lsfugyk;k] ?kh panu yxk;k vkSj [kknh ds diM+s esa yisV dj mUgsa BBjh ijfyVk;k x;k] mlds ckn oansekrje~ ds ukjksa ds lkFk jktho HkkbZ dks LoxZjFkesa fcBk;k x;kA ^oansekrje~* vkSj ^jktho HkkbZ vej jgs* ds ukjksa ds lkFkjktho HkkbZ dks du[ky vkJe esa vafre n'kZu ds fy, j[kk x;k] Lokeh thdh ekrkth ds vk¡lw :d gh ugha jgs FksA ogk¡ ij gfj}kj ds gtkjksa yksxksa usjktho HkkbZ ds n'kZu fd;sA ogk¡ ls ?kkV rd jktho HkkbZ dks da?ks ij ys tk;kx;kA du[ky ?kkV ij mudh fprk ltkbZ xbAZ euS s Lokeh th ls vkxgz fd;kfd Lokeh th vki jktho HkkbZ dks o/kZ ls xaMk cka/dj yk;s Fks vkSj viusf'k"; ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k FkkA blfy, vki viuh lU;kl ijEijk dksNksM+dj eq[kkfXu vo'; nsaA Lokeh th us] vkpk;Z th us vkSj eSaus rhuksa usfeydj eq[kfXu nhA lHkh mifLFkr dk;ZdÙkkvksa us lfe/k Mkyh vkSj jkthoHkkbZ iaprRo esa foyhu gks x;sA

vc mudk 'kjhj gekjs lkFk ugha gS ysfdu mudk fopkj] mudsladYi gekjs lkFk gSa mUgsa gh iwjk djuk gSA xaxk esa mudh vfLFk;ksa dks blladYi ds lkFk izokfgr fd;k fd jktho HkkbZ ds fopkj iwjs ns'k esa iQSykus gSaAxaxk tgk¡&tgk¡ tkrh gS ogk¡&ogk¡ jktho HkkbZ ds fopkj iQSysaxsa vkSj mUghafdukjksa ij fiQj ls os iSnk gksaxsA jktho HkkbZ dh tUeHkwfe xaxk ds fdukjs ghjgh vkSj os fiQj ls mUgha fdukjksa ij iSnk gksaxsA

Lons'kh ds izfr jktho HkkbZ dh vxk/ J¼k vkSj rM+i dks 'kr%'krueu] blh rM+i vkSj J¼k dks ysdj ge lc bl yM+kbZ dks tkjh j[ksxsa------

13&2&2012 iznhi nhf{krlsokxzke o/kZ


ijEijk dks vkxs c<+krs gq, viuk iwjk thou blh yM+kbZ ds fy, lefiZr djnw¡xkA eu gh eu ;g ladYi fy;k vksj eu dks etcwr cuk;kA vk¡lwvksa dksikSaNk vkSj dBksj ân; djds bl yM+kbZ dk twvk dks vius da/ksa ij Mkyfy;kA tc rd Hkkjr dks iw.kZ Lons'kh] iw.kZ Lokoyach vkSj LokfHkekuh ugha cukysaxs rc rd pSu dh lkal ugha ysuh gS] cgqr lkjs yksxksa us dgk fd jkthoHkkbZ nqckjk ls vk;saxs bl v/wjh yM+kbZ dks iwjk djus ds fy,A ;fn ,slk gksrkHkh gS rks Hkh tc rd os vk;sa rc rd bldks ftUnk j[kuk vkSj pyk;s j[kusdh ftEesnkjh vius da/ksa ij mBk yh gSA Lokeh th dk rks vk'khokZn gS gh]vkSj jktho HkkbZ ds ekuus okys] pkgus okyksa dk vk'khokZn Hkh jgsxk ghA

djhc 5&6 cts ds vklikl gfj}kj vk x;k] ogk¡ vkpk;Z ckyÑ".kth jktho HkkbZ dks ysus vk;s FksA jktho HkkbZ dks ysdj lh/ Hkkjr LokfHkekuds dk;kZy; esa x;sA ogk¡ jktho HkkbZ ds vafre n'kZu djus okyksa dk rkarkyxuk 'kq: gks x;kA jktho HkkbZ vej jgs ds ukjksa ds lkFk mudk ifFkZo 'kjhj]J`¼ky;e ds mlh fo'kky gky esa j[kk x;k tgk¡ mUgksaus vius ,sfrgkfldO;k[;ku fn;s FkAs lkeus ogh epa FkkA tgk¡ jktho HkkbZ us Lokeh th ds lfuè;esa ns'k ds ukStokuksa dks yydkjk Fkk vkSj mudh vkokt ij lSdM+kas thou nkuhviuk lcdqN NksM+dj ^Hkkjr LokfHkeku* dh bl yM+kbZ esa dwns FksA muesa lsdkiQh thounkuh HkkbZ ogk¡ FksA os lHkh grizHk Fks] mUgsa le> esa ugha vk jgkFkkA D;k djsaA jktho HkkbZ dks ciQZ dh flfYy;ksa ij fyVk;k x;k] mudks xehZcgqr yxrh Fkh blfy, 'kk;n vius vafre le; esa os ciQZ ij ysVs FksA rcrd ek¡&firkth Hkh vk x;sA mudks vHkh rd ugha crk;k x;k Fkk fd jkthoHkkbZ ugha jgsA gfj}kj esa gky esa izos'k ls igys gh mUgsa crk;k] gky esa izos'kdjrs gh firkth us foyki djrs gq, iwNk dh HkS;k dks dgk¡ NksM+ vk;s] eSa D;ktokc nsrk] esjss ikl dksbZ mRrj ugha Fkk] ,d cki vius csVs ds vafre n'kZuds fy, vk;k Fkk] og csVk ftlus ns'k lsok dk ozr ysdj Hkkjr ek¡ dks fons'khdaifu;ksa ls eqDr djkus vkSj [kq'kgky Hkkjr cukus dh yM+kbZ NsM+h Fkh] mldsvafre n'kZu ds fy, vk;s FksA ek¡ ckj&ckj jktho HkkbZ ds psgjs dks I;kj lsNw&Nwdj cksy jgh Fkh fd vkt gh rsjk tUefnu FkkA ,d ckj rks mB tkysfdu jktho HkkbZ rks 'kkar lks jgs FksA Lokeh th us lHkh dks <ka<l ca/k;k vkSjdgk fd ge lc vkids csVs gaSA vki rks gtkj csVs okyh ek¡ gksA nwj&nwj lslHkh lkfFk;ksa dk vkuk tkjh FkkA iqjkus&iqjkus lkFkh vk jgs Fks vafre n'kZu dsfy,A jkr Hkj ;g lc pyrk jgkA

lqcg 8 cts du[ky ds ?kkV ij vafre laLdkj ds fy, ys tkus



3-3-3-3-3-

eksulsaVkseksulsaVkseksulsaVkseksulsaVkseksulsaVksnqfu;ka ds iwjs [kk|ku ij dCtsnqfu;ka ds iwjs [kk|ku ij dCtsnqfu;ka ds iwjs [kk|ku ij dCtsnqfu;ka ds iwjs [kk|ku ij dCtsnqfu;ka ds iwjs [kk|ku ij dCts

dh rS;kjhdh rS;kjhdh rS;kjhdh rS;kjhdh rS;kjh

fiNys ek=k rhu lkyksa esa tks riwQkuh jÝrkj ls jkWdsV dh rjgvkleku Nwus yxh] vkSj ftlus cktkj esa viuh iw¡th 7-5 vjc MkWyj lsc<+kdj 96 vjc MkWyj (;kuh Hkkjr ljdkj ds o"kZ 1998&99 ds ctV lslok xquk T;knk) rd igq¡pkus dk deky fn[kk fn;k] ftlus tSo rduhdhds {ks=k esa lkykuk 46 djksM+ MkWyj 'kks/ ij [kpZ djds bl {ks=k esa Økafr djMkyh vkSj tSo rduhdh dh ¶ekbØkslkWÝV¸ dk uke gkfly dj fy;k]ftlds 'ks;j LVkWd cktkj esa 11-50 MkWyj ls Nykax ekjdj 45 MkWyj ij ig¡qpx;s vkSj tks okyLVªhV dk ghjks cu x;k] ftlus dsoy ,d lky (1998) esa8 vjc MkWyj iw¡th fuos'k dj tSfod bathfu;jh] ikS/ mRiknu (Økai czhfMax)]vk.kqfod tho foKku] [kk| izlaLdj.k (iQwM izkSlsflax)] nok m|ksx] gchZlkbM]isLVhlkbM vkfn {ks=kksa dh <sj lkjh daifu;ksa dks foyhu djds ;k [kjhn djdsnqfu;k dh lcls cM+h Ñf"k jlk;u tho m|ksx okyh fLoV~tjySaM dh daiuhuksokfVZt dks iNkM+rh gqbZ pksVh ij igq¡p xbZ] ftldk dkjksckj vejhdk]dukMk] czkthy rFkk vU; ykrhuh vejhdh ns'k] tkiku] phu] Hkkjr vkSjvÚhdk esa iQSyk gks] vkSj ftlus 78 ns'kksa esa vius mRikn ij isVsaV djkus dhis'kd'k dj yh gks] ftlds tSo bathfu;fjax ls rS;kj cht dsoy vejhdk esagh yxHkx nks djksM+ ,dM+ tehu esa cks, x, gSa vkSj ftldk bjknk bl lkybl {ks=kiQy dks nwuk djus dk gks] tks nqfu;k dh lcls cM+h gchZlkbM mRiknd

gks] tks nqfu;k ls Hkw[k feVkus dk ,syku djrh gks] ftlus VfeZusVj VsDuksykWthij dCtk djds vkfndky ls chtksa ij nqfu;k Hkj ds fdlkuksa ds pys vk,vf/dkjksa dks Nhuus dk iq[rk bartke dj fy;k gks vkSj ftlus nqfu;k dh,d frgkbZ vkcknh dk isV Hkjus okys NksVs vkSj lhekUr fdlkuksa dk liQk;kdjus dk Bku fy;k gks] ml nkuo dkjiksjs'ku dk uke gS && eksulsaVksA

eksulsaVks dk vkijkf/d bfrgkleksulsaVks dk vkijkf/d bfrgkleksulsaVks dk vkijkf/d bfrgkleksulsaVks dk vkijkf/d bfrgkleksulsaVks dk vkijkf/d bfrgklekulsaVks vejhdk dh cgqjk"Vªh; daiuh gS ftldk eq[;ky; felwjh

jkT; ds lsaV yqbZ 'kgj esa gSA blds izeq[k vf/dkjh gSa ckWc 'kSihjksA ;ksa rks ;gdaiuh 96 lky iqjkuh gS ij fiNys 3 lkyksa esa ,d ds ckn ,d cM+h daifu;ksadks [kjhn dj ;k vius esa feykdj blus nqfu;k dh lcls cM+h nSR;kdkjdaifu;ksa esa viuk LFkku cuk fy;k gSA ;ksa rks ;g daiuh vius gchZlkbM([kjirokj&uk'kd) ^jkmaMvi* ds fy;s e'kgwj gS vkSj vHkh Hkh bldhvk/h ls T;knk dekbZ blh ls gksrh gS ij vc ;g rsth ls cht vkSj iQlyksads {ks=k esa c<+ jgh gS vkSj nqfu;k dh [kk| vkiwfrZ ij dCtk djus dk bldkbjknk gSA ;fn tSo rduhdh dh orZeku fn'kk vkSj rjhdksa ij fu;a=k.k u gqvkrks dqN gh lkyksa esa ;g daiuh nqfu;k dh 5 vU; Ñf"k daifu;ksa & uksokfVZt],xzks,oks] n~;wiksa] tsusdk vkSj MkWo ds lkFk nqfu;k dh [kk| vkiwfrZ dks gfFk;kyxs hA

vktdy eksulsaVks vius dks i;kZoj.k dk nksLr vkSj Hkkstu] LokLF;vkSj vk'kk dk >aMkcjnkj fn[kkus dh dksf'k'k dj jgh gSA ijUrq mlds psgjsij ekuork ds izfr fd, x, t?kU; vijk/ksa ds cM+s&cM+s dkys /Ccs yxs gq,gSaA fo;ruke ;q¼ esa taxyksa dks lkiQ djus ds fy, eksulsaVks dk gchZlkbM^,tsaV vkWjsat* uke ls bLrseky fd;k x;kA vejhdh lsuk us fo;ruke ij ;gtgj dksbZ 1-1 djksM+ xSyu fNM+dk ftlls 40 yk[k gsDVs;j tehu iznwf"kr gksxbZ] iQlysa vkSj gfj;kyh u"V gks xbZ] ikuh tgjhyk gks x;k vkSj dsoy mlle; ds yksxksa dh gh ftUnxh cjckn ugha gqbZ] vkxs tks muds cPps iSnk gq,]os fo:fir vkSj fodykax iSnk gq,A blh daiuh us ,d vU; jlk;u cuk;kftldk uke gS && ihlh chtA ;g fl¼ gks x;k gS fd ;g jlk;u dSaljvkSj tUenks"k iSnk djrk gSA

i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k esa eksulsaVks dk ftruk cM+k ;ksxnku gS mruk gh




Ny&iQjcs h vkjS gjs kiQjs h eas Hkh gAS vejhdk dh i;koZ j.k lja {k.k ,tlas h (biZ h,)us vejhdk esa 93 [krjukd jklk;fud dpjs ds <sjksa] ftUgsa ^lqijiQaM lkbV*dgk tkrk gS] ds fy, eksulsaVks dks ftEesnkj ekuk gS vkSj 1995 ds var rdml ij 7-1 djksM+ MkWyj dk gtkZuk cuk FkkA eksulsaVks ij vU; i;kZoj.kh;fouk'k dh HkjikbZ djus ds fy, 9 djksM MkWyj dh vkSj Hkh ftEesnkjh cuhgSA blds ckotwn Hkh eksulsaVks us tgjhys gchZlkbM ds mRiknu esa deh ughavkus nh gSA gk¡] og >wBk izpkj vo'; dj jgh gS fd mlds mRiknu lsfudyus okyh tgjhyh xSlksa dk fudkl 90 iQhlnh de djus dk mlus tksvfHk;ku 1980 esa 'kq: fd;k Fkk] og 1992 esa iwjk gks x;kA bl ckr ds izek.kfeys gSa] fd vejhdk dh cM+h ljdkjh ,tsafl;ksa tSls bZihbZ vkSj iQkSt dkeksulsaVks ls lh/k lEidZ jgk gS vkSj budh enn ls eksulsaVks us vius vijk/fNik, gSaA Mk;ksDlhu dks jklk;fud gfFk;kj ds rkSj ij bLrseky djus ijvejhdh lsuk vkSj eksulsaVks ds chp gqbZ okrkZ dks vHkh Hkh xksiuh; j[kk tkjgk gSA eksulsaVks dh Ny&iQjsch dk Toyar mnkgj.k gS ihlh cht dh lqj{kktk¡p A tc vkS|ksfxd tSo ijh{k.k iz;ksx'kkyk esa tkap gks jgh Fkh rks eksulaasVksus vius ,d VksDlksdksfyTLV dks bl iz;ksx'kkyk esa HkrhZ djkdj ijh{k.k dhtk¡p iM+rky vius ekfiQd djk yhA 1974 esa bZihbZ dks irk pyk fd gtkjksaijh{k.k /ks[kk/M+h ;k fiQtwy <ax ls fd, x, FksA bZihbZ ds uhfr fo'ys"kdfofy;e ,atwj us eksulsaVks ds izfroknksa dks xkscj dk <sj dgk gSA viusvijk/ksa vkSj Ny iQjsch ij inkZ Mkyus ds fy, eksulsaVks fiNys 3 lkyksa lsvius dks ^thou foKku* dh daiuh ds :i esa izpkfjr dj jgh gSA lko/kuhds rkSj ij og vius [kk| mRiknksa ij vius uke dk yscy ugha yxkrhA og/vq k/¡ kj ipz kj dj jgh gS fd og vc jlk;u dia uh ugha jghA ij fuEu vkda M+smlds >wB dk inkZiQk'k djrs gSa 1995 esa eksulsaVks ds fofHkUu mRiknksa dhfcØh vkSj mlls izfr'kr vk; fuEu gSA jlk;u ls 41 %] Ñf"k mRikn ls28 %] nok ls 19 %] [kk| vo;o ls 12 %A

tSlk Åij dgk tk pqdk gS eksulsaVks dk fcdus okyk izeq[k mRiknvHkh Hkh gchZlkbM&^jkm.Mvi* gS] tks tgjhyk jlk;u gSA bl le; nqfu;kesa lcls cM+h Ñf"k jlk;u daiuh eksulsaVks gSA 1997 esa bl daiuh dh Ñf"kjlk;u fcØh 631-8 djksM+ MkWyj Fkh tcfd uksokfVZt dh 312-6] tsusdk dh267-4] n~;wiksa dh 251-8] ,xzks,oks dh 235-2] os;j dh 225-4] jkWu&iwykSa dh220] MkWo dh 205 djksM+ MkWyj FkhA eksulSaVks ;g feF;k izpkj dj jgh gS

fd tSo bathfu;jh ls rS;kj mldk mRikn vkjchth,l xk; dks f[kykus ls nw/c<+rk gS] mldh nok ls fdlkuksa dh vkenuh c<+rh gS vkSj euq";ksa rFkktkuojksa ds fy, blesa dksbZ uqdlku ugha gSA vkjchth,l dk xk;ksa ij iz;ksxdjus okys 17 iQhlnh vejhdh fdlkuksa us bl ckr dh iqf"V dh gS fd blnok ds iz;ksx ls mudk equkiQk c<+k ugha gSA oSKkfud ijh{k.kksa ls irk pykgS fd ;g nok xk;kas eas efS LVVht* uked xHa khj chekjh c<k+ rh gS ftlds dkj.kxk;ksa ds Fkuksa eas lwtu vk tkrh gSA blls dks'kksa esa foHkktu iSnk gks tkrkgS tks dSalj V~;wej iSnk djrk gSA blh dkj.k ;wjksih; la?k vkSj dukMk usvkjchth,l ij jksd yxk nh gS vkSj ;wjksi ds dksMsDl ,yh;a esaVsfj;al vk;kxsus bl nok dks ljq f{kr ?kkfs "kr djus ds vejhdh iLz rko dks Bdq jk fn;k gSA

fo'o fot; ds c<+rs dne fo'o fot; ds c<+rs dne fo'o fot; ds c<+rs dne fo'o fot; ds c<+rs dne fo'o fot; ds c<+rs dneeksulsaVks us viuk lkezkT; rwiQkuh jÝrkj ls c<+k;k gSA 130 ns'kksa esa

bldk dkjksckj iQSy x;k gSA nqfu;k ds [kk| ra=k ij ,dkf/dkj djus ds bjknsls blus nksgjh j.kuhfr viukbZ gSA bl j.kuhfr dk ,d fgLlk gS cht rFkkÑf"k ls lacaf/r daifu;ksa dh [kjhn vkSj foy; (,Dohft'ku vkSj etZj)AfiNys pkj lkyksa esa eksulsaVks us fuEufyf[kr daifu;ksa vkSj laLFkkvksa dks [kjhnk;k vius esa feyk;k gS %&1- dsYyks] eØ dk jlk;u fMohtu 1 vjc MkWyj esa] 1995 esaA2- jks'k ls efgykvksa dh gsYFk ds;j lqfo/k,¡ 24 djksM+ MkWyj esa] 1995 esaA3- vejhdh cgqjk"Vªh; daiuh MC;w- vkj- xzsl dh 'kk[kk ^,xzsflV~l* dh tSo

rduhdh lsokvksa dks] dikl vkSj lks;kchu ds isVsaVksa dks] 15 djksM+ MkWyjesa] 1996 esaA

4- dSyhiQksfuZ;k dh ikS/ tSo rduhdh daiuh ^dSythu* dk 49-9 izfr'krHkkx 1996 esa] bl daiuh us iQScz&lScz VekVj pkyw fd;k FkkA

5- tuojh 1997 esa ^gkWYMUl iQkmaMs'ku lhM~l*A vejhdk esa vuqekur%25&30 izfr'kr [ksrh ij eDdk blh daiuh ds chtksa ls cksbZ tkrh gSA

6- uoEcj 1997 esa czkthy dh cht daiuh & ^lsesaVht ,xzksljht*A bldaiuh dk czkthy esa eDdk cht O;olk; ij 30 izfr'kr dCtk gSA

7- lsehuht dh lks;kchu daiuh ^,lxzks ,xzksuksfeDl* 26-7 djksM+ esa]1997 esaA




8- vDrcw j] 1997 ea s vejhdk dh tes kfs eDl dia uh feyfs u;e iQkekLZ ;fw VdYlds lkFk 11-8 djksM+ MkWyj dk 5 lky ds fy, lg;ksx le>kSrk] blle>kSrs ds rgr eksulsaVks dh ,d ubZ 'kk[kk [kM+h dh xbZ gS ftlesayxHkx 100 oSKkfud tsuksfeDl rduhdh ds bLrseky ij feySfu;e dslkFk dke dj jgs gSaA

9- 1998 esa eksulsaVks us eè; vkSj ykrhuh vejhdk] ;wjksi] ,f'k;k rFkkvÚhdk esa dkjfxy uked dEiuh ds vUrjjk"Vªh; cht dkjksckj dks1-4 vjc MkWyj esa [kjhnkA ;g /a/k eDdk] lw;Zeq[kh vkSj jsilhM dsfodkl vkSj ekdsZfVax rFkk lks;kchu] vYiQkYiQk] cktjk] xsgw¡ vkSj ladjpkoy ds cht dh ekdsZfVax dk FkkA

10- 1998 esa MsYVk ,aM ikbu ySaM daiuh dks 1-82 vjc MkWyj esa [kjhn fy;k]blls eksulsaVks dks dikl ds cht ds vejhdh cktkj esa 85 izfr'krHkkxhnkjh fey xbZ vkSj lkFk gh nqfu;k esa bl cht ds O;kikj ij etcwridM+ cu xbZA vejhdh Ñf"k foHkkx ds lkFk MsYVk ,aM ikbu us tks isVsaVVfeZusVj VsDuksykWth ij ys j[kk Fkk] 3 ekpZ 1998 dks] og Hkh eksulsaVksds vf/dkj esa vk x;kA

11- 11 ebZ 1998 dks vejhdk dh nwljs uEcj dh lcls cM+h daiuh MsdkYcdks 2-3 vjc MkWyj esa vf/xzfgr dj fy;kA

12- 1998 esa Hkkjr dh daiuh Egkbdks (egkjk"Vª gkbfczM lhM~l daiuhfyfeVsM) ds lkFk la;qDr m|eA Egkbdks ds isMvi ewY; dk 25 xqukHkqxrku(180 djksM+ #-) djds blds 26 iQhlnh 'ks;j eksulsaVks us [kjhnfy, gSaA caxywj ds Hkkjrh; foKku laLFkku (vkbZ-vkbZ-,l-lh-) esa 2-5djkMs + MkyW j dk vunq ku nds j ogk¡ 'kk/s ,oa fodkl dUs nz dk;e fd;k gAS

13- tqykbZ 1998 esa eksulsaVks us fczVsu dh daiuh ;wuhyhoj ds ;wjksih; xsgw¡iztuu O;olk; & IykaV czhfMax baVjus'kuy dSafczt & dks 52-5 djksM+MkWyj esa [kjhn fy;kA

14- 1 twu 1998 dks eksulsaVks dk foy; vejhdk dh 'kks/ vk/kfjr nokm|ksx vkSj LokLF; j{kk mRikn daifu;ksa esa ,d cM+h daiuh vejhdu gkseizkWMDV dkjiksjs'ku (,-,p-ih) esa gqvkA 33 vjc MkWyj dk ;g foy; nokm|ksx dk lcls cM+k vkSj bfrgkl dk NBk lcls cM+k foy; FkkA foy;ds ckn ;g daiuh Ñf"k jlk;u esa nqfu;k dh lcls cM+h daiuh cu xbZA

ywV ds rjhds vkSj bjknsywV ds rjhds vkSj bjknsywV ds rjhds vkSj bjknsywV ds rjhds vkSj bjknsywV ds rjhds vkSj bjknseksulsaVks dh fo'o fot; dh j.kuhfr dk nwljk i{k gS iQlyksa ds

chtksa ij isVsaV ysdj ,dkf/dkj dk;e djukA MCY;wVhvks ds isVsaV dkuwu us20 lky dk isVsaV ekuk gS] bldk ykHk eksulsaVksa mBk jgh gSA eksulsaVks djD;k jgh gS\ nqfu;k ds vusd ns'kksa ds fdlkuksa us fdLe&fdLe ds chtlkyksa&lky ds iz;ksx ls rS;kj fd, gSa] mu chtksa esa daiuh ,d thu bl izdkjcnyrh gS ftlls cht fdlh jksx ;k gchZlkbM dk izfrjks/h cu tk,a vkSj fiQjog nkok djrh gS fd og cht fdlkuksa dk ugha] mldh futh lEifÙk gSAvc isVsaV djkdj daiuh ml ij ,dkf/dkj] de ls de 20 lky ds fy,djkrh gSA ,d ns'k esa isVsaV ysus ds ckn MCY;w- Vh- vks- dh enn ls og isVsaVlHkh ns'kksa esa ykxw gks tk;sxkA eksulsaVks rks ,d dne vkxs gSA VfeZusVjVsDuksykWth dk isVsaV mlds gkFk esa gSA vc bl rduhdh ls ,sls cht cukjgs gSa tks dsoy ,d ckj gh mxsaxs ;kuh fdlku gj lky daiuh ls cht ysusdks etcwj gksxkA eksulsaVks dh ,d ;kstuk vkSj gSA ,d ubZ rduhdh gS ftls^,siksfefDVd VsDuksykWth* dgrs gSa] blds }kjk ikS/s ladj Ñard (gkbZfczMDyksu) rS;kj djus yxrs gSaA ;s gkbfczM Dyksu cht cgqr lLrs iM+rs gSaAvejhdk ds Ñf"k foHkkx us 20 tuojh 1998 dks ^,siksfefDVd eDdk* ijisVsaV ys fy;k gSA eksulsaVks us Ñf"k foHkkx ls ;g isVsaV [kjhnus dk bjknk cukfy;k gSA

eksulsaVks us tsusfVd bathfu;jh ls lks;kchu ds cht dh ,slh fdLeiSnk dh gS ftl ij mldh ^gchZlkbM jkm.Mvi* dk vlj ugha gksrkA gk¡]vU; [kjirokj [kRe gks tkrs gSaA bls jkm.Mvi jsMh lks;kchu* dgrs gaSA blfdLe dks mlus isVsaV djk fy;k gS vkSj vius isVsaV dh j{kk ds fy, mlus1996 esa ,d ;kstuk pkyw dh gSA tks fdlku jkmaMvi jsMh lks;kchu cht[kjhnrs gSa] mUgsa ,d djkjukes ij nLr[kr djus gksrs gSa ftldh 'krsZ gSa %fdlku dks eksulsaVks dks ;g vf/dkj nsuk gS fd mlds [ksrksa dk eksulsaVks3 lky rd eqvk;uk dj lds] mls ekWfuVj dj lds rFkk [ksrksa dk ijh{k.kdj lds] fdlku dsoy eksulsaVks dk gchZlkbM jkm.Mvi gh bLrseky djldsxk] fdlku dks cht cpkus vkSj fiQj ls cksus dk vf/dkj NksM+uk iM+sxk]fdlku dks oknk djuk gksxk fd og fdlh vU; O;fDr vFkok laLFkk dks chtu csp ldsxk vkSj u ns ldsxkA fdlku dks fyf[kr :i ls ;g eatwj djukgksxk fd vxj og bl le>kSrs ds fdlh Hkkx dk mYya?ku djrk gS rks mls




eksulasVks dks ml le; dh jkm.Mvi jsMh thu dh ykxw iQhl dk 100 xqukxqf.kr LFkkukUrfjr chtksa dh bdkbZ dh la[;k nsuk gksxkA blesa odhy dhU;k;ksfpr iQhl rFkk [kpsZ Hkh tksM+us gkasxsA eksulsaVks us ,slk gh djkjukektsusfVd bathfu;jh ls cus dikl ds cht jkm.Mvi jsMh duksyk] eDdk]pqdUnj ds chtksa ij Hkh ykxw fd;k gSA

eksulsaVks rFkk vU; tsusfVd bathfu;jh okyh nkuo daifu;ksa ds chp?keklku ;q¼ py jgk gS nqfu;k dh [kk| vkiwfrZ ij vf/d ls vf/d dCtkdjus dkA bldk urhtk gks jgk gS ijEijkxr izkÑfrd chtksa dk fouk'k vkSjtsusfVd bathfu;jh ls cus chtksa dk ckgqY;A eksulsaVks bl egk;q¼ esa gj laHkopkysa viuk jgh gSA ljdkjh ra=k esa rsth ls ?kqliSB cuk jgh gSA fiNysnks&rhu lkyksa esa vejhdk ds OgkbV gkml vkSj Ñf"k foHkkx ds dbZ Å¡ps inksaij cBS s viQlj ekus lVas ks eas 'kkfey gks x, gAaS oKS kfud ifz r"Bkukas eas Hkh mldhigq¡p c<+ jgh gSA Hkkjr ds izfrf"Br laLFkku bf.M;u baLVhV~;wV vkWiQ lkbal]caxywj esa mlus viuk dsUnz cuk fy;k gS ftlds ekè;e ls Hkkjr dh leLrtSo fofo/rk ds Kku ij mldh igq¡p curh tk jgh gSA vejhdk esa lsaV yqbZ]tgk¡ eksulsaVks dk eq[;ky; gS] esa ;g daiuh ,d fo'kky ikS/ foKku dsUnz lu2000 ls [kM+k dj jgh gS tks fo'o esa vius fdLe dk lcls cM+k dsUnz gksxkAblesa eksulsaVks ds lkFk felwjh cksVsfudy xkMZu] dksyfEc;k fLFkr felwjhfo'ofo|ky; vkSj lsaV yqbZ fLFkr okf'kaxVu fo'ofo|ky; 'kkfey gksaxsA 800fdyks ehVj v/ZO;kl ds o`Ùkh; {ks=k esa ;g dsUnz] gtkjksa ikS/ iztkfr;ksa ijtsusfVd bathfu;jh dk iz;ksx djds] [kk| vkSj [ksrh ij daiuh jkt dk;edjus dk csfelky mnkgj.k cusxkA

bl egk;q¼ esa izpkj dk gfFk;kj O;kid :i ls bLrseky gks jgk gSAnqfu;k ds cM+s&cM+s v[kckjksa esa eksulsaVks ds eksgd vkSj cM+s&cM+s Hkzked foKkiuNirs gSaA fczVsu ds ,d v[kckj esa eksulsaVks ds ,d foKkiu dk 'kh"kZd dgrkgS&Hkw[kh Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa ds fy;s fpUrk mudk isV ugha Hkjsxh] [kk| tSorduhdh HkjsxhA eksulsaVks equkiQs ds ykyp esa vkSj nqfu;k Hkj esa viuk Ñf"klkezkT; dk;e djus ds ikxyiu esa nqfu;k Hkj ds fdlkuksa ds gkFk ls mudscht] mudh vktknh Nhu jgh gS vkSj yk[kksa lky dh tSo fofo/rk dk uk'kdjds tgj vkjS ekus kds Ypj ls nfq u;k dks ikVus dk nkuoh; nLq lkgl dj jgh gASÏksr& eksulsaVks % fjlpZ iQkmaMs'ku iQkj lkbal VsDuksykWth ,aM bdksykWth] ubZ fnYyh]

FkMZ oYMZ fjltsal] eysf'k;k- vad&97]

4-4-4-4-4-

usLysusLysusLysusLysusLysyk[kks a f'k'kqvks a dk gR;kjkyk[kks a f'k'kqvks a dk gR;kjkyk[kks a f'k'kqvks a dk gR;kjkyk[kks a f'k'kqvks a dk gR;kjkyk[kks a f'k'kqvks a dk gR;kjk

yk[kksa&djksM+ksa dh gR;k djus dk nq"deZ dksbZ nkuo gh dj ldrkgSA yksxksa dh gR;k djus ls Hkh dfBu dke gksrk gS yksxksa dh vkfndky lspyh vk jgh uSlfxZd] izkÑfrd vknr dh gR;k djuk vkSj mls dksbZegknkuo gh dj ldrk gSA

bl egknkuo us lSdM+ksa ^lsYlxYlZ* dks ulk±s dh iks'kkd igukdj;wjksi ds dbZ ns'kksa ds vLirkyksa ds tPpk&cPpk okMks± esa Hkst fn;kA bucgq:fi;k ulks± us uotkr f'k'kqvksa dh ekrkvksa dks le>k;k % ¶ge ulZ gASa gevkids vkSj vkids f'k'kq ds LokLF; ds ckjs esa vkidks MkWDVjh lykg nsukpkgrs gSaA vki vius f'k'kq dks viuk nw/ fiyk,axh rks ;g laHko gS fd vkids'kjhj ds jksx ds dhVk.kq Lruiku }kjk vkids f'k'kq ds 'kjhj esa igq¡pdj mldkLokLF; fcxkM+ nsa vkSj vki dHkh ugha pkgsaxh fd vkidk f'k'kq tUe ds cknls gh jksxxzLr gks tk;A fiQj vkidks Hkh vius LokLF; vkSj lkSUn;Z dk [;kyj[kuk gAS cPps dks n/w fiykus ls u dos y vkidk 'kjhj detkjs gkxs k] vkidk'kjhj cs:i Hkh gks tk,xkA gekjh vkidks usd lykg gS fd cPps vkSj viusLokLF; vkSj lkSn;Z dh j{kk ds fy, vki cPps dks viuk nw/ u fiyk,¡AMkWDVjksa us cPpksa ds fy, ,d csgrjhu pht rS;kj dh gS ftlls cPps dks lHkhiks"kd rRo feyrs gSa vkSj cPpk cyoku vkSj fujksx gksrk gS vkSj mldh o`f¼rsth ls gksrh gSA¸ bl mins'k ds ckn ;s yM+fd;k¡ ekrkvksa dks cschiQwM ds ÚhlSEiy nsrh Fkha lkFk gh cksry vkSj fuIiyA ^lsYlxYlZ* dks ulZ dh iks'kkdesa Hkstuk izpkj dk ,d rjhdk FkkA fdLe&fdLe ds vkØked izpkj djds




dkWiQh&dgok taxy dk cM+k f'kdkjhdkWiQh&dgok taxy dk cM+k f'kdkjhdkWiQh&dgok taxy dk cM+k f'kdkjhdkWiQh&dgok taxy dk cM+k f'kdkjhdkWiQh&dgok taxy dk cM+k f'kdkjhcschiQwM ds {ks=k esa usLys dkiQh dq[;kr gS] ij mlds f'kdkj dk

vlyh fu'kkuk dkWiQh vkSj dksdksvk gSA dksdksvk esa rks og 'kga'kkg gS mlhrjg tSls pk; vkSj dkWiQh esa ;wuhyhoj gSA 1937 esa usLys us ^rqjUr dkWiQh*(bULVsaV dkWiQh) yk¡p dh vkSj tSls BaMs is; dk uke ysrs gh dksdkdksyk ;knvkrk gS oSls gh bULVsaV dkWiQh ds lkFk usLys dk uke tqM+ x;k gS vkSj og^dkWiQh ikoj* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA usLys us viuk fojkV lkezkT; cukusds fy, viuh Hkkjh lEifÙk ds cy ij vf/xzg.k dh uhfr viukbZ gSAvejhdk dh rhljh lcls cM+h dEiuh ^fgYl cznlZ* dks usLys us 1984 esa[kjhn fy;kA fgYl cznlZ Hkquh vkSj filh dkWiQh ds O;olk; esa vejhdk esavxz.kh dEiuh FkhA blds vf/xzg.k ds iQyLo:i usLys vejhdk esa Nk x;kAblls izksRlkfgr gksdj fctyh dh jÝrkj ls usLys us mlh lky vejhdk esa ,dvkSj cM+k f'kdkj fd;kA ;g Fkk vejhdh nqX/ nkuo ^dkusZ'ku*A dkusZ'ku [kqnvHks| f'kdkjh FkkA mlus cM+s iSekus ij ykrhuh vejhdk ds nw/ vkSj vU;[kk| i;s cktkjkas ij dCtk tek;k FkkA ;g dEiuh vejhdk eas Hkh vx.z kh FkhAmlds gkFk esa vejhdk ds bULVsaV dksdksvk cktkj dk 2@5 Hkkx Fkk tcfduLys dk dsoy 10 izfr'kr FkkA [kk| is;ksa esa de ls de 200 fofo/ mRikndkusZ'ku ds izpfyr Fks ftuesa dkWiQh esV dkiQh e'kgwj FkkA dkusZ'ku dsvf/xzg.k ls fLol fotsrk usLys dks vejhdk esa vikj /jksgj fey xbZAdkds kvs k {k=s k eas uLs ys dks ofS 'od lkekz T; foLrkj nus s ds fy, egÙoi.w kZ ?kVukFkh usLys }kjk baXyS.M dh izfl¼ dEiuh jkmuVªh eSfd.Vks'k dks gM+i ysukAdksdksvk ij Hkkjh dCtk djds usLys us vusd izdkj ds pkWdysV czkaM nqfu;kds cktkj esa NksM+ j[ks gSaA

usLys dk eq[;ky; fLoV~tjyS.M esa oosbZ esa fLFkr gSA nqfu;k dhlcls cM+h [kk| is; mRiknd dEifu;ksa esa bldk LFkku NBk gSA 1992 ds,d vk¡dM+s ds vuqlkj mldk cktkj iw¡thdj.k (ekdsZV dsfiVykbts'ku)24-6 Fkk vkSj fo'o Js.kh (oYMZ jsad) 35 FkhA mlh lky bldh fcØh35-6 vjc MkWyj Fkh rFkk okf"kZd o`f¼ nj 8-4 izfr'kr FkhA vc rks ;s la[;k,ac<+ xbZ gSaA fiQfyi ekSfjl] dksdkdksyk] izkWDVj ,aM xSEcy] isIlhdks (lHkhvejhdh) vkSj ;wuhyhoj(baXyS.M] gkySaM) blls dqN vkxs gSaA

ftl fot; iFk ij pydj ;g dEiuh vkxs c<+h] mldk jgL; bldEiuh ds ps;jeSu ds 'kCnksa esa ;g gS & ^igyk] tks dqN gekjs mRikn gSa mUgha

bl ek;koh nkuo us ekrkvksa dks Lruiku djkus dh vknr NqM++kbZ vkSj nqfu;kesa cschiQwM dk Hkkjh izpyu iSnk fd;k vkSj vk/h ls T;knk vkiwfrZ ij viukdCtk tek;kA urhtk] nqfu;k esa] [kklrkSj ls rhljh nqfu;k esa] cschiQwM dhxUnh cksryksa ls iSnk chekfj;ksa ls gj lky ejus okys cPpksa dh la[;k 15 yk[krd igq¡p xbZA

;g egknkuo fLoV~tjySaM dh cgqjk"Vªh; dEiuh usLys(NESLE) gSAvkfndky ls f'k'kq dks ekrk,¡ Lruiku djkdj ikSf"Vd Hkkstu nsrh jgh gSa]usLys us viuk O;kikfjd lkezkT; iQSykus ds fy, bl vknr dks [kRe fd;kAblds tks [krjukd urhts nqfu;k esa lkeus vk,] mlls ;wjksi esa usLys dsf[kykiQ vkUnksyu pykA ¶cschiQwM csch fdyj¸ (f'k'kq gR;kjk) gS] bl ukjs dslkFk Úkal] bXyS.M esa gtkjksa efgykvksa us tqywl fudkysA fo'o LokLF;laxBu dks ;g fu;e cukuk iM+k fd cschiQwM ek¡ ds nw/ dk fodYi ugha gS;g cschiQwM iSdsV ij fy[kk gksuk pkfg,A Lruiku ds izpkj dks la;qDr jk"Vªla?k us viuk oSf'od dk;ZØe cuk;kA fo'o Lrj ij Lruiku dks fiQj lsizfrf"Br djus ds dk;ZØeksa ds ckotwn usLys vkSj fiQj vU; cschiQwM dEifu;ksaus ekuork dks tks gkfu igq¡pkbZ gS] mldh HkjikbZ ugha gks ik jgh gSA bl nkuous dsoy Lruiku ds izfr vJ¼k gh iSnk ugha dh gS] ekuo dk vk/kj iztuuizfØ;k ds izfr n`f"V cny nh gSA ek¡ f'k'kq dks lhus ls yxkdj dsoy Lruikugh ugha djkrh] Lusg] eerk dh /kjk Hkh izokfgr djrh gS tks ekuo lektdh igyh cqfu;knh bdkbZ] ifjokj dks lhaprh gSA Lruiku dks rksM+us dhizfØ;k ogha ugha #dhA f'k'kq dk ikyu ek¡ ds fcuk gks ldrk gS] rks f'k'kq dhmRifÙk ek¡ ds fcuk D;ksa ugha gks ldrh \ Lruiku ls ek¡ dk lkSUn;Z fcxM+rkgS rks f'k'kq dks ukS eghus xHkZ esa /kj.k djus ls lkSUn;Z vkSj 'kjhj nksuksa fcxM+rsgaS vkSj vR;f/d d"V Hkh mBkuk iM+rk gSA fcuk d"V ds cPps iSnk gks ldsa]bl fopkj dks usLys tSls nkuoksa us izksRlkfgr fd;k vkSj mldk urhtk vktfn[kkbZ ns jgk gSA dgk¡ rd lH;rk igq¡p xbZ gS] bldk uewuk vejhdk dhVkbe if=kdk ds gky ds vda eas Nis y[s k ds bl 'kh"kdZ ls feyrk gS % lDs leuksjatu ds fy, gS] iztuu ds fy, ugha* (lsDl bt iQkWj fjfØ,'ku ,.MukWV iQkWj izksfØ,'ku)A D;k ;g foMEcuk ugha gS fd ,d rjiQ rks usLys dkizrhd fpUg (yksxks) ?kksalys esa cSBh fpfM+;k vkSj mlds pgpgkrs cPps gSa vkSjnwljh rjiQ mlh usLys us euq"; dk ?kkaslyk (ifjokj) rksM+us dk dqdeZ djusesa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dh gSA




esa ls fdlh ds iwjd ds vf/xzg.k dh ryk'k esa ge jgrs gSa & nwljk] gekjhfnypLih mu O;olk;ksa esa jgrh gS tgk¡ dksbZ vkSj l`tu'khyrk vkSj uohurkfn[kk jgk gS vkSj fdlh us u, O;olk; dk dsUnz rks [kM+k dj fy;k gS ijmlds ikl foLrkj ds fy, u rks foÙkh; {kerk gS vkSj u vUrjjk"Vªh;laHkkouk,¡ --- ;gk¡] usLys lgt tksM+hnkj cu tkrk gS D;ksafd gekjs ikl foÙkh;{kerk gS vkSj D;ksafd gekjs vUrjjk"Vªh; lEidZ gSa vkSj igys ls gh laxBuekStwn gSA njvly vU; cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa dh Hkk¡fr usLys Hkh vck/ xfrls vf/uk;dokn dh rjiQ c<+dj [kk| is; lkezkT;okn LFkkfir dj jgk gSA

Hkkjr esa usLys dk dkjksckjHkkjr esa usLys dk dkjksckjHkkjr esa usLys dk dkjksckjHkkjr esa usLys dk dkjksckjHkkjr esa usLys dk dkjksckjuLs ys mu eVq B~ h Hkj cgjq k"Vhª; dEifu;kas eas ls gS tks vktknh ls igys

Hkh Hkkjr esa dkjksckj dj jgh FkhaA ;g dEiuh dsoy daMasLM nw/ vkSj cschiQwMdk vk;kr djrh FkhA vktknh ds ckn tc ns'k esa ^vk;kr dk fodYi*fudkyus dh uhfr pyh rks usLys ds lkeus nks fodYi Fks % ;k rks viukdkjksckj cUn djs] ;k Hkkjr esa gh mRiknu bdkbZ [kM+h djsA blus nwljk jkLrkviuk;kA 1962 esa eksxk(iatkc) esa mlus igyk nw/ mRikn dkj[kkuk yxk;kAdMa Lsa V n/w ] (feYdeMs ] feYdeMs Mls VZ feDl)] ccs hiQMw (yDs Vkts us ] uLs Vkts u)]pk; dkWiQh dk nw/(,ozhMs Ms;jh czkbVuj)] nw/ dk ikmMj(,ozhMs xksYM] ,ozhMsLysaMj)] ?kh(,ozhMs ?kh)] dkWiQh(usLdSiQs] lujkbt)] pVuh (eSxh xksYM lkWl]exS h lhtfuxa ] exS h liw ----)] pkdW yVs (uLs ys ihz fe;e] feYd pkdW yVs ] feYdhckj] Øap] fjpMkØ] ckj ou] iksyks] fdVdSV ---) tSls vusd mRikn ;gdEiuh cuk jgh gSA

Hkkjr esa mnkjhdj.k dh uhfr 1991 esa ykxw gksus ij fons'kh cgqjk"Vªh;dEifu;kas dks luq gjk volj fey x;k vius dkjkcs kj dk rts h ls foLrkj djusds fy,A usLys us bldk [kwc ykHk mBk;k gSA blus ns'kh mRikndksa ds lkFklk>k O;olk; 'kq: fd;k gSA vkblØhe ds fy, okMhyky vkSj vpkj ds fy,dksfMZ;k iQwM~l ds lkFk xBca/u fd;k gSA fiNys vkB lkyksa esa usLys us Hkkjresa dUiQsD'kujh] vkblØhe vkSj is; ds {ks=k esa dkiQh c<+r gkfly dh gS vkSj

gj lky ntZuksa u, mRikn cktkj esa Mkys gSaA

'kkgh O;olk;h'kkgh O;olk;h'kkgh O;olk;h'kkgh O;olk;h'kkgh O;olk;husLys ds mRikn mis{kkÑr eg¡xs gksrs gSaA mudh ekdsZfVax ij usLys

lcls T;knk [kpZ djrk gSA ,d iqjkus vk¡dMs+ ds vuqlkj 1993 esa dsoy ,dlky esa Hkkjr esa usLys us 45 djksM+ #i;s ekdsZfVax ij [kpZ fd,A blesa ls75 izfr'kr /u dsoy Vsfyfotu ij foKkiu nsus ij O;; gqvkA iksyksa (nfeaV foFk , gksy) ds ykap ds ,d lky ckn gh foKkiu ds cy ij usLysus ,d lky (1994) esa 8-5 djksM+ #i;s dek,A mlds foKkiu dh ghdjkekr gS fd bULVsaV dkWiQh dh fcØh FkksM+s ls le; esa 8 izfr'kr ls c<+dj30 izfr'kr gks xbZA

usLys ds xzkgd vehj oxZ ds yksx gksrs gSaA lekt dh Øheh ijrdks og y{; cukrk gAS Hkkjr eas yxHkx 14 djkMs + vehj ykxs gaS ftudh l[a ;kbaXyS.M vkSj teZuh dh dqy vkcknh ds cjkcj gSA bUgha vehj yksxksa ds fy,blds 'kkunkj foKkiu gksrs gSa vkSj mUgha ds fy, mlds mRiknA blh otgls vU; izfrLi/hZ dEifu;ksa dh rqyuk esa usLys dk dkjksckj nwuh jÝrkj ls c<+kgSA usLys ds fLoV~tjySaM ds ekfyd ekurs gSa fd ;wjksi dk cktkj mldsmRiknksa ds fy, lar`Ir gks x;k gSA vÚhdk xjhc gS] blfy, ogk¡ [kir dhxq¡tkb'k ugha gSA Hkkjr] phu] baMksusf'k;k vkfn ns'k ,sls gSa tgk¡ mPp eè;oxZvkSj vehjksa dh la[;k yxkrkj c<+ jgh gSA blfy, usLys bu ns'kksa ij iwjh

rkdr yxk jgk gSA

Ny iQjsch dk jktkNy iQjsch dk jktkNy iQjsch dk jktkNy iQjsch dk jktkNy iQjsch dk jktkdkjiksjsV txr dk ,d ewy ea=k gS % tks dEiuh ftruh cM+h gksxh]

mruh gh T;knk Ny iQjsch vkSj gsjk&iQsjh dh mldh gjdrsa gksaxhA bl {ks=kesa usLys dk fjdkMZ de f?kukSuk ugha gSA cschiQwM ds izpkj ds fy, blus tksvuSfrd rjhds viuk, gSa vkSj yk[kksa f'k'kqvksa ls mudk thou Nhuk gS] bldhppkZ rks Åij gks pqdh gSA usLys dkiQh ?kfV;k fdLe dh iQjsch Hkh djrk gSArfeyukMq ds miHkksDrk mRikn LVkWfdLV la?k us f'kdk;r dh gS fd usLyseuekus <ax ls LVkWfdLVksa dks cny nsrk gS] iqjkus LVkWfdLVksa dks lkeku u nsdju, dks ns nsrk gSA bl la?k us usLys ds mRiknksa ds cfg"dkj dh /edh nhgSA ;g mRiknkas ds iSdsV ij ftruk otu fy[krk gS mlls de otu mRikndk gksrk gSA blds mRikn cksul] eSxhuwMy] lujkbt dkiQh ikmMj ds iSdsVde otu ds ik, x, gSaA rfeyukMq ds [kqnjk O;kikjh la?k us 1996 esa usLysds mRiknksa dks cspus ls bUdkj dj fn;k vkSj usLys dks mlds mRikn okildj fn,A




1995 esa usLys ij iatkc LokLF; foHkkx us ^flaFksfVd nw/* cspus dkvkjksi yxk;kA iatkc ds fiQjkstiqj 'kgj esa usLys ds nw/ dh lSEiy esa^flaFksfVd nw/* dh feykoV ikbZ xbZA flaFksfVd nw/ LokLF; ds fy, vR;Ur[krjukd gksrk gSA bl ckr ds fy, fnYyh ls ,d tk¡p ny Hkstk x;k ijusLys us vius dkj[kkus esa mls ?kqlus ugha fn;k D;ksafd blls dkuwu vkSjO;oLFkk dh leL;k,¡ iSnk gks ldrh FkhaA

Hkkjr esa 1992 esa f'k'kq vkgkj dkuwu cu x;k gSA blds rgrekrkvkas vkjS LokLF; dfe;Z kas dks eÝq r lias y nus k rFkk vLirkykas eas ipz kj djuktqeZ gS ij usLys yxkrkj f'k'kq jksxksa ds MkWDVjksa ds lEesyuksa dks izk;ksftr djrkjgk gSA

usLys mRiknu 'kqYd ls cpus dh /ks[kk/M+h djrk gSA vius mRiknvius dkj[kkus esa u cukdj fdlh vlaxfBr {ks=k ds y?kq m|ksx esa viuslkeku cuokrk gS ftlls mRiknu 'kqYd u nsuk iM+sA blls dkjhxjksa dks deosru nsuk iM+rk gS vkSj laxfBr Jfedksa ls ikyk Hkh ugh iM+rkA bl izdkjusLys us 2-13 djksM+ #i, dk mRiknu dj cpk;k gSA fu;kZr esa Hkh usLys/ks[kk/M+h djrk gSA 1993 esa Hkkjr ds dkWiQh cksMZ dks irk pyk fd tks dkWiQhfu;kZr ds fy, [kjhnh xbZ Fkh] mls usLys us ?kjsyw cktkj esa cspkA tc dkWiQhcksMZ us tk¡p dh rks igys rks usLys us dkWiQh cksMZ dh tk¡p ds vf/dkj dksgh pqukSrh nhA cM+h eqf'dy ls usLys us eatwj fd;k fd dqN ek=kk esa fu;kZrdh dkWiQh ?kjsyw cktkj esa csph xbZ gSA ij tk¡p ny ds lkFk usLys us lg;ksxugha fd;kA fdlh u fdlh cgkus ls tk¡p ny ds lnL;ksa dks eksxk ls fnYyhykSVk fn;kA bl chp okf.kT; ea=kky; ds ofj"B vf/dkjh dh rjiQ ls ,dVsysDl dkWiQh cksMZ dks izkIr gqvk ftlesa tk¡p lfefr ds fu.kZ; dks jí djfn;k x;kA dkWiQh cksMZ dks ;g Hkh /edh nh xbZ fd usLys tSls cM+s fu;kZrdksads lkFk ,slk lywd fd;k x;k rks dkWiQh cksMZ dks gh cUn dj fn;k tk,xkAdkiW Qh ckMs Z us uLs ys dks vxyh dkiW Qh uhykeh ls jkds fn;k FkkA okf.kT; e=a kky;ds vkns'k ij ;g jksd Hkh cksMZ dks gVkuh iM+hA

uLs ys dh gjdrkas dh lpw h yEch gAS Jhyda k eas uLs ys n/w eas gkbMkªts uisjkSDlkbM feykrk gS tks ml ns'k ds [kk| dkuwu la[;k 26] 1980 dsf[kykiQ gSA Jhyadk ds dLVe vf/dkfj;ksa us usLys ds nw/ ikmMj dh vk;krdh ml [ksi dks okil dj fn;k tks iksyS.M ls vkbZ FkhA og jsfM;ks,fDVo FkhAlanHkZ&fLol Vhulh bu bafM;k] ekè;e cqDl 1996] FkMZ oYMZ fjltsZaaaal ua-&40] 1993

5-5-5-5-5-

tujy eksVlZtujy eksVlZtujy eksVlZtujy eksVlZtujy eksVlZlcls vf/d tgjhyh xSllcls vf/d tgjhyh xSllcls vf/d tgjhyh xSllcls vf/d tgjhyh xSllcls vf/d tgjhyh xSl

NksMus okyh daiuhNksMus okyh daiuhNksMus okyh daiuhNksMus okyh daiuhNksMus okyh daiuh

tc lu~ 1993 esa tujy eksVlZ Hkkjr esa vkbZ Fkh rks bldk fljekFks Lokxr fd;k x;k FkkA bldh iz'kalk esa cgqr lh ckrsa dgh xbZ Fkha % ns'kesas dkj cukus ds cM+s&cMs+ dkj[kkus yxk,xh ftlesa gtkjksa yksxksa dks jkstxkjfeysxkA nwljh ckr ;g dgh xbZ Fkh] [kklrkSj ls ns'k ds mPpoxZ ds yksxksa ds}kjk] fd ,d fgUnqLrkuh vEcsLMj dkj dks ns[krs vkSj pykrs th Åc x;k gSAmlus ,dkf/dkj (eksuksiksyh) tek j[kk gS] tujy eksVlZ mlds,dkf/dkj dks rksM+sxh izfrLi/kZ [kM+h djdsA tSls fgVyj ds usr`Ro esa ukft;ksaus ,d >wB dks lkS ckj cksy dj lp cukus esa egkjr gkfly dh Fkh] ukft;ksadk u;k vorkj tujy eksVlZ muls ihNs ugha gSA tujy eksVlZ fgUnqLrkuesa vkdj jkstxkj c<+k;sxk ;g rks mlus [kwc izpkfjr fd;k ysfdu tks mlusfNik;k og lp ;g gS fd Hkkjr esa vkus ls igys tujy eksVlZ us vejhdkesa viuh 29 bdkb;ksa esa rkyk Mkyk Fkk vkSj 74 gtkj dkexkjksa dks lM+d ij[kM+k dj fn;k FkkA tgk¡ rd izfrLi/kZ dk loky gS] tujy eksVlZ us 'kiFkyh gS fd ¶og izfrLi/kZ dks iwjh rjg [kRe dj nsxkA¸

tujy eksVlZ vejhdk dh eksVj okgu cukus okyh lcls cM+hcgqjk"Vªh; dEiuh gS ftldk eq[; dsUnz ^MsVªk;V* esa gSA blds lh-bZ-vks- jkcVZLVsEisy gSa ftudh lkykuk ru[okg vkB yk[k pkSlB gtkj MkWyj ;kuh rhu




1 cgqr vf/d ukbVªkstu vkDlkbM NksM+usokys okil fy, okguksa dh la[;k 2902000

2 vR;f/d gkbMªksdkcZu NksMus dsdkj.k okfil okguksa dh la[;k 1171843

3 [kjkc dSVsyhfVd duoVZjksa dsdkj.k okil okguksa dh la[;k 1178000

4 [kjkc /qvk¡ fu;a=k.k e'khujh dsdkj.k okil okguksa dh la[;k 1160000

5 vR;f/d dkcZu eksuks vkDlkbM NksM+usds dkj.k okil okguksa dh la[;k 500000

6 vR;f/d ok"if.kd /qvk¡ NksM+us dsdkj.k okil okguksa dh la[;k 598588

;g rks jgh /q,¡ ls iznw"k.k iQSykus dh ckrA tgk¡ tujy eksVlZ dsdkj[kkus gSa ogk¡ ih-lh-ch- rFkk vU; tgjhys jlk;u dkj[kkuksa ls fudyrs gSavkSj pkjksa rjiQ tgj iQSykrs gSaA bl tgj dk o`rkar tujy eksVlZ dk ,dvKkr dkexkj bu 'kCnksa esa djrk gS & ¶eSa tujy eksVlZ ds fjfej IykaVesa dke djrk gw¡A eaS fjfej IykaV ls fudys tgjhys jlk;u iznw"k.k ds ckjs esacgqr fpafrr gw¡ fjfej IykaV esa ge okguksa ds cEij isaV djrs gSaA isaV xu oisaV ykbuksa dks lkiQ djus ds fy, ge jlk;u lkyosaV bLrseky djrs gSaA geiVas dh liQkbZ ds fy, lkyoVas dks xu vkjS ykbu ds vkj&ikj Hkts rs gAaS lHkhnzO; lkyosaV tehu ds uhps dh ukyh ls gksrs gq, ,d ikbi esa tkrs gSa tksfjfej IykaV ds cxy esa cgus okyh ugj esa feyrs gSaA¸

eSfDldks esa ekVkeksjksl LFkku ij tujy eksVlZ ds dkj[kkus ls tksxank ikuh fudyrk gS mlesa tgjhys lkyosaV & tkbZyhu dh ek=kk cgqr FkhA;g vejhdh ekunaMksa ls Ng gtkj Ng lkS xquk T;knk FkhA Lej.kh; gS fdtkbyhu lk¡l dh ijs'kkuh] Lej.k'kfDr xk;c gksuk] gsejst vkSj iQsiQM+s] ftxjvkjS xnq Zs ds jkxs inS k djrh gAS dkj[kkus dk tkbyhu ;Dq r ikuh [krs h ds Musªtsugj esa tkrk gS tks vkxs pydj jhvksxzkaM esa feyrh gSA jhvksxzkaM ihus ds ikuhdk cMk+ Ïkrs gAS 1990 eas vejhdk dh i;koZ j.k ljq {kk ,tlas h b-Z ih-,- us tujyeksVlZ dks vkns'k fn;k Fkk fd og U;w;kdZ ds eklhuk LFkku ij dkj[kkus dsfy, 7-8 djksM+ MkWylZ liQkbZ ds fy, nsA bl dkj[kkus vkSj mlds vkl&ikl

djksM+ vLlh yk[k #i;s ls Åij gSA bl dEiuh dk dkjksckj nqfu;k ds vusdns'kksa esa gS ij blus ykrhuh vejhdk& eSfDldks] czkthy vkfn ns'kksa esa viukdkjksckj cgqr c<+k;k gSA

nqfu;k esa isVªksy ds /q,¡ dk iznw"k.k iQSykus esa lcls cM+k ;ksxnkutujy eksVlZ dk gS vkSj ;g /qvk¡ gok ds iznw"k.k dk lcls cM+k dkj.k gSAbl /q,¡ esa dkcZu eksuksvkDlkbZM] ukbVªkstu vkDlkbZM vkSj gkbMªksdkcZu tSlstgjhys jklk;fud ;kSfxd gksrs gSa tks Luk;qra=k dks detksj djus] fny dhchekfj;k¡ iQSykus] lk¡l ds jksx iQSykus] vk¡[k esa rdyhiQ iSnk djus ;gk¡ rdfd e`R;q iSnk djus esa vR;ar lgk;d gksrs gSaA nqfu;k esa vuqekur% ipiudjksM+ eksVj okgu & dkj] Vªd vkSj vU; O;kikfjd okgu gSa tks nqfu;k dsdqy isVªksy] Mhty mRiknu dk ,d frgkbZ ih tkrs gSaA bu okguksa ls ftruhdkcZu MkbZvkDlkbM fudyrh gS mldk 2 izfr'kr tujy eksVlZ ds okgufudkyrs gSaA Hkkjr esa ;g fdruk uqdlku igq¡pkrh gS bldk rks lgh vk¡dM+kmiyC/ ugha gS] fliQZ vejhdk eas bl /q,¡ ls tks chekfj;k¡ iQSyrh gSa mudsbykt dh dher lkykuk iphl vjc MkyW j ds yxHkx gAS nfq u;k ds tks lclsvehj 29 ns'k gSa] ftUgksaus vks-bZ-lh-Mh- laxBu cuk j[kk gS] blesa dqy dkcZuMkbZvkDlkbM dk 11 izfr'kr vkSj ukbVªkstu vkDlkbM dk 8 izfr'kr vkSjgkbMªks dkcZu dk 6 izfr'kr dsoy tujy eksVlZ ls iSnk gksrk gSA tujyeksVlZ mu lkjs fu;e&dkuwuksa dk mYya?ku djrk gS ftlls b±/u dh cprgksA vejhdh ljdkj us b±/u dh cpr ds ekun.M c<+k, FksA tujy eksVlZus vU; okgu fuekZrkvksa ds lkFk vejhdh ljdkj ij Hkkjh ncko Mkydj buekun.Mksa dks de djk;k vkSj [kqn bl izdkj Hkkjh equkiQk dek;kA lu~ 1985esa bl dEiuh us 27-5 ,e-th-th- LVSaMMZ dk ikyu ugha fd;k FkkA 1986 esavejhdk dk jk"Vªh; jktekxZ ;krk;kr lqj{kk iz'kklu tujy eksVlZ ijekun.Mksa dk mYya?ku djus ds fy, 38-5 djksM+ MkWyj dk tqekZuk djus okykFkk ijUrq tujy eksVlZ us ljdkj esa nk¡o&isap pykdj ekun.M de djk fy,vkSj tqekZus ls cp xbZA

tujy eksVlZ ds okgu nqfu;k Hkj esa /q,¡ ds ekun.Mksa dk mYya?kudjrs gSaA dsoy vejhdk esa gh 1982 ls 1990 rd ljdkj ds vkns'k ij ;kLosPNk ls tujy eksVlZ us ipgÙkj yk[k dkjsa okil ys yhaA uhps ds vk¡dM+spkaaSdkus okys gSaA




ds bykds esa ih-lh-ch- esa bZih, us fiQj tujy eksVlZ vkSj vU; nks dEifu;ksaij 3-54 djksM+ MkWyj tqekZuk fn;k FkkA ;g lcls cM+k tqekZuk FkkA vksgkb;ksizns'k ds ykM~Zl dLcs esa tujy eksVlZ ds dkj[kkus ls tks jklk;fud tgj pkjksarjiQ iQSy jgk gS mlds f[kykiQ ;wukbVsM vkVks oDlZ dh 'kk[kk us odlZvxsULV VkfDldsfedy gstkMZl uked laxBu [kM+k fd;kA

tSlh fd lHkh cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa dh uhfr gS] izfrLi/kZ esa vkxsc<+us ds fy, vkSj viuh izfrLi/hZ dEifu;ksa dks èoLr djus ds fy, tujyeksVlZ us viuk equkiQk c<+kus dk lcls cM+k gfFk;kj cuk;k gS & dkexkjksa dhN¡VuhA dkjksa ds nke lLrs gksa ftlls dkjsa [kwc fcdsa] bldk lcls vklkumik; gS] dkexkjksa dh N¡VuhA fiNys n'kd ds var esa rhl gtkj dkexkjksadh N¡Vuh bl dEiuh us dh vkSj bl n'kd ds eè; rd ipgÙkj gtkjdkexkj fudkys x,A tgk¡ dkexkjksa dks T;knk ru[okg nsuh gksrh gS ogk¡dkj[kkus can dj fn, tkrs gSa vkSj Hkkjr tSls ns'kksa esa u, dkj[kkus yxk, tkrsgSa D;ksafd ogk¡ lLrs etnwj fey tkrs gSaA

tujy eksVlZ us ok;q iznw"k.k] ty iznw"k.k vkSj Hkw iznw"k.k iQSykdjekuo thou ds fy, [krjk iSnk fd;k gS] yksxksa dk jkstxkj [kRe dj fn;kgS vkSj blls Hkh cM+k vijk/ fd;k gS fd lekt esa xSj cjkcjh dks c<+k;k gSAblds fy, ljdkjksa esa ?kqliSB djds mPpoxZ dh ru[okgsa c<+okbZ gaS ftllsdkj [kjhnus ds fy, mPp eè;e oxZ ds tsc esa vf/d /u gksA tks rhljhnqfu;k ds ns'kksa ds Åij ds nl izfr'kr yksx gSa muds ikl ,d ls Hkh T;knkdkjsa igq¡p tk,¡] bldh ;kstuk py jgh gSA Hkkjr esa ik¡pos osru vk;ksx dhfliQkfj'ksa vkrs gh dkjksa dh rknkn vk'kk ls dgha vf/d c<+ xbZ gSA urhtruns'k dh dqy lEifÙk dk vf/dka'k Hkkx dkj/kjh vehjksa dh tsc esas tk jgkgS vkSj xjhc lkekU; lqfo/kvksa ls Hkh oafpr gks jgs gSaA vehjksa ds fy, rstjÝrkj okyh vkjkensg dkjsa vkSj xjhcksa dks ekjus ds fy, bu dkjksa dk /qvk¡A

tujy eksVlZ u;k ukth gS] ;g ckr ek=k miek ugha ;FkkFkZ gSA nwljsegk;q¼ esa cM+h eksVj daifu;ksa iQksMZ] ØkbLyj vkSj tujy eksVlZ us ;q¼ dsnksuksa i{kksa ds fy, t:jh ;q¼ lkexzh eqgS;k djkbZ] bl dke esa tujy eksVlZlcls vkxs FkhA ys[kd czSMiQksM LuSy us 'kh?kz izdkf'kr gksus okyh viuh iqLrdesa ;q¼ esa tujy eksVlZ dh f?kukSuh Hkwfedk dk pkSadkus okyk foLr`r vè;;ufd;k gSA vejhdk dh vkehZ dksj vkWiQ bathfu;lZ ds fy, tujy eksVlZ dsvejhdh dkj[kkuksa esa ,vjØkÝV batu cusA 1997 dh daiuh dh okf"kZd jiV

esa dgk x;k gS] ¶bfrgkl dh lokZf/d ykecfUn;ksa esa ls ,d ykecUnh nwljsegk;q¼ esa gqbZA bl ;q¼ dks thrus ds fy, fMVªkbV (tujy eksVlZ) usvejhdk dh enn essa dksbZ dksj&dlj u NksM+h FkhA¸

m/j nwljh vksj teZuh esa ukth ;q¼ rS;kfj;ksa esa tujy vfoHkkT;vax FkhA 1929 esa gh teZuh dh eksVj cukus okyh lcls cM+h daiuh ^vksiSy*dks tujy eksVlZ us [kjhn fy;k FkkA ;q¼ 'kq: gksrs gh teZuh esa tujy eksVlZds lkjs dkj[kkus iwjh rkSj ls iQkSt ds ,vjØkÝV vkSj Vªd cukus ds fy, cnyx,A 1939 ls 1945 rd tujy eksVlZ ds jlSy 'kk;e dkj[kkus esa teZuhds lcls egÙoiw.kZ ceo"kZd foeku ds izkWiYlu iz.kkyh dk 50 izfr'kr fgLlkr;S kj gvq kA teuZ h ds tujy ekVs lZ ds lkjs dkj[kkus ceo"kdZ foeku vkjS tVsyM+kdw foeku cukus esa tqVs jgsA

egk;q¼ dh fouk'kyhyk ls cps gq, vkSj e`rdksa ds ifjokjhtufLoV~tjySaM dh cSadksa ls rks gtkZuk ek¡xus dh dk;Zokgh dj gh jgs gSa] D;ksafdukft;ksa us ywV dk lkjk /u bUgha cSadksa esa tek fd;k FkkA os tujy eksVlZls Hkh gtkZuk olwy djus dh rS;kjh dj jgs gSa fd ;q¼ ds fouk'k vkSj ujlagkjds fy, og de nks"kh ugha FkkA egk;q¼ ds }kjk fo'o dk fouk'k djus okyhnksuksa egk'kfDr;ksa dks enn djds equkiQk dekus dk f?kukSuk bfrgkl cgqjk"Vªh;daifu;ksa dk jgk gS] tujy eksVlZ ml bfrgkl dk fuÑ"Vre iUuk gSA




6-6-6-6-6-

fiQfyi ekSfjlfiQfyi ekSfjlfiQfyi ekSfjlfiQfyi ekSfjlfiQfyi ekSfjlekSRk ds O;kikfj;ks a dk ljrktekSRk ds O;kikfj;ks a dk ljrktekSRk ds O;kikfj;ks a dk ljrktekSRk ds O;kikfj;ks a dk ljrktekSRk ds O;kikfj;ks a dk ljrkt

rEckdw dh nqfu;k dh 'kg¡'kkg fiQfyi ekSfjl vejhdk dh NBsuEcj dh lcls cMh+ cgjq k"Vhª; dEiuh gAS ;g lcls T;knk euq kiQk dekus okyhdEiuh gSA bldk nqfu;k ds 180 ns'kksa esa dkjksckj pyrk gSA bldk yksxks(izrhd fpUg) ?kksM+s ij ,d [kkl vnk esa lokj vkneh & dkÅC;k; vkSjbldk lcls vf/d izpfyr czkaM ekyZcksjks nqfu;k ds dksus&dksus esa fn[kkbZiM+rk gSA ekyZcksjks ds izR;sd fMCcs ij twfy;l lhtj dk ukjk fy[kk gksrk gS%Veni Vidi Vici (eSa vk;k] eSaus ns[kk] eSaus thr fy;k)A ;g dEiuh yxHkx160 czkaM ukeksa dh flxjsVsa cukrh gSA vdsys ekyZcksjks flxjsV dk ^xqMfoy*ewY; 10 fcfy;u ;kuh 10 vjc MkWyj gSA lu~ 1991 esa iwjh nqfu;k esa yxHkx5-5 fVªfy;u ;kuh lk<+s ik¡p gtkj vjc flxjsVsa fcdh] ftlesa fiQfyi eSfjldh cuh flxjsVksa dk fgLlk 11 izfr'kr FkkA fiNys 10&15 lkyksa esa bldk//a k vejhdk ds ckgj 20 ifz r'kr ifz ro"kZ dh jÝrkj ls c<+ jgk gS vkjS bldhfcØh pkSxquh gks xbZ gSA 1993 esa vUrjjk"Vªh; cktkj esa blds 61 izfr'krmRikn dh [kir gksrh Fkh tks 1996 esa 66 izfr'kr gks xbZA foKkiu ij lclsvf/d [kpZ djus okyh pksVh dh 10 dEifu;ksa esa fiQfyi ekSfjl gSA 1996esa blus foKkiu ij 3 fcfy;u MkWyj [kpZ fd,A 1990 ls bl daiuh dsvejhdk ls ckgj foKkiu ctV esa 72 izfr'kr dh c<+ksÙkjh gqbZ gSA vejhdhljdkj ds jktLo esa lcls vf/d ;ksxnku djus okyh ;g cgqjk"Vªh; daiuhgS tks vejhdh pquko vfHk;kuksa eas Hkh fny [kksydj /u nsrh gSA bl daiuh

ds ckn vkjts jksukWYM usfoLdks] dk uEcj vkrk gSA xSj&dkuwuh dke vkSjNy&iQjsch djus esa bl dEiuh dk nqfu;k esa dksbZ eqdkcyk ugha dj ldrkAbl ij <sjksa eqdnes py jgs gSa vkSj lSdM+ksa vjc MkWyj dk tqekZuk gqvk gSAdkuwuh nsunkjh ds dkj.k lcls T;knk equkiQk dekus okyh vkSj vR;kf/dxfr'khy dEiuh gksus ds okctwn okyLVªhV esa bldh dher de gSA vejhdhiz'kklu esa lHkh vejhdh cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa dh ?kqliSB jgrh gS ij iz'kkludks izHkkfor djus vkSj mldh lfØ; enn ysus esa fiQfyi ekSfjl dk dksbZlkuh ugha gSA

bfrgkl dh ,d >ydbfrgkl dh ,d >ydbfrgkl dh ,d >ydbfrgkl dh ,d >ydbfrgkl dh ,d >ydvejhdk dh fiQfyi ekSfjl ewyr% fczrkuh dEiuh gSA lu~ 1847 esa

yanu dh ckaM LVªhV esa fiQfyi ekSfjl uke ds ,d ukStoku us ,d NksVh&lhchM+h dh nqdku [kksyh A dqN lky ckn bl ;qod us viuh flxjsV cukuk 'kq:dj fn;k vkSj vius uke ls ,d dEiuh cuk yhA 1902 esa bl dEiuh dh,d 'kk[kk U;w;kdZ esa [kqyhA ml le; vejhdk esa ?keklku flxjsV egk;q¼py jgk Fkk ftlesa vesfjdu VkscSdks dEiuh us vU; izfrLi/hZ dEifu;ksa ijdCtk tek fy;kA ;gh ugha] mlus fczrkuh cktkj ij geyk fd;kA ml le;fczVsu esa vesfjdu VkscSdks dEiuh vkSj bEihfj;y VkscSdks dEiuh us nqfu;kds 'ks"k cktkjksa dks vkil esa ck¡V fy;kA 1911 esa vejhdh lqizhe dksVZ usvesfjdu VkscSdks dEiuh dss N% Hkkx dj fn,&pkj vejhdh dCts esa x,]nks fczVsu dsA lu~ 1950 ds n'kd rd ;s dEifu;k¡ dkjksckj djrh jghaA budseqdkcys esa fiQfyi ekSfjl rks pqfg;k FkhA 1919 esa dqN vejhdh fuos'kdksa usbl dEiuh dks [kjhn fy;kA 1929 dh Hkkjh eUnh ds le; flxjsV ds nkeeg¡xs gks x,A fiQfyi ekSfjl us lLrh flxjsVksa dh Js.kh esa vius dks j[kk vkSjbldh fcØh c<+us yxhA nwljs egk;q¼ ds lekIr gksus rd ;g dEiuhvejhdk dh lcls T;knk fcdus okyh pkSFkh dEiuh cu xbZA

lu~ 1954 esa fiQfyi ekSfjl dk flrkjk pedkA oSf'od foKkiuiQeZ dk tUenkrk fy;ks cusZV us ekyZcksjks flxjsV ds dkÅC;k; ^yksxk* dhdYiuk dhA dEiuh us bl yksxks ds lkFk vius czkaM dk foKkiu ^U;w;kdZVkbEl* v[kckj esa fd;k ftldk peRdkjh ifj.kke gqvkA rhl fnu esadEiuh pksVh ij igq¡p xbZA dksdkdksyk Hkh cgqr cM+h vejhdh cgqjk"Vªh;dEiuh gS tks 1886 ls py jgh gS] ij nqfu;k esa ftrus iq:"k] Ïh vkSj cPpsdksd ihrs gSa muls T;knk ekyZcksjks flxjsV ihrs gSaA




dkuwuh nk¡o&isap vkSj ljdkjh ?kqliSB esa ekfgjdkuwuh nk¡o&isap vkSj ljdkjh ?kqliSB esa ekfgjdkuwuh nk¡o&isap vkSj ljdkjh ?kqliSB esa ekfgjdkuwuh nk¡o&isap vkSj ljdkjh ?kqliSB esa ekfgjdkuwuh nk¡o&isap vkSj ljdkjh ?kqliSB esa ekfgjnqfu;k dh vf/dka'k ekSrksa esa lM+d nq?kZVuk,¡] dSalj] eysfj;k] gStk

tSls jksx rks gSa gh] rEckdw Hkh ihNs ugha gSA rEckdw ls mRiUu chekfj;ksa &dSalj] nek ls gj lky 25 yk[k yksx ejrs gSa ;k xaHkhj chekj ik;s tkrs gSaAlu~ 1990 esa rEckdw vkSj LokLF; ij gq, lkrosa fo'o lEesyu esa vejhdkds rRdkyhu LokLF; vkSj ekuo lsokvksa ds lgk;d lfpo MkW- tsEl vks esluus dgk Fkk & ^^flxjsV dEifu;ksa dk U;wure dk;ZØe gS muds mRiknksa dsdkj.k gj lky tks 25 yk[k xzkgd ejrs gSa ;k chekj gksrs gSa muds cnys u,xzkgd [kkstuk vkSj tks flxjsV ihuk NksM+ nsrs gSa mudh txg ij yk[kksa u,yksxksa dks flxjsV ihus ds fy, rS;kj djukA¸ flxjsV dEifu;ksa ds vkØkedizpkj ls tu LokLF; dh rckgh ds f[kykiQ vejhdk esa dbZ lewg [kM+s gks x,vkSj mUgksaus flxjsV dEifu;ksa] [kklrkSj ls fiQfyi ekSfjl vkSj vkjtsvkjusfcLdks ds fo:¼ tuer cukus rFkk dkuwuh dk;Zokgh djus dk vfHk;ku NsM+fn;kA fiQfyi ekSfjl rFkk vU; flxjsV dEifu;k¡ viuk y{; cPPkksa dks cukrhgSa D;ksafd cPps yEcs le; rd muds xzkgd cus jgrs gSaA vejhdk esa tehuhLrj ij dke djus okyk ,d lxa Bu gS STAR- Stop Teenage Addiction

to Tobacco cPpksa esa flxjsV dh yr jksdksA blds laLFkkid tks VkbZ dkdguk gS] fudksfVu dh yr ;s dEifu;k¡ cPpksa esa bruh [kqYye [kqYyk <axls Mkyrh gSa] bruh cs'kehZ ls /weziku djus okyksa dks fo'okl fnykrh gSa fdviuk O;fDrxr uqdlku fd, fcuk os /weziku pkyw j[k ldrs gSaA ^dEiuhjk{kl* gh mudk ,d ek=k uke gks ldrk gS tks muds O;ogkj dk lgh <axls o.kZu djsA eSlk pw lSV ds egkf/oDrk LVkWd g'kZcktZu us dgk gS] ^^cPpksadk flxjsV ihuk [krjukd lkoZtfud LokLF; leL;k gSA cPps brus NksVsgksrs gSa fd os flxjsV ihus dk pquko le>cw> dj ugha dj ikrsA¸

flxjsV dEifu;k¡ /ks[kk/kM+h vkSj Ny&iQjsch ls viuk /U/k c<+krhgSaA 1993 ds uoEcj esa fe;keh (ÝyksfjMk) esa dbZ flxjsV dEifu;ksa dsizcU/kdksa us gyiQukes ds lkFk c;ku fn;k fd rEckdw ls fu.kZ;kRed :i lsdSalj ugha gksrk] fd flxjsV ihus dh yr ugha iM+rh vkSj flxjsVksa ds foKkiudk y{; u, ihus okys ugha gksrsA dEifu;ksa ds izpkj ls vejhdk esa 1987 esa]tc 18 lky ls de mez ds flxjsV ihus okys cPps dsoy 0-5 izfr'kr Fks]ds ckn mudk izfr'kr 32-8 igq¡p x;kA /hjs&/hjs flxjsV dEifu;ksa ds

xksiuh; nLrkost izdk'k esa vkrs tk jgs gSa ftuls irk pyrk gS fd bUgksausoSKkfud rF;ksa dks nckus esa] ljdkjh dk;Zokgh jksdus esa dSls&dSls gFkdaMsviuk, gSaA pqukoksa esa Hkkjh jde nsdj dkuwu fuekZrkvksa dks vius vuqdwycuk, j[kk gSA n'kdksa rd lÙkk esa cSBs yksx fiQfyi ekSfjl rFkk vU; flxjsVdEifu;ksa dk cpko tukØks'k ls djrs jgs gSaA

vejhdk esa tc tu ncko c<+rk x;k] vusd tu laxBuksa tSlsLVsV] us'kuy lsaVj iQkWj VkscSdks Úh fdM~l (rEckdw eqDr cPpksa ds fy,jk"Vªh; dsUnz)] vesfjdUl iQkWj ukWuLeksdlZ jkbV~l (/weziku u djus okyksa dsvf/dkjksa ds fy, vejhdh)] LekWd Úh isuflYokfu;k] othZfu;k xSLi(GASP)]ifCyd flVhtUl us rFkk vejhdk ds 40 jkT;kas ds egkf/oDRkkvkasus flxjsV dEifu;ksa ds fo:¼ eqdnes nk;j dj fn,A bu lcdh ek¡x Fkh fd/weziku fu"ks/d dkuwu cusA ysfdu flxjsV dEifu;k¡ dc gkj ekuus okyhFkha \ lkjs nk¡o&isap yxkdj bUgksaus pkSadkus okyk lkglh dne mBk;k vkSj20 twu 1997 dks ,d le>kSrk djkus esa dke;kc gks x,A lHkh tu laxBuksaus ^oSf'od rEckdw le>kSrk* djus dk ?kksj fojks/ fd;kA mudk dguk Fkkfd jkT;ksa }kjk esfMdy lgk;rk gsrq eqdneksa esa rks le>kSrk fd;k tk ldrkgS] mlls vkxs dqN ugha D;ksafd vU; le>kSrksa ls lkiQ&lkiQ flxjsVdEifu;ksa dks gh ykHk feysxkA ifCyd flVhtUl* tu laxBu us lkiQ 'kCnksaesa dgk] ^flxjsV dEifu;ksa ls le>kSrk djus dk eryc gS jk{klksa lsle>krS kA ;s ekrS ds O;kikjh fdlh ckgjh vkneh ls dgha cgs rj rjhds ls vius/a/ks dks le>rs gSaA bldk eryc gS fd bu ij yxk, x, gj dkuwu dsfy, rFkk mlls cp fudyus ds fy, bUgksaus igys ls gh rjdhc lksp j[khgksrh gSA bl m|ksx us flxjsV ds [krjksa ds ckjs esa nqfu;k dh turk lsckj&ckj vkSj [kqYye[kqYyk >wB cksyk gSA ,sls yksxksa ls dksbZ Hkh le>nkjO;fDr le>kSrk djus dks jkth ugha gksxkA* bl ckr ij lHkh laxBu ,derFks fd ,d ckj flxjsV dEifu;ksa ls le>kSrk gks x;k rks /weziku dks lekIrdjus dh eqfge BaMh iM+ tk,xhA ysfdu vkf[kj esa le>kSrk gks gh x;kA blle>kSrs ds eq[; fcUnq bl izdkj gSa &1- flxjsV dEifu;k¡ /weziku ls iSnk gqbZ chekfj;ksa ds eqvkots ds :i

esa 368-5 fcfy;u MkWyj 25 lkyksa esa Hkqxrku djsaxhA2- ;s dEifu;k¡ foKkiu vkSj ekdsZfVax ij izfrcU/ksa dks eatwj djsaxhA3- dEifu;k¡ bl ckr ds fy;s opuc¼ gkasxh fd vxys 10 lkyksa esa




vejhdk esa ;qok /weziku dh nj 60 izfr'kr ?kVk,axhA4- dEifu;ksa ds f[kykiQ py jgs lHkh eqdnes lqy>k fy, tk,axsA5- vejhdk dh iwQM ,aM Mªx ,MfefuLVªs'ku (,iQ-Mh-,-) dk vf/dkj

flxjsV dEifu;ksa ij lhfer dj fn;k tk,xkA6- flxjsV dEifu;ksa ds yk[kksa xksiuh; nLrkost xksiuh; jgsaxsA7- flxjsV dEifu;ksa ds fons'kksaa ds O;kikj ij dksbZ izfrcU/ ugha yxsxkA

bl le>kSrs dk Js; fiQfyi ekSfjl eas eq[; dk;Zdkjh vf/dkjh(lhbZvks) T;ksÚs lh ckbZfcy dks feyk gSA bl le>kSrs esa etsnkjckr ;g gS fd 368-5 fcfy;u MkWyj dk Hkqxrku dj eqDr gksxk]fglkc yxkus ij irk pyk fd 25 lkyksa esa dEifu;ksa dk bldkdsoy ,d frgkbZ gh Hkjuk iM+sxkA vkSj og Hkh ;g dEifu;ka turkls olwysaxh flxjsVksa dk nke vkSj fons'kksa esa viuk /a/k c<+kdjA

fo'o fot;fo'o fot;fo'o fot;fo'o fot;fo'o fot;vejhdk dh flxjsV nkuo fiQfyi ekSfjl rFkk vU; dEifu;ksa dks

vius ns'k esa tu fojks/ vkSj ipM+ksa ls eqfDRk fey xbZ ij mudh lk[k vkSjfcØh ij cqjk vlj iM+k gSA oky LVªhV esa budh dksfV Å¡ph ugha gSA bldhHkjikbZ djus ds fy, ;s Hkw[ks HksfM+;s dh rjg nqfu;k ds vU; ns'kksa] [kklrkSjls ,f'k;k esa vkØked :i ls fudy iM+s gSaA ;ksa rks budk /U/k igys lsgh bu ns'kksa esa deksos'k py jgk FkkA vLlh ds n'kd esa vejhdk esa flxjsVdh fcØh 6 izfr'kr ?kV xbZA mldh HkjikbZ ds fy, vejhdh dEifu;ksa usvU; ns'kksa esa viuh fcØh 4 izfr'kr c<+k yhA

fons'kksa esa fcØh c<+kus esa fiQfyi ekSfjl rFkk vU; dEifu;ska dhvejhdh iz'kklu] [kklrkSj ls vejhdh O;kikj izfrfuf/ ds lkFk feyh Hkxrjgh gSA vLlh ds n'kd esa vejhdk esa eanh dk nkSj 'kq: gks x;kA bl n'kdds eè; eas vejhdk eas O;kikj ?kkVk e[q ; eíq k cu x;k FkkA bldh dNq HkjikbZdjus ds fy, fiQfyi ekSfjl rFkk vU; flxjsV dEifu;k¡ iz'kklu ds lkFkfons'kh cktkjksa dks vejhdh flxjsVksa ds fy, [kqyokus esa tqV xbZA fiQfyiekSfjl dh 1989 dh lkykuk jiV esa cM+s iQØ ls ;g ?kksf"kr fd;k x;k fd^^vejhdh Hkqxrku lUrqyu esa gekjk ldy ;ksxnku 2-4 fcfy;u gSA¸ 1990rd vejhdh flxjsVksa dk fu;kZr vk;kr ds eqdkcys 4-45 fcfy;u T;knk gksx;k tks pkj lky igys dh rqyuk esa pkSxquk c<+ x;kA

vejhdh flxjsV fu;kZr dh o`f¼ eq[;r% ,f'k;k ds cktkjksa dks

[kksyus ls gqbZA nqfu;k dh vk/h ls T;knk vkcknh ,f'k;k esa jgrh gS] ;kuh dqy540 djksM+ esa ls 310 djksM+A ,f'k;k esa flxjsV dh [kir 5 iQhlnh lkykukdh nj ls c<+ jgh gSA 1989 esa ;g [kir 142 fcfy;u rd igq¡p xbZ ftlesafiQfyi ekSfjl dk fgLlk 72 fcfy;u FkkA

jhxu iz'kklu esa O;kikj izfrfuf/ DysVu ;wVj FksA vLlh ds n'kdesa fiQfyi ekSfjl dk /U/k ,f'k;k esa c<+kus esa ;wVj dk ;ksxnku fiQfyi ekSfjlds yksxks dkÅC;k; ds ckn nwljs uEcj ij FkkA bl O;fDr us vejhdk ds lqij301 dkuwu dh /edh ns& nsdj tkiku] nf{k.k dksfj;k] rkboku] FkkbZySaM]dEcksfM;k vkfn ns'kksa ds cktkj vejhdh flxjsV dEifu;ksa ds fy, [kqyok,]ftl rjg vius O;kikj ?kkVs dks iwjk djus ds fy, 19 oha lnh eas fczfV'k bZLVbafM;k dEiuh us Hkkjr dh viQhe] phu ds cktkjksa esa Hkj nh Fkh] Bhd oSlsgh fiQfyi ekSfjl vkSj DysVu ;wVj oSlk gh eqDr cktkj dk >aMk fgykrs gq,,f'k;k esa mrjsA ;s dEifu;k¡ bl O;fDr ls bruh miÑr Fkha fd tktZ cq'kds lÙkk esa vkus ij tc bl O;fDr dks Ñf"k lfpo cuk;k rks rqjUr fiQfyiekSfjl us mUgsa fof'k"V lEekuuh; vfrfFk ds :i esa fnu esa vkeaf=kr fd;kvkSj bldh izfr}Unh dEiuh vkjtsvkj us jkf=k Hkkstu ij bUgsa vkeaf=kr fd;kftlesa ,d O;fDr dk Hkkstu [kpZ 500 MkWyj ;kuh 60 gtkj :i, FkkA

fiQfyi ekSfjl ds vkØe.k vkSj fot; ds rkSj rjhdksa dh ,d >yd;gk¡ ge ns jgs gSaA

tkikutkikutkikutkikutkikubl ns'k esa flxjsV ihus okyksa dh vkcknh dqy vkcknh dk 60

izfr'kr gSA ;s vius ns'k dh cuh flxjsV gh ihrs FksA vLlh ds n'kd esavejhdh O;kikj izfrfuf/ DysVu ;wVj us lqij 301 dh /edh nh] ;kuh vxjtkiku vejhdh flxjsVksa ds fy, viuk cktkj ugha [kksysxk rks vejhdk dkstkus okyk tkiku dk fu;kZr cUn dj fn;k tk,xkA bldk vlj gqvk vkSj1990 rd vejhdh dEifu;ksa us tkiku ds flxjsV cktkj ds 15-5 izfr'krfgLls ij dCtk dj fy;k ftlesa 10 izfr'kr dsoy fiQfyi ekSfjl dk FkkA

rkbokurkbokurkbokurkbokurkbokubl ns'k dh ljdkj us fons'kh flxjsVksa ds izos'k dks jksdus ds fy,

bruk VSDl yxk fn;k Fkk fd fons'kh flxjsVsa nslh flxjsVksa ls rhu xquh eg¡xhFkhaA urhtur fons'kh flxjsVksa dk fgLlk dsoy 1 izfr'kr FkkA lqij 301 dh/edh dk tknqbZ vlj iM+k vkSj 1988 ds izkjaHk esa VSDl gVk fn;k x;k vkSj




dsoy ,d lky esa fons'kh flxjsVksa us 21 izfr'kr cktkj ij dCtk dj fy;kA

nf{k.k dksfj;knf{k.k dksfj;knf{k.k dksfj;knf{k.k dksfj;knf{k.k dksfj;kvejhdh dEifu;ksa rFkk iz'kklu ds fy, lcls dfBu cktkj dksfj;k

dk FkkA bl ns'k esa rhu pkSFkkbZ iq:"k flxjsV ihrs gSa vkSj efgykvksa esa flxjsVihus dh yr cM+h rsth ls c<+ jgh gSA nf{k.k dksfj;k ds flxjsV cktkj esafons'kh ?kqliSB u ds cjkcj FkhA 1985 esa flxjsV cktkj ij fonsf'k;ksa dkfgLlk dsoy 0-2 izfr'kr FkkA lqij 301 dk ck.k ;gk¡ Hkh pyk;k x;k vkSj1989 esa fiQfyi ekSfjl dk 'ks;j 4-5 izfr'kr ij igq¡p x;kA bl lky blns'k esa 91 fcfy;u flxjsVksa dh [kir gqbZ FkhA

dksfj;k dh jk"Vªh; vk; esa nslh flxjsV m|ksx dk cM+k ;ksxnku FkkAvLlh ds n'kd esa ljdkjh ctV dk 10 izfr'kr bu dEifu;ksa ls vkrk FkkvkSj 1]30]000 yksx rEckdw dh [ksrh esa yxs FksA bl ns'k esa dkuwu brus dM+sFks fd ;fn dksbZ dksfj;koklh fons'kh flxjsV ihrs ik;k tkrk Fkk rks ml ij1250 MkWyj dk tqekZuk rFkk dSn dh ltk feyrh FkhA fons'kh dEifu;ksa dksnq'eu rFkk fons'kh flxjsV ihus okyksa dks ns'knzksgh ekuk tkrk FkkA fiQfyiekSfjl us jhxu iz'kklu ds vUrxZr eaMyh ds lnL; ekbdy Msoj dks viusLVkiQ esa fy;kA bl O;fDr dh dksfj;k ds rRdkyhu jk"Vªifr pqu nw Þokurd O;fDrxr igq¡p FkhA 1988 esa lkjk [ksy cny x;kA bl ckr ds izek.kfeyrs gSa fd vejhdh [kqfiQ;k ,tsalh lhvkbZ, ds ,d HkwriwoZ vf/dkjh uspqids ls fiQfyi ekSfjl ds mRikn dksfj;k ds LVksjksa esa Hkjokus esa egÙoiw.kZHkwfedk vnk dh FkhA

FkkbZyS.MFkkbZyS.MFkkbZyS.MFkkbZyS.MFkkbZyS.Mlu~ 1974 ls gh ,f'k;k esa FkkbZyS.M dh ljdkj /weziku ij jksd

yxkus esa lHkh fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa vxz.kh FkhA urhtur 1980 ds n'kd dhlekfIr rd /weziku djus okyksa dh la[;k cgqr ?kV xbZA ljdkj us lHkhfons'kh flxjsVksa ij izfrcU/ yxk fn;k FkkA ij fiQfyi ekSfjl dk ekyZcksjks vkSjvU; vejhdh&fczrkuh flxjsVksa dh Lexfyax gksrh jgh_ ;gk¡ rd fd bUgksaus5 ls 8 iQhlnh cktkj ij dCtk dj fy;kA lqij 301 ds gfFk;kj us ;gk¡ dscktkj Hkh [kqyok fn,A

dEcksfM;kdEcksfM;kdEcksfM;kdEcksfM;kdEcksfM;kfiQfyi ekfS jl us ;gk¡ ds uxj ukeW iQs Ug eas gkVs ykas rFkk dkiQh gkmlkas

ds lkeus yky&lisQn iks'kkd esa flxjsV yM+fd;k¡ [kM+h dj nh] tks ukStokuksa

dks ekyZcksjks flxjsV dh eqÝr lsaiy HksaV djrh FkhaA yM+dksa ds eq¡g ls flxjsVyxkdj fn;klykbZ ls mUgsa lqyxk nsrh FkhaA

phuphuphuphuphubl ns'k esa nqfu;k ds dqy fcdus okyh flxjsVksa dh 28 izfr'kr

[kir gkrs h gAS ;kas rks ljdkj us fon's kh flxjVs kas ij M;~ Vw h Úh 'kkiW ] vUrjjk"Vhª;gksVyksa ds vykok izfrcU/ yxk j[ks gSa] ij ;gk¡ ekyZcksjks dh Lexfyax cgqrgksrh gSA tSls&tSls phu dk O;kikj vejhdk ls c<+ jgk gSA vejhdh flxjsVksadh ?kqliSB phu esa c<+ jgh gSA fiQfyi ekSfjl dh ?kqliSB phu ds iz'kkluesa dkiQh gSA phu dks vfr ilUn jk"Vª (Most Favoured Nation) dkfcuk 'krZ ntkZ fnykus esa fiQfyi ekSfjl ds lhbZvks T;kWÚs ckbfcy us vejhdhiz'kklu dks lger fd;k vkSj phu ds iwoZ jk"Vªifr ft;kax tsfeu us mUgsaO;fDrxr :i ls /U;okn fn;k FkkA

,f'k;k ds ns'kksa ds vykok iwoZ ;wjksi ds ns'kksa] iksySaM] psdksLyksokfd;kvkfn esa Hkh ;g dEiuh viuh fot; irkdk iQgjk jgh gSA ftu ns'kksa esaflxjsV dh [kir de gS] mUgsa fo'ks"k y{; cuk;k gSA budk y{; gS lu2025 rd nqfu;k ds 50 djksM+ yksxksa dks flxjsV ihus dh yr Mkyuk] ;kuhnqfu;k dh 1@10 vkcknh dks u'kk] chekjh vkSj&ekSr dk fuea=k.k nsukA ;svHkkxs T;knkrj fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa jgrs gSaA ;s cM+s xk;dksa dks] f[kykfM+;ksa dksvius cSuj rys xokrs gSa] f[kykrs gSa] fiQYeksa] baVjusV] dscy Vhoh ij foKkiunsrs gSa vkSj xjhc nqfu;k ds cPpksa vkSj ukStokuksa dks vius paxqy esa iQ¡lkrs gSaAefgykvksa esa iq:"kksa dh cjkcjh dh Hkkouk dk ,d okÞ; izrhd ds :i esaflxjsV dks LFkkfir djus esa ;s nkuo liQy gks jgs gSa vkSj efgykvksa esa flxjsVdh yr c<+ jgh gSA dqy urhtk ;g gS fd xjhc ns'kksa esa tgk¡ [kkus ds fy,Hkkstu vkSj ihus ds fy, lkiQ ikuh ugha gS] ogk¡ dh xk<+h dekbZ flxjsVdEifu;k¡ [kklrkSj ls fiQfyi ekSfjl ls mM+ jgh gS vkSj ihNs NksM+ jgh gS ekSrvkSj chekjhA

Hkkjr Hkh pisV esaHkkjr Hkh pisV esaHkkjr Hkh pisV esaHkkjr Hkh pisV esaHkkjr Hkh pisV esavaxzsth gqdwer ds le; ls gh Hkkjr esa fons'kh flxjsV dEifu;ksa dk

opZLo jgk gSA vkbZVhlh us Hkkjr dh nslh 100 flxjsV dEifu;ksa dks mtkM+kFkkA bl le; ch,Vh (fczfV'k vesfjdy VkscSdks) Hkkjr ij NkbZ gS vkSj Hkkjrds 50 izfr'kr cktkj ij mldk dCtk gSA




mnkjhdj.k vkSj Hkwe.Myhdj.k ds u, nkSj esa fiQfyi ekSfjl bl ns'kesa tky iSQykus esa yxk gSA Hkkjr ds iwoZ m|ksx ea=kh fldUnj c[r us bldEiuh rFkk vU; vejhdh dEifu;ksa dks 'kr izfr'kr bfDoVh ds lkFk viukdkjksckj djus dh vuqefr ns nh FkhA vc fons'kh flxjsVksa ds vk;kr ij lHkhizfrcU/ lekIr dj fn, x, gSaA

[ kr ju kd o S f ' od l k ft' k[ kr ju kd o S f ' od l k ft' k[ kr ju kd o S f ' od l k ft' k[ kr ju kd o S f ' od l k ft' k[ kr ju kd o S f ' od l k ft' kfiQfyi ekSfjl dh nwjxkeh j.kuhfr gS ftlls fcuk fdlh izfrjks/ ds

og (rFkk vU; vejhdh flxjsV dEifu;k¡) nqfu;k Hkj ds cktkjksa esacsjksdVksd ?kql ldsaA gky gh esa blus nks cM+s dne xksiuh; <ax ls mBk, gSaAvejhdk esa cM+h cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa dk xBca/u gS ftldk uke gS vejhdkyhM~l vkWu VªsM* ftlus ykWfcax ij 1997 esa 50 yk[k MkWyj [kpZ fd,A blxBcU/u dh enn ls fiQfyi ekSfjl us iQkLV&VªSd ifj;kstukvksa dk dkuwucuokus esa vxqokbZ dhA bl dkuwu ls vejhdk dks nqfu;k esa O;kikj le>kSrsdjus esa dfBukbZ ugha gksxh vkSj flxjsV dEifu;k¡ lc rjiQ iSQy tk,axhA

ij tks T;knk xkis uh;] njw xkeh ifj.kke okys dne gS og gS ,e,vkbZ(iw¡th fuos'k dk cgqi{kh; le>kSrk) dk elfonk rS;kj djus esa fiQfyi ekSfjldh izeq[k HkwfedkA bl le>kSrs ds gks tkus ij ;s dEifu;k¡ fdlh Hkh ns'kdh ljdkj ds f[kykiQ cjkcjh ds Lrj ij eqdnek pyk ldrh gSa tks mudsO;kikj ij fu;a=k.k djuk pkgsaxsA bl le>kSrs ds rgr bu dEifu;ksa ds ?kkVsdh HkjikbZ nslh ljdkjksa dks djuh iM+sxh vkSj jk"Vªh; rFkk LFkkuh; dkuwuksa dksjí djuk iM+sxkA

Ïksr %1 eYVhus'kuy ekWfuVj % fnl- 1993] tqykbZ&vxLr 1997] fnl- 1997

tqykbZ&vxLr 1998] vDrwcj 1998A2- FkMZ oYMZ fjltsZUl % vad la-& 40] 19933- Xykscy ,xzs'ku % n ds'k iQkWj oYMZ

LVSaMM~lZ ,.M cksYM ;w-,l-,D'ku pSysaftax fiQfyi ekSfjl ,.Mvkj-ts-vkj- usfoLdks & ^buiSQDV^] cksLVu (;w-,l-) }kjk izdkf'krjiV

as

7-7-7-7-7-

gksDLVgksDLVgksDLVgksDLVgksDLV?kkr yxkdj geyk djus okyh?kkr yxkdj geyk djus okyh?kkr yxkdj geyk djus okyh?kkr yxkdj geyk djus okyh?kkr yxkdj geyk djus okyh

teZu nok dEiuhteZu nok dEiuhteZu nok dEiuhteZu nok dEiuhteZu nok dEiuh

,d rks nq'eu os gksrs gSa tks lh/s ,ykfu;k geyk djrs gSa nwljs osgkrs s gaS tks yEch ?kkr yxk;s cBS s jgrs gaS ij Åij ls nkLs r dh rjg crkoZ djrsgSa vkSj ekSdk ikdj dCtk dj ysrs gSaA nwljs izdkj ds nq'eu T;knk [krjukdgksrs gSa vkSj T;knk rckgh dj Mkyrs gSaA jksxksa ds bykt ds fy, mEnk fdLedh nokb;k¡ cukus dk f<a<ksjk ihVus okyh teZuh dh dEiuh gksDLV nwljs izdkjdh nq'eu gSA gksDLV dEiuh vejhdh dEiuh n~;wiksa ds ckn jlk;u m|ksx esanqfu;k dh nwljh cM+h dEiuh gSA ewy uke gksDLV ,uh ls izfl¼ bl dEiuhus nqfu;k Hkj ds cktkjksa ij viuk tky iSQykus ds fy, Hkkjh ek=kk esa cM+s&cM+setZj fd, gSa] 1995 esa blus vejhdk dh dEiuh esfVvksu esjSyMksu vkSjÚkalhlh dEiuh #lSy ;wDykiQ dk vf/xzg.k 35 vjc MkWyj esa fd;k vkSj vcbldk u;k uke gksDLV esfjvksu #lSy ( ,p ,e vkj ) gks x;k gSA Hkkjresa Hkh blus risfnd uk'kd nok,¡ vkSj fjiSQafiflu cukus okyh vxz.kh dEiuhY;wfiu dsfedYl dks [kjhn fy;k gSA Hkkjr esa mnkjhdj.k ds nkSj dk Qk;nkmBkrs g,q eyw teuZ dEiuh us viuh Hkkjrh; 'kk[kk eas it¡w h fuo's k dkiQh c<k+fn;k gSA 1996 esa bl dEiuh ds nf{k.k ,f'k;k ds çca/ funs'kd cjukMZ bZ-gkSiQeSu us vxys 5 lkyksa esa Hkkjr esa 80 djksM+ Mw;w'kekØ dh iw¡th fuos'k dk,yku fd;k FkkA blds cy ij ;g dEiuh vU; Hkkjrh; dEifu;ksa dks [kjhnusvkSj vius esa foy;u (etZj) dk dke djsxhA




fy;s vUrjjk"Vªh; lfU/ gqbZ gS ij dEifu;k¡ tSo MdSrh djus ls ckt ughavkrhaA gksDLV us Hkkjr ls tSfod&tsusfVd lalk/uksa dh Hkkjh pksjh dh gS vkSjmuls Hkkjh ek=kk eas O;kolkf;d euq kiQk dek jgh gAaS dbZ inkFkkaZs ij mlus iVs Vasvf/dkj Hkh izkIr dj fy;s gSaA

vijk/ks a dk fjdkMZ %vijk/ks a dk fjdkMZ %vijk/ks a dk fjdkMZ %vijk/ks a dk fjdkMZ %vijk/ks a dk fjdkMZ % pksjh] MdSrh] gR;k tSls lkekftdvijk/ksa ls T;knk [krjukd vijk/ cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;k¡ dj jgh gaSA viusizfr}U}h dk liQk;k djuk] gtkjksa yksxksa dh jksth&jksVh Nhuuk] lkeku dknke c<+kdj lekt dks Bxuk dqNsd vijk/ gSaA eYVhus'kuy ekWfuVj us uCcsds n'kd esa 100 dkjiksjsV vijkf/;ksa dh lwph izdkf'kr dh gS] mlesa gksDLVdk LFkku ckjgoka gSA gksDLV us lksjosV dh euekuh dher r; djus vkSjcktkj 'ks;j fu/kZfjr djus esa vesfjdk vkSj vU; ns'kksa esa 17 lky ls py jgsvUrjjk"Vªh; "kM~;a=k esa Hkkx fy;kA vesfjdk ds la?kh; vf/dkfj;ksa us gksDLVvkSj gksDLV dh iQwM buxzsfM;safV fctusl ;wfuV ds iwoZ ekdsZfVax eSustj cuZMjksekg ij eqdnek pyk;k ftlesa gksDLV us viuk dlwj dcwy fd;k vkSj3-6 djksM+ MkWyj dk tqekZuk nsus ij jkth gks x;kA jksekg us Hkh dlwj eatwjfd;k gS vkSj "kM~;a=k esa Hkkx ysus ds vijk/ ds fy, 2 yk[k 50 gtkj MkWyjdk tqekZuk nsuk eatwj fd;kA lkFk gh gksDLV vkSj jksekg us muds f[kykiQ pyjgh ljdkjh tk¡p esa Hkh lg;ksx dk ok;nk fd;kA ;g tqekZus ebZ 1999 esa gq,gAaS

tgjhys jlk;uks a dk /a/k % tgjhys jlk;uks a dk /a/k % tgjhys jlk;uks a dk /a/k % tgjhys jlk;uks a dk /a/k % tgjhys jlk;uks a dk /a/k % Hkkjr esa ^ih-oh-lh-* ;kuh iksfyfoukbyDyksjkbM dk /a/k teZuh dh cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa us 'kq: fd;kA ih-oh-lh- la;a=k1968 esa teZuh dh dEiuh ch-,-,l-,iQ- dh enn ls National Organic

Chemical Industries Ltd. (us'kuy vkxs±fud dsfedy baMLVªht fy-) usLFkkfir fd;k FkkA lHkh IykfLVdksa esa ih-oh-lh lcls T;knk [krjukd gksrk gSAbl le; dbZ teZu dEifu;k¡ ih- oh-lh- esa iw¡th fuos'k dj jgh gSa ftuesagksDLV ,th Hkh gSA ih-oh-lh ds cukus esa vkSj fuLrkj.k esa MkvksDlhu iSnk gksrhgS tks lcls Hk;adj flUFksfVd jlk;u gS vkSj ;g dSalj] yhoj V~;wej vkSjtUe foÑfr;k¡ iSnk djrk gSA rjg&rjg ds jax inkFkZ (MkbZ LViQ) Hkh gksDLVcukrk gS tks iznw"k.k iSQykus esa [krjukd inkFkZ gksrs gSaA

gksDLV dh xq.kork dk feFkd % gksDLV dh xq.kork dk feFkd % gksDLV dh xq.kork dk feFkd % gksDLV dh xq.kork dk feFkd % gksDLV dh xq.kork dk feFkd % Hkkjr esa vke /kj.kk ;g gS fdteZu nokb;k¡ vkSj [kklrkSj ls gksDLV dh nokb;k¡ mRre DokfyVh dh gksrhgSaA ysfdu 1995 esa gksDLV ?kfV;k fdLe dh nok cukrs idM+k x;kA gksDLV

esa xSj O;kikfjd eqík ckSf¼d lEink vf/dkj 'kkfey djk;k x;k Fkk ftllsrhljh nqfu;k ds ns'kksa ds isVsaV dkuwu cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds ekfiQd cuok;stk ldsa vkSj blesa mUgsa liQyrk fey xbZA bl pØ ds iwjs gksus ij fo'oO;kikj laxBu dh LFkkiuk 1995 esa gqbZ vkSj mlesa fVªIl dks 'kkfey fd;kx;kA fVªIl ds rgr Hkkjr tSls ns'kksa dks vius isVsaV dkuwuksa esa mRikn isVsaVlu~ 2005 rd 'kkfey djus dh vfuok;Zrk gSA gksDLV rFkk vU; teZu nokdEifu;k¡ 2005 dh izrh{kk esa ?kkr yxk, cSBh gSaA

mRikn isVsaV ykxw gksrs gh] mudk Hkkjrh; nok cktkj ij dCtk gkstk,xk vkSj viuh ethZ ls nokvksa ds nke c<++k;saxsA blh ?kkr esa gksDLV usHkkjr esa viuh 'kks/ vkSj fodkl (vkj ,.M Mh) lqfo/k,¡ cUn dj nh gSaA

Hkkjr ds Åij teZuh dh ljdkj vkSj ogk¡ dh dEifu;ksa dk fiNysdbZ lkyksa ls ncko iM+ jgk gSA teZuh iw¡th fuos'k ds fy, 'krZ ds :i esa osHkkjr ds isVsaV dkuwu] fons'kh iw¡th fuos'k uhfr vkfn] cnyokuk pkg jgk gSA

VªkUliQj izkbflax dh Ny&iQjsch % VªkUliQj izkbflax dh Ny&iQjsch % VªkUliQj izkbflax dh Ny&iQjsch % VªkUliQj izkbflax dh Ny&iQjsch % VªkUliQj izkbflax dh Ny&iQjsch % cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;k¡ Hkkjr lsiw¡th ftl Ny&iQjsch ls ys tkrh gSa muesa VªkUliQj izkbflax tkuh ekuhrjdhc gSA bl rjdhc esa] fdlh dEiuh dh] estcku ns'k dh lfClfM;jh mlns'k dh dj pksjh djus ds fy, og vius equkisQ dks de dher ij fn[kkrsgSa] vkSj ewy dEiuh ls tks lkeku vkrk gS] mldk nke T;knk fn[kkrs gSaAljdkj ds fy, bl Ny&iQjsch dks idM+uk vklku ugha gksrkA

gksDLV bafM;k us 1996 esa viuh teZu dEiuh ls nok cukus ds fy,fFk;ksczksehu jlk;u ftl Hkko ij vk;kr fd;k og vUrjjk"Vªh; Hkko dk lkrxquk T;knk FkkA Hkkjr ljdkj ds jlk;u vkSj isVªks jlk;u foHkkx dks gksDLVds f[kykiQ dk;oZ kgh djuh iMh+ A fFk;kcs kz es hu ls {k; jkxs dh nok iVs kDs VhiQkbyhurS;kj dh tkrh gSA gksDLV us 1995 esa fFk;ksczksehu 5172 #- izfr fdyks vk;krdh tcfd vU; nok fuekZrkvksa us blh le; bl j;klu dks 888 #- ds Hkkols e¡xk;kA

tSo MdSrh %tSo MdSrh %tSo MdSrh %tSo MdSrh %tSo MdSrh % tSo fofo/rk esa Hkkjr cgqr lEiUu ns'k gSA cgqjk"Vªh;dEifu;ksa dh fuxkg bl lEiUu tSo fofo/rk ij yxh gSA ns'k ds yk[kksafdLe ds cht- ikS/s] tM+h cwfV;ksa dks bl ns'k ds fdlkuksa vkSj tkudkj yksxksavkSj tuleqnk;ksa us gtkjksa lkyksa esa fodflr fd;k gSA fons'kh dEifu;k¡ bltSfod lEifr dh pksjh djds fons'k ys tkrh gSa vkSj mu ij FkksM+h&lhtsusfVd bathfu;jh djds mUgsa isVsaV djk jgh gSaA tSo fofo/rk dh j{kk ds




bafM;k us viuh nks yksdfiz; nokb;k¡ cjkyxu vkSj isQLVy :l dks fu;kZr dhFkhA :l dh ,d 'kks/ laxBu lsUVªy yscksjsVjht dh tk¡p ij ;s nokb¡;ka?kfV;k fdLe dh fudyhaA :l ds vf/dkfj;ksa us bu nokb;ksa dh fcØh ijjksd yxk nhA

ekuo fojks/h dEiuh % ekuo fojks/h dEiuh % ekuo fojks/h dEiuh % ekuo fojks/h dEiuh % ekuo fojks/h dEiuh % cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;k¡ vUrjjk"Vªh; izfrLi/kZesa vkxs c<+us ds fy, vkSj vf/d ls vf/d equkiQk cVksjus ds fy, euekus<ax ls vius dkjhxjksa dh N¡aVuh djrh gSaA gksDLV Hkh bl dqdeZ esa fdlhls ihNs ughas gSA blus vius dkj[kkus esa LoSfPNd vodk'k ;kstuk ykxw djj[kh gSA blds vykok ;g dEiuh fgUnqLrku esa viuk dkjksckj eq[; :i lsblfy, c<+k jgh gS fd teZuh dh rqyuk esa Hkkjr esa cgqr lLrk Je feyrkgSA ,d Jfed dks teZuh esa tks ikfjJfed fn;k tkrk gS] mlh ikfjJfedls 127 Hkkjrh; etnwj fey ldrs gSaA

lLrs Je] lLrs dPps eky vkSj cM++s cktkj ds vkd"kZ.k us gksDLVdks Hkkjr tSls ns'k dks ywVus dk izksRlkgu fn;kA

lanHkZ % n fj;fyVh vkWiQ iQksjsu bUosLVesUV~lys[kd % d¡oytht flag] ekè;e cqDl] 1997

8-8-8-8-8-

flVh cS adflVh cS adflVh cS adflVh cS adflVh cS ad?kksVkysckt vejhdh cSad?kksVkysckt vejhdh cSad?kksVkysckt vejhdh cSad?kksVkysckt vejhdh cSad?kksVkysckt vejhdh cSad

Ng&lkr lky igys gq, izfrHkwfr ?kksVkys ds ckjs esa ge lc tkursgh gSaA ,slk vuqeku gS fd ml ?kksVkys esa ns'k ds gtkjksa NksVs&cM+s izfrHkwfr/kjdksa ds de ls de ik¡p gtkj djksM+ #i, ns'k ds ckgj pys x,A ljdkjus laln ds nksuksa lnuksa dh ,d la;qDr tk¡p lfefr Hkh cSBkbZ ysfdu oglfefr Hkh u crk ldh fd bruh foiqy /ujkf'k dkSu vkSj dSls ns'k ds ckgjys x;kA ?kksVkys ds le; dbZ fons'kh cSadksa ds uke fy, tk jgs FksA fdlhi=kdkj us rRdkyhu foRrea=kh MkW- eueksgu flag ls loky fd;k % dgk tkjgk gS] ;g ?kksVkyk rks fons'kh cSadksa dh dkjrwr gS] vkidks bl ckjs esa D;kdguk gS \ MkW eueksgu flag us tokc fn;k Fkk& ^vkbZ gSo fLVy isQFk buiQksjsu cSaDl* (esjk vHkh Hkh fons'kh cSadksa esa fo'okl gS) ;gh ^fo'okl* Fkkftldh otg ls ;g cSad bruh cM+h jde ns'k ls pqjk ys x, vkSj dksbZ mudkcky ck¡dk u dj ldkA

fczVsu dh LVS.MMZ pkVZMZ cSad vkSj vesfjdk dh ,-,u- tsM fxzaMyst];w-,l- cSad] cSad vkWiQ vesfjdk ds lkFk bl ?kksVkys esa lcls izeq[k Hkwfedkftl cSad us fuHkk;h Fkh] og gS vesfjdk dh flVh cSadA bldh nqfu;k dsyxHkx lHkh ns'kksa esa 'kk[kk,¡ gSaA

csfelky jktuSfrd Hkz"Vkpkj %csfelky jktuSfrd Hkz"Vkpkj %csfelky jktuSfrd Hkz"Vkpkj %csfelky jktuSfrd Hkz"Vkpkj %csfelky jktuSfrd Hkz"Vkpkj % caSafdax {ks=k esa flVh cSad ,dcM+h rkdr gSA bl rkdr dks vtss; 'kfDr cukus ds mís'; ls uoEcj 1999esa flVh cSad us chek dEiuh ^VSªoylZ* ds lkFk foy; fd;k vkSj ubZ dEiuhdk uke ^flVh xzqi* gks x;kA njvly ;g foy; ekStwnk dkuwuksa ds f[kykiQ




dks nxas hA blls miHkkDs rk dh xkis uh;rk lekIr gks tk,xhA ij lcls cMh+ ckr;g gS fd bl dkuwu ls cSadksa dks ;g vf/dkj fey x;k gS fd os xjhcksa dkslsok nsus ls budkj dj ldsaxh] ;kfu flVh xzqi O;oLFkk xjhcksa ds fy, ughagAaS

nf{k.k dksfj;k esa a Ny&iQjsch %nf{k.k dksfj;k esa a Ny&iQjsch %nf{k.k dksfj;k esa a Ny&iQjsch %nf{k.k dksfj;k esa a Ny&iQjsch %nf{k.k dksfj;k esa a Ny&iQjsch % ,d ns'k ls nwljs ns'k esauktk;t rjhdksa ls /u Hkstus esa flVh cSad dk fjdkMZ dkiQh xUnk gSA 1994esa nf{k.k dksfj;k dh jkt/kuh fl;ksy esa flVh cSad dh 'kk[kk us 6-5 djksM+MkWyj gsjkisQjh djds ns'k ds ckgj uktk;t rjhds ls HkstssA lsoUFk Ms ,MosafVLVppZ ds uke ij flVh cSad us gk¡xdk¡x dh dsMhyksMZ buosLVesaV dEiuh lsle>kSrk djds ;g /u ns'k ds ckgj fudky fn;kA

Hkkjr esa 'kqHkfpUrd dk iguk udkcHkkjr esa 'kqHkfpUrd dk iguk udkcHkkjr esa 'kqHkfpUrd dk iguk udkcHkkjr esa 'kqHkfpUrd dk iguk udkcHkkjr esa 'kqHkfpUrd dk iguk udkcHkkjr esa flVh cSad xjhcksa vkSj efgykvkssa dh 'kqHkfpUrd gS] ;g Nfo

cukus ds fy, bl cSad us u;k rjhdk fudkyk gSA 1997 esa bl cSad us nksHkkjrh; xSj ljdkjh laxBuksa (,u th vks) dks rhu lky ds fy, 5 yk[kMkWyj dk vuqnku fn;kA bl /ujkf'k ds ekè;e ls ;s laxBu 'kgjh fiNM+hefgykvksa dks vius iSjksa ij [kM+k djsaxsA ;s laxBu bl /u ls nks dke djsaxs&,d lxa BukRed <kp¡ k [kMk+ djuk vkjS nlw js fiNMh+ efgykvkasss dks m|e yxkusds fy, NksVs vklku dtsZ nsukA flVh cSad ds ân; esa fiNM+h efgykvksa dsfy, d#.kk dSls tx xbZ \ flVh cSad xUns gFkdaMs viukrh gS ftlls bldhcgqr cnukeh gqbZ gSA efgykvksa ls 90 iQhlnh ls T;knk dtZ dh vnk;xhvklkuh ls gks tkrh gSA lkFk gh lekt ds 'kqHkfpUrd dh Nfo rks curh ghgSA bl ns'k ds T;knkrj ,u th vks ljdkjh ;k fons'kh iSls ij /U/k dj jgsgSaA flVh cSad us dqN /u nsdj mUgsa viuh Nfo cukus vkSj NksVh m/kjh dk/U/k pykus esa bLrseky djuk 'kq: dj fn;k gSA

ekfiQ;k ekfiQd xq.MbZekfiQ;k ekfiQd xq.MbZekfiQ;k ekfiQd xq.MbZekfiQ;k ekfiQd xq.MbZekfiQ;k ekfiQd xq.MbZ1995&97 esa v[kckjksa esa flVh cSad dh xq.MbZ dh [kcjsa dkiQh NihaA

nqfu;k esa f'kdkxks ds ekfiQ;k lcls T;knk cnuke gSaA ij flVh cSad us mUgsaHkh ihNs NksM+ fn;kA 9 iQjojh 1995 dks bafM;u ,Dlizsl esa [kcj Nih ftldk'kh"kZd Fkk & dtZ olwyh ds fy, flVh cSad ds ,tsaVksa us xqnsZ fudkyus dh/edh nhA 5 tuojh 1997 dks VkbEl vkWiQ bafM;k esa fiQj ,slh gh [kcjNihA flVh cSad us vius dtsZ dh mxkgh ds fy, 'kgj ds xq.Mksa dks Bsdkfn;kA ;s xq.Ms dtZ ysus okyksa dks rjg&rjg ls Mjkrs&/edkrs FksA ,slh Hkh

FkkA vesfjdk esa ,d dkuwu Fkk ftls Xykl LVhxky dkuwu dgrs Fks tks cSad]chek vkSj flD;ksfjVh iQeksZa dh lk>k ekyfd;r dks jksdrk FkkA ;g dkuwublfy, cuk;k x;k Fkk fd cSad vkSj chek dEifu;k¡ ,d lhek ls T;knkfoRrh; rkdr u cu ik, D;kfas d cMh+ rkdr cu tkus ls os n's k dh jktufS rdvkSj vkfFkZd lRrk dks izHkkfor djrh gSaA

vefs jdk eas cdaS ] chek vkjS okLrfod ifjlEifr m|kxs rhukas feydj,slk {ks=k cukrs gSa tks vesfjdk ds vU; lHkh {ks=kksa ds eqdkcys lcls T;knk/u pqukoksa ds fy;s tqVkrk gS vkSj ;g dke fu;fer :i ls djrk gSA ;g{ks=k vius }kjk ,d=k fd;k x;k /u vius fglkc ls [kpZ djrk gS vkSjjktuhfr dks vius fgr esa izHkkfor djrk gSA dqN vak¡adM+s bl izdkj gSa&&1998 esa bl {ks=k us 20 djksM+ MkWyj yk¡fcax ij [kpZ fd, vkSj ;g jkf'k 1999esa vkSj vf/d c<+ xbZA 1997&98 esa bl {ks=k us 15 djksM+ MkWyj pqukoksa esa[kpZ fd, vkSj fuLlansg 1999 esa ;g /ujkf'k dkiQh c<+ xbZ gksxhA ;g/u [kklrkSj ls mu laln lnL;ksa ds pqukoksa esa yxk tks laln dh cSafdaxlfefr ds ;k foÙkh; lsokvksa ds dkuwu cukus okyh lfefr;ksa ds lnL; FksA

flVh xqzi us vius uktk;t foy; dks tk;t cukus ds fy, u;kdkuwu cukus dh ykWfcax 'kq: dj nhA flVh xzqi ds la;qDr vè;{k lsaMh ok;yrFkk izeq[k iSjksdkj jkstsj ysoh us iz'kklu rFkk dk¡xzsl esa ?kqliSB cuk yh] ;gk¡rd fd u, dkuwu ds elfons cukus esa mudk lh/ gkFk jgkA flVh cSad usvkf[kjh rq#i ds iRrs dh pky esa ;g ?kks"k.kk dj nh fd tSls gh u;k dkuwucu tk,xk] flVh xzqi ds la;qDr in ij gky gh esa vodk'k xzg.k djus okysvejhdh foRr lfpo&:fcu dh fu;qfDr dh tk,xhA :fcu us u, dkuwu dksikl djkus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk dhA

urhtru Xykl&LVhxky dkuwu jí fd;k x;k vkSj mldh txgfoRrh; lsok,¡ vk/wfudhdj.k dkuwu (iQkbusaf'k;y lfoZlst ekWMukZbts'ku,DV) ikl gks x;k vkSj yksx HkkSpDds gksdj ns[krsss jg x,A bl u, dkuwuus foRrh; m|ksx esa lRrk ds dsUnzhdj.k ds [krjs cgqr c<+k fn, gaSA lclscM+k [krjk rks ;g gS fd flVh xzqi dh rjg foRrh; m|ksx lRrk dsdsUnzh;dj.k dk [krjk c<+sxkA ns'k dh foRrh; vkfFkZd lRrk dqN gkFkksa esapyh tk,xhA ;fn os ladV esa iM+rs gSa rks iwjs ns'k ds djnkrkvksa dks mldhHkjikbZ djuh gksxhA bu foRrh; nkuoksa dks miHkksDrkvksa dh foRrh; LokLF;laca/h] vkSj vU; O;fDrxr tkudkfj;k¡ jgsaxh tks os viuh lg;ksxh 'kk[kkvksa




[kcjas feyh fd ;s xqaMs dtZnkj dk LdwVj] eksVj lkbfdy ;k dkj mBk ykrsFksA ;s xaqMs dtZnkjksa dks ;g Hkh lq>ko nsrs Fks fd vxj okil djus dks iSlsugha gSa rkss vk¡[k] ;Ñr] isQiQM+s ;k xqnsZ csp ldrs gSaA os dtZ okil u djusokyksa dh gkFk ;k Vk¡x rksM+us dh /edh Hkh nsrs FksA

foRrh; ladV ds le; nxkckthfoRrh; ladV ds le; nxkckthfoRrh; ladV ds le; nxkckthfoRrh; ladV ds le; nxkckthfoRrh; ladV ds le; nxkckth1991 esa Hkkjr esa fons'kh eqnzk dk ladV iSnk gks x;k ftldh otg

ls bl ns'k dks fo'o cSad vkSj eqnzk dks"k dh 'krksZa ij dtZ ysuk iM+k] viuheqnzk dk voewY;u djuk iM+kA ml ladV ds le; flVh cSad us ns'k ds lkFkHkkjh /ks[ksckth dk lywd fd;kA 5 flrEcj 1991 dks bafM;u ,Dliszl us blnxkckth dk mYys[k ,d [kcj esa fd;k ftldk 'kh"kZd Fkk& ^flVh cSad usHkkjr dh dtZ&fo'oluh;rk dks uqdlku igq¡pk;kA* bl [kcj esa U;w;kdZ lsizdkf'kr iztkrh; lkIrkfgd ^U;wt bafM;k* dk gokyk nsrss gq, bl ckr dkmYys[k fd;k fd nqfu;k dh pksVh dh cSadksa esa ls ,d flVh cSad us tctuojh ds eghus esa Hkkjr dk foRrh; ladV pje lhek ij Fkk] ml ns'k dhdtZ&fo'oluh;rk dks Hkkjh pksV igq¡pkbZA bldk urhtk ;g gqvk fd vU;cM+h vejhdh cSadksa ls Hkh /u fudkyus dh ck<+ vk xbZA

flVh cSad ds dqÑR;ksa dh isQgfjLr yEch gSA lu~ 1991 esa bl cSadus vius Lopkfyr Vsyj e'khuksa ds vk;kr esa vk;kr vkSj dLVe Mw;wVh u Hkjusesa pkyckth dhA idM+s tkus ij bls 2 djksM+ :i, dLVe vf/dkfj;ksa dksHkjus iM+sA 1992&93 esa Hkkjr dh dbZ dEifu;k¡ bl cSad dh Hkz"V ;kstukvksads pDdj esa iQ¡l xbZ vkSj Hkkjh uqdlku mBk;kA buesa ,vj bafM;k] fot;kcSad vkSj xsazfle fyfeVsM 'kkfey FkhaA bl cSad us Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad dsdkuwuksa dk [kqydj mYya?ku fd;k vkSj ,d lky ( 1991 ) esa 58 djksM+ :i,dk uktk;t equkiQk dek;k tcfd mlh lky ;g cSad mRrjh vesfjdk vkSjvkLVªsfy;k esa ?kkVs ij dkjksckj dj jgh FkhA

izfrHkwfr ?kksVkykas esa tc eqEcbZ mPp U;k;ky; esa eqdnek py jgkFkk rc U;k;ewfrZ okfj;kok us flVh cSad dh dM+h vkykspuk dh vkSj >wBs] iQthZrjhds viukus rFkk csbekuh Hkjs rØ nsus dk nks"kh ik;kA

lanHkZ % 1- eYVhus'kuy ekWfuVj & fnlEcj 1999

2- bUnzkusV & iQjojh 2000

9-9-9-9-9-

ukbukbukbukbukbZZZ ZZdddddfuÑ"Vre ofuÑ"Vre ofuÑ"Vre ofuÑ"Vre ofuÑ"Vre oSSS SSf'od vFkf'od vFkf'od vFkf'od vFkf'od vFkZ ZZ ZZO;oLFkk dkO;oLFkk dkO;oLFkk dkO;oLFkk dkO;oLFkk dk

mRÑ"Vre uk;dmRÑ"Vre uk;dmRÑ"Vre uk;dmRÑ"Vre uk;dmRÑ"Vre uk;d

lfpu rsUnqydj tSls ukeh&fxjkeh ntZuksa f[kykM+h ftlds twrksa dks'kku ls igu dj [ksyrs rks gSa gh lkFk gh Vsyhfotu ij mudk izpkj djnqfu;k ds djksM+ksa yksxksa ds eu esa oSls gh twrs iguus dh yyd iSnk djrs gSa]nqfu;k Hkj esa [ksyksa ds cM+s&cM+s vk;kstu izk;ksftr djus dk ftldk ;'k iSQykgqvk gks] tks ekuoh; mís';ksa ds izfr lefiZr gksus dh Å¡ph uSfrd ckrsa dgrhgks] ml dEiuh dk psgjk fdruk f?kukSuk gS vkSj mlus fdrus /r~deZ fd,gSa] bldk [kqyklk rc gqvk tc mlds vius gh gkFkksa mlds iki dk ?kM+k iQwViMk+ A

f[kykfM+;ksa ds twrs cukus okyh nqfu;k dh lcls cM+h dEiuh gSvesfjdk dh dEiuh ukbZdA blds T;knkrj dkj[kkus vesfjdk ds ckgj gSaA,f'k;k esa mlds 150 dkj[kkus gSa ftuesa 4]50]500 dkjhxj dke djrs gSaA;s dkj[kkus fo;ruke] bMa kus fs 'k;k] gkx¡dkx¡ ] phu vkjS nf{k.k dkfs j;k eas gAaS bldEiuh ds mRiknu dk cM+k Hkkx lcdk.VSªfDaVx ls gksrk gS tks nwj njkt dsxans] fiNM+s bykdksa esa pyrk gSA ij Hkkjh izpkj vkSj foKkiuckth lsvUrjjk"Vªh; Lrj ij ;g daiuh vius mRikndksa dks 'kq¼rk vkSj xq.koRrk dhizfrewfrZ ds :i esa is'k djrh gSA

ukbZd vkSj ,slh gh vU; cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;k¡ rhljh nqfu;k ds yksxksa




vPNk djus dh t:jr gSA fjiksVZ esa vU; cgqr&lh ckrsa dgh xb± tks ukbZddh vlfy;r dks mtkxj djrh gSaA ij bl jiV dks nck fn;k x;kA

ij uoEcj 1997 esa ;g fjiksVZ yhd gksdj lsuÚkaflLdks dh laLFkk^VªkUlus'kuy fjlkslZ ,.M ,D'ku lsaVj* (VSªd) ds gkFk iM+ xbZA fiQj bllaLFkk us ukbZd ds dqdeksZa dks mtkxj djuk 'kq: fd;kA bl jiV ls ukbZdfo;ruke ds dkj[kkukssa esa 'kks"k.k vkSj mRihM+u ds os mnkgj.k lkeus vk,ftudh ppkZ Åij dh x;h gAS ;g Hkh mtkxj gvq k fd dkj[kkus eas vueq kfs nrek=kk ls 177 xquk dkjhxj (T;knk dkjhxj) dke djrss gSa vkSj ,d dkj[kkusds ,d foHkkx esa 100 dkexkj ;qofr;k¡ lkal ds jksxksa dh f'kdkj gSaA cky Jedk [kwc nq#i;ksx bu dkj[kkuksa esa gksrk gSA

fo[;kr iQeZ vULVZ ,.M ;ax dh jiV eas ukbd ds f[kykiQ yxk,tk jgs os lkjs vkjksi lgh lkfcr gq, tks dbZ lekt dehZ lewg le;≤ij ukbd ds Åij yxkrs jgs FksA ekpZ 1997 essa fo;ruke dh ,d yscj okpjiV ls ;g lekpkj izdkf'kr gks pqdk Fkk fd ukbd ds dkj[kkuksa esa Jedkuwuksa dk mYya?ku gksrk gS] de etnwjh nh tkrh gS] ;qofr;ksa dk ;kSu 'kks"k.kgksrk gS vkSj dkj[kkuksa dk okrkoj.k LokLF; ds fy, [krjukd gSA mldss ckn15 flrEcj dks gk¡xdk¡x dh bZlkbZ vkS|ksfxd lfefr us phu esa ukbZd dhBsdsnkjksa ds 'kks"k.k ds nLrkost izdkf'kr fd,A lfefr us dgk fd phu dsdkjhxjkaas dh gkyr fo;ruke ds dkjhxjksa ls cnrj gSA 8 uoEcj 1997 dks^U;w;kdZ VkbEl* us ;ax dh jiV dks m¼`r djrs gq, fy[kk fd gks phfeUgflVh ds miuxj esa cus ukbZd ds dkj[kkus esa 77 iQhlnh dkjhxj lkal dsjksx ds f'kdkj gSaA

lPpkbZ ij inkZ Mkyus dh Ny&iQjschlPpkbZ ij inkZ Mkyus dh Ny&iQjschlPpkbZ ij inkZ Mkyus dh Ny&iQjschlPpkbZ ij inkZ Mkyus dh Ny&iQjschlPpkbZ ij inkZ Mkyus dh Ny&iQjsch15 flrEcj dk ^n U;w fjifCyd* i=k us ,d ys[k ,Mªw Xykl dk

izdkf'kr fd;k ftlesa vULVZ ,.M ;ax dh jiV ds ,d dFku dks pqukSrh nhxbZ gS fd daiuh vius dkjhxjksa ds lkFk vPNk lywd dj jgh gSA ^ys[k esadgk x;k fd jiV esa ftu dUlYVsaV ls lykg&e'kfojk djus dh ckr fy[khgS] og >wB gS] muls dHkh ckr ugha gqbZA ;ax us tks c;ku fjdkMZ fd, gSa osmu yksxksa }kjk vuqokn fd, x, Fks ftUgsa daiuh }kjk fu;qDr fd;k x;k gSA*

,d lky rd ukbZd us vULVZ ,.M ;ax dh jiV dks nck, j[kkAmlus igys v[kckjkas eas foKkiu nds j jiV ds os Hkkx Nik, tks mlds ekfiQdfy[ks x, FksA fiQj mlus dguk 'kq: dj fn;k fd ;g jiV ^vkmV vkiWQ MsV*

dks jkstxkj nsus rFkk bu ns'kksa dh vkfFkZd rjDdh djus dk budk dksbZ mís';ugha gksrk] gkyk¡fd os dgrh ;gh gSaA muds pquko ds eq[; dkj.k gSa %(1) rhljh nqfu;k esa Je csgn lLrk gksrk gSA fo;ruke dh ,d dkjhxjefgyk dks 10-5 ?kaVs jkst dke djkds 6 fnu dh etnwjh bl daiuh ls 10MkWyj feyrh gS tks blh daiuh ds vejhdh dkjhxj dh ,d ?kaVss dh etnwjhls Hkh de gSA (2) rhljh nqfu;k ds ns'kksa esa Je dkuwu vkSj i;kZoj.k ij [kpZugha djuk iM+rk tcfd mlh dke ds fy, bUgsa vius ns'k esa cM+h /ujkf'knsuh gksrh gSA (3) rhljh nqfu;k ds dkjhxj] fo'ks"kr% efgyk,¡ vkSj cPps lLrsgksus ds lkFk&lkFk vf/d vkKkdkjh vkSj des: gksrs gSaA muls fodflr ns'kksads dkjhxjksa ds eqdkcys T;knk dke fy;k tk ldrk gSA

ukbZd ds twrksa ds dkj[kkuksa esa] pkgs os fo;ruke esa gks] ;kbaMksusf'k;k esa ;k vU; LFkkuksa ij] cM+h la[;k esa ;qofr;k¡ vkSj cPps dke djrsgaSA budk vkfFkZd 'kks"k.k ds lkFk&lkFk 'kkjhfjd vkSj ;kSu mRihM+u cgqr gksrkgSA Bsdsnkjksa }kjk dke djkus ls ;g 'kks"k.k vkSj Hkh c<+ tkrk gS nqfu;k Hkjesa cky etnwjh ds f[kykiQ gYyk epkus okyh vejhdh ljdkj ukbZd dh ckyetnwjh ij pqIih lk/s jgrh gSA

'kks"k.k&mRihM+u dk HkaMkiQksM+'kks"k.k&mRihM+u dk HkaMkiQksM+'kks"k.k&mRihM+u dk HkaMkiQksM+'kks"k.k&mRihM+u dk HkaMkiQksM+'kks"k.k&mRihM+u dk HkaMkiQksM+1996 esa 25 ?kaVs pyus okyh lh-ch-,l- U;wt dh ,d i=kdkj jkscVkZ

ckfLdu us ;g jiV nh fd fo;ruke esa ukbZd ds dkj[kkuksa esa dke djusokys dkjhxjksa dks ,d ?kaVs dh etnwjh 20 lsaV feyrh gSA mUgksaus ;g [kcjHkh nh fd dkj[kkus ds ,d lqijokbtj us 15 efgyk dkjhxjksa ds flj ij pksVekjh vkjS 25 feuV cBS us ds fy, etcjw fd;kA jkcs VkZ us ;g Hkh [kcj mtkxjdh fd daiuh dk ,d dksfj;kbZ lqijokbtj vusd efgyk dkjhxjksa ds lkFkcykRdkj djds Hkkx x;kA

ukbZd daiuh ij ;g vkjksi Hkh yx jgs Fks fd mlds Bsdsnkjksa dsdkj[kkuksa esaa Je vkSj i;kZoj.kh; ifjfLFkfr;k¡aa Bhd ugha gSaA daiuh us nqfu;kdks ;g fn[kkus ds fy, fd mlds dkj[kkus fu;eksa ds vuqlkj py jgs gSa]ekuokf/dkj vkSj la;qDr jk"Vª esa vf/oDrk vkSj vVykaVk ds iwoZ es;j vkSjjktnwr jgs ,UMw ;ax dh ,dkmafVx iQeZ vULVZ ,.M ;ax ls viuk vkWfMVdjk;kA ;g iQeZ nqfu;k dh lcls cM+h iQeksZa esa ls gS tks ;g dke djrh gSAbl iQeZ us ukbZd dh dsoy 15 iSQDVfj;ksa dks ns[kkA bl iQeZ dh jiV esa dgkx;k fd ;g daiuh vius dkjhxjksa ds lkFk vPNk lywd dj jgh gS] gk¡] vkSj




gAS vc ukbdZ ds dkj[kkukas ds gkykr cgrq vPNs gks x, gAaS mlus MkVZ ekmFkfctusl Ldwy ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls ,d losZ{k.k izk;ksftr djk;k ftlesa dgk x;kfd ukbZd vR;Ur okafNr vkSj vPNs osru ds in nsrk gSA

ysfdu lektdehZ lewgksa vkSj lekpkj&i=kksa ds ys[kksa dk ukbZd ijbruk ncko cuk fd ebZ 1998 esa ukbZd dks eatwj djuk iM+k fd mldsdkj[kkuksa esa lc dqN Bhd ugha gSA mlus viuh xyfr;k¡ lq/kjus dk opuHkh fn;k A

ij ukbZd viuh gjdrksa ls ckt ugha vk jgk gSA vHkh Hkh mldsdkj[kkuksa esa iznwf"kr] tgjhyh ok;q gS] cgqr de osru fn;k tkrk gS] ;qofr;ksadk ;kSu 'kks"k.k gksrk gSA lLrs Je dh ryk'k esa ;g daiuh ,d ns'k ls nwljsns'k esa tkrh gSA 'kks"k.k ij gh bl daiuh dk equkiQk fVdk gSA mnkgj.k dsfy, 1996 esa bl daiuh us 9-2 vjc MkWyj dk equkiQk dek;kA

ukbZd dh lcls T;knk izrkM+uk fo;ruke us lgh gSA ;g ns'kvesfjdk ds 'kks"k.k ls eqfDr ugha ik jgk gS lkB vkSj lRrj ds n'kd esa blusvesfjdh ceckjh dh csfelky Øwjrk ns[kh lkE;okn dks lekIr djus ds ukeij] uCcs ds n'kd vkSj vc ubZ lnh esa og ukbZd tSlh mifuos'koknh daifu;ksadh izrkM+uk dk f'kdkj gSA

lanHkZ & eYVhus'kuy ekWfuVj 1997bUnzkusV& iQjojh 2000

10-10-10-10-10-

;wuksdy;wuksdy;wuksdy;wuksdy;wuksdyltk;kÝrk cuk,xk cUnjxkgltk;kÝrk cuk,xk cUnjxkgltk;kÝrk cuk,xk cUnjxkgltk;kÝrk cuk,xk cUnjxkgltk;kÝrk cuk,xk cUnjxkg

vkf[kj 20 viSzy 2000 dks ysfÝVusaV duZy izrki lkos us eqacbZ dsvLirky esa lkal rksM+ gh nhA ;g Fkk ;wuksdy dk Hkkjr dks igyk rksgiQkA56 o"khZ; izrki lkos lsuk ls fjVk;j gksdj xqtjkr ds cylkM ftys dsmejxk¡o esa jgrs Fks vkSj fdukjk cpkvks la?k"kZ lfefr ds vè;{k FksA ;glfefr dsUnz vkSj xqtjkr ljdkj ls vesfjdk dh rsy dEiuh ;wuksdy dksmejxk¡o esa cuk, tkus okys cUnjxkg dks fn, x;s Bsds dk fojks/ dj jghgS D;ksafd ml bykds eas canjxkg dh dksbZ t:jr ugha gS vkSj izLrkforcUnjxkg ls dksbZ 70]000 eNqvkjkssa vkSj fdlkuksa dh ftUnxh rckg gkstk,xhA fon's kh dEiuh vk, mldk fojk/s xko¡ ds ykxs djas ] rks bldk lcdfl[kkus dh fgnk;r dsUnz ljdkj ds x`gea=kh us iqfyl dks ns nh FkhA 8 vizSydh jkr ds 1 cts lksrs gq, duZy lkos dks iqfyl mBk ys xbZ vkSj bruh pksVsaflj esa ekjh fd os csgks'k gks x, vkSj nks&nks vkijs'ku ds ckn Hkh os gks'k esau vk, vkSj lalkj ls py clsA

rsy&xSl dEiuhrsy&xSl dEiuhrsy&xSl dEiuhrsy&xSl dEiuhrsy&xSl dEiuh;wuksdy dSyhiQksfuZ;k ( vesfjdk ) esa fLFkr vesfjdk dh ,d izeq[k

rsy vkSj xSl dEiuh gSA nqfu;k esa dgha Hkh canjxkg cukus dk bl dEiuhdks dksbZ vuqHko gS] ,slk dksbZ izek.k ugha gS] fiQj Hkh bls ejksyh&mejxk¡o esacUnjxkg cukus dk Bsdk fey x;k gSA oLrqr% bl dEiuh dk eq[; /a/kiQksfly bZa/ku dk mRiknu gSA vesfjdk dh dbZ vU; dEifu;kW Hkkjr esa og




/a/k dj jgh gSa ftuesa mUgsa fo'ks"kKrk gkfly ugha gSA ;wuksdy ftl Hkkjrh;dEiuh ds lkFk canjxkg fuekZ.k dk dke djus tk jgh gS og gS us'kuyVsyhdkWe bafM;k fyfeVsM (usVsYdks)] ;g nwjlapkj dh dEiuh gS ftldkeq[;ky; eqEcbZ esa gSA

i;kZoj.k fouk'kd dEiuhi;kZoj.k fouk'kd dEiuhi;kZoj.k fouk'kd dEiuhi;kZoj.k fouk'kd dEiuhi;kZoj.k fouk'kd dEiuhi;kZoj.k fouk'kd dEiuh ds :i esa ;wuksdy dk fjdkWMZ vR;Ur

vijk/iw.kZ jgk gSA Xoknywi ds leqnz esa ;g dEiuh 40 lky rd yxkrkjisVªksfy;e fFkuj Mkyrh jgh ftldh ek=kk 85 yk[k xSyu rd igq¡p xbZAHkwfexr ty dks Hkh Hkkjh ek=kk esa iznwf"kr fd;kA ;g iznw"k.k bruk tgjhykFkk fd dEiuh dks viuk vijk/ eatwj djus ds fy, 1994 esa etcwj gksukiM+kA vijk/ Lohdkjus dh otg ls dSyhiQksfuZ;k ds vf/dkfj;ksa us bl dEiuhds 33 vfHk;ksx ekiQ dj fn,A blh izdkj lsu ÚkaflLdks [kkM+h ds ,foyk rVvkSj lku cukZMhuks njsZ dks Hkh blus iznwf"kr fd;kA E;kuekj ( cekZ ) esa bldEiuh us ?kus taxyksa ls gksdj ikbi ykbusa Mkyh gSa ftldh otg ls fjgk;lhcfLr;k¡ u"V gks xbZ gSa vkSj i;kZoj.k dk Hkh fouk'k gqvk gSA 1997 esa vesfjdkdh i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ,tsalh (bZih,) us bl dEiuh dks uksfVl fn;k ftlesa bldEiuh }kjk 41 {ks=kksa dks u"V djus dk vijk/h ik;kA bl uksfVl ds ckndEiuh }kjk u"V fd, x, {ks=kksa dh lwph esa 41 {ks=k vkSj tqM+ x,A

vijk/ks s a ds fy, tqekZusvijk/ks s a ds fy, tqekZusvijk/ks s a ds fy, tqekZusvijk/ks s a ds fy, tqekZusvijk/ks s a ds fy, tqekZus;wuksdy dks Xoknywi esa leqnzh ty dks tgjhyk djus ds vijk/ esa

ekpZ 1994 esa 15 yk[k MkWyj dk tqekZuk Hkjuk iM+kA 1998 esa ;wuksdy ij dbZvijk/ksa ds tqekZus gq,A vykLdk esa iznw"k.k iSQykus dk bls nks"kh ik;k x;k vkSjblds Åij 70 yk[k MkWyj dk tqekZuk Bksadk x;kA dSyhiQksfuZ;k ds ,d 'kgjdks bl dEiuh ds rsy vo'ks"k us nks Hkkxksa esa ck¡V fn;kA bl tqeZ ds fy,blds Åij vf/dkfj;kas us 20 djkMs + MkyW j dk teq kuZ k fd;kA ;uw kds y dk ,dekeyk eè; dSfyiQksfuZ;k esa gqvk tgk¡ bl dEiuh us Hkkjh iznw"k.k iSQyk fn;kFkkA bl ekeys esa bl ij 4 djksM+ 38 yk[k MkWyj dk tqekZuk gqvkA

;;;;;www wwukukukukuks ss ssdddddy y y y y dddddk pkVZj jí djkus dh ;kfpdkk pkVZj jí djkus dh ;kfpdkk pkVZj jí djkus dh ;kfpdkk pkVZj jí djkus dh ;kfpdkk pkVZj jí djkus dh ;kfpdk;wuksdy ds i;kZoj.kh;] ikfjfLFkdh; vkSj ekuoh; vijk/ brus c<+rs

x, fd flrEcj 1994 esa vesfjdk ds 30 ukxfjd lewgksa us ;wuksdy dsf[kykiQ dSyhiQksfuZ;k ds ,VkuhZ tujy dks ,d ;kfpdk nhA ml le; ds,VkuhZ tujy MkWu yWxzsu FksA mUgksaus ;g ;kfpdk eatwj ugha dh ij muds

mRrjkf/dkjh us bl ij iqufoZpkj dk ok;nk fd;k gSA dkjiksjsV txr dsvk/qfud bfrgkl esa ;g igyh ;kfpdk gS ftlesa ,d cgqjk"Vªh; dEiuh dkpkVZj jí djus vkSj dEiuh dks cUn djus dh ek¡ax dh xbZ gSA bl ;kfpdkdk vkys[k yks;ksyk ykW Ldwy ds izks- jkWcVZ csUlsu us rS;kj fd;k gSA 127 i`"Bksadh bl ;kfpdk esa ;wuksdy ij fuEufyf[kr izeq[k vkjksi yxk, gSa&1- bl dEiuh us dbZ ekSdksa ij fuxe dkuwu rksM+s gSaA2- 1969 esa lkUrk ckjcjk pSuy esa tks isVªksy dk Hkkjh fc[kjko gqvk

Fkk mlds fy, ;wuksdy ftEesnkj FkkA3- dEiuh us iznw"k.k iSQykus ds vusd dke fd, FksA4- O;olk; vkSj ekuo lqj{kk vkSj LokLF; ds izko/kuksa dk mYya?ku

djus ds lSdM+ksa mnkgj.k FksA5- dEiuh ds deZpkfj;ksa ds lkFk cnlywd fd;k x;k FkkA6- viQxkfuLrku vkSj E;kuekj (cekZ) esa ekuokf/dkj ds guu esa bl

dEiuh dk gkFk FkkA7- bl dEiuh us jktuSfrd lRrk vius gkFk esa ys j[kh gSA

Hkkjr ljdkj dh eqHkkjr ljdkj dh eqHkkjr ljdkj dh eqHkkjr ljdkj dh eqHkkjr ljdkj dh eq a aa aanh vknh vknh vknh vknh vk¡¡¡¡¡[ks a[k s a[k s a[k s a[k s afdlh ns'k dh lhekvksa dh j{kk djuk ljdkj dk igyk nkf;Ro gksrk

gSA leqnz ij cUnjxkg cukus dk dke ns'k dh ftEesnkj laLFkk dks fn;k tkrkgSA ;wuksdy tSlh vkijkf/d pfj=k okyh dEiuh ftls rsy&xSl cspus dsvykok dksbZ vuqHko ugha gS] mls cUnjxkg cukus dk Bsdk nsuk vklkuh lsle> esa ugha vkrkA ljdkj us ;wuksdy ds dqdeksZa Hkjs bfrgkl ls vk¡[ksa dSlse¡n yh \ ns'k dh lhek dh j{kk djus okys ys- duZy lkos dh gR;k D;ksa djkbZ\ cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa dh ek;koh nqfu;k dks le>us ds fy, bu lokyksa dktokc [kkstuk gksxkAlaUnHkZ % eYVhus'kuy ekWfuVj] fnlEcj 1998] tqykbZ@vxLr 1999 bu n use vkiWQ

MsoyiesaV ejksyh Åcsj iksVZ izkstsDV dh LraHk tk¡p dh jiV] vizSy &2000




11-11-11-11-11-

Mkm dksfuZx] ,LVªktsusdkMkm dksfuZx] ,LVªktsusdkMkm dksfuZx] ,LVªktsusdkMkm dksfuZx] ,LVªktsusdkMkm dksfuZx] ,LVªktsusdkdSalj iSnk djus okyh daiuhdSalj iSnk djus okyh daiuhdSalj iSnk djus okyh daiuhdSalj iSnk djus okyh daiuhdSalj iSnk djus okyh daiuh

nks lky igys fo'o LokLF; laxBu ( MCyw- ,p- vks- ) dh lapkydlaLFkk&fo'o LokLF; lHkk us ,d izLrko j[kk ftlesa lnL; ns'kksa ls vkxzgfd;k x;k fd os lfq uf'pr djas fd nok vkjS LokLF; uhfr;kas eas O;kikfjd fgrkasds ctk; tu LokLF; fgrksa dh izkFkfedrk jgsA nqfu;k ds lHkh ns'k bls eatwjdjus dks rS;kj Fks] ij vesfjdk us vM+axk yxk fn;kA mlus lq>k;k fd blizLrko ds cnys ;g lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg, fd ^tu LokLF; vkSj O;kikfjdfgr ,d&nwljs ls lqlaxr jgsaA* nok vkSj Mk¡DVjksa ds nsonwrksa ds chp ;enwrfcBkus dk uk;kc lq>ko vesfjdk us fn;k D;ksafd ogk¡ nok dEifu;kW vkSjMkWDVj yk[kksa dh la[;k esa vesfjdk vkSj vU; ns'kksa esa fo'oklh yksxksa dks ekSrds tky esa iQ¡lk jgs gSaA ekSr ds tky esa iQ¡alkus dk ,d mnkgj.k nok dEiuhMkm dksfuZx gSA

tky ,sls iSQyk;k x;ktky ,sls iSQyk;k x;ktky ,sls iSQyk;k x;ktky ,sls iSQyk;k x;ktky ,sls iSQyk;k x;kdqN if'pe ds ^MkWDVjksa dks nok dEifu;ksa us iVk;k vkSj muls

efgykvksa dks ;g lykg fnykbZ fd Lruksa dk NksVk gksuk ,d fdLe dh chekjhgS ftldk bykt* djkuk pkfg,A bl ckr dk /qv¡ak/kj izpkj fd;k x;k vkSjefgykvksa esa cM+s Lru dk ikxyiu iSnk dj fn;kA cM+h cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;k¡efgykvksa dh fpUrk nwj djus ds fy, nsonwr dh rjg dwn iM+ha vkSj bl jksxds mipkj ds fy, ^Lru baIykaV* cuk MkysA vuqeku gS fd 15&20 yk[kefgyk,¡ bu baIykaVksa dks yxk, ?kwe jgh gSaA

bu nsonwrksa esa lcls vkxs Mkm dksfuZx dEiuh gSA ;g flfydkutSy ls Lru baIykaV cukrh gSA blus vius Lru baIykaV ls cktkj dks ikV fn;kvkSj vjcksa MkWyj dh lEifr bl /a/s ls cVksjh gS vkSj viuk lkezkT; nqfu;kHkj esa [kM+k dj fn;k gSA ysfdu tc tuLokLF; LokFkZ gks rks foifRr vkus esansj ugha yxrhA gtkjksa efgykvksa dks rdyhiQ gksus yxh vkSj urhtk fudykLru dSalj ds :i esaA

ckr ;g gS fd fdruh Hkh lko/kuh D;ksa u cjrh tk;] baIykaVksa lsflfydku tsy efgykvksa ds 'kjhj esa fjl tkrk gS vkSj /hjs&/hjs 'kjhj esa dSaljiSnk dj nsrk gSA 7&8 lky igys vesfjdk esa bl izdkj ls dSalj ihfM+refgykvkas dh l[a ;k gtkjkas eas FkhA nl gtkj ls T;knk efgykvkas us Mkm dkfs uxZdEiuh vkSj bl ?kiys esa 'kkfey vU; yksxksa ds f[kykiQ eqdnek nk;j fd;kAbu eqdneksa esa ihfM+r efgykvksa us vkjksi yxk;k fd baIykaV yxokus ds cknos chekj jgus yxh gSa vkSj dqN rks ges'kk ds fy, iwjh rjg ls iaxq gks xbZ gSaAtks lkekU; :i ls lHkh dks chekjh gqbZ] mls ^bLdySjksMekZ* dgrs gaS bldsvyko k bLDySjksflt] ywiql] rjg dh fdLe&fdLe dh chekfj;k¡ efgykvksa esaikbZ xbZ gSa vkSj ;s dSalj dh rjg gh [krjukd gSaA

>wB vkSj Ny iQjsch>wB vkSj Ny iQjsch>wB vkSj Ny iQjsch>wB vkSj Ny iQjsch>wB vkSj Ny iQjschflfydku tsy ds 'kjhj ij D;k izHkko iM+rs gSa] bl ij dEiuh us

1988 esa iz;ksx djk, FksA bu iz;ksxksa ls blds ?kkrd vlj ds urhtksa dhtkudkjh mls feyh FkhA ij dEiuh us bu rF;ksa dks fNik;kA myVs Mkm dsdk;Zdkjh mikè;{k xSjh ,aMjlu us oDrO; fn;k] ^ gekjh dEiuh ds ckgj gqbZ'kks/ksa ls tks oSKkfud izek.k feys gSa muls ge izksRlkfgr gq, gSaA bu 'kks/ksaus fl¼ fd;k gS fd Lru baIykaV vkSj jksxksa esa dksbZ fu.kkZ;d lEcU/ ugha gSA*

1993 ds 'kq: esa vesfjdk ds ,d tu laxBu ifCydflVhtu* us ns'k dh la?kh; ljdkj ls vkxzg fd;k fd flfydkWu LrubaIykaVksa dh lqj{kk ij >wBh jiV nsus ij ljdkj dks Mkm dkfuZx ds f[kykiQvkijkf/d tqeZ dk eqdnek djuk pkfg,A bl tu laxBu ds LokLF; 'kks/izdks"B ds funs'kd MkW- flMuh oksYiQ us ljdkj ds [kk| vkSj nok iz'kklu( ,iQ Mh , ) dks fy[kk] gekjk fo'okl gS fd Mkm dksfuZx dEiuh us viusesfMdy midj.kksa] [kklrkSj ls Lru baIykaVksa esa flfydku ds mi;ksx ds lqj{kkrF;ksa dks tkucw> dj fNikus esa la?kh; dkuwuksa dk mYya?ku fd;k gSA tc




ls dEiuh us >wBh jiV nh gS] rc ls lSdM+ksa ugha rks nfl;ksa gtkj efgyk,WxaHkhj jksx dhs f'kdkj cu xbZ gaSA vr% gekjk fo'okl gS fd ,iQMh, dksdEiuh ds f[kykiQ vkijkf/d vfHk;kstu pykuk pkfg,A*

tu ncko ds rgr Mkm dkfuZx dks 1992 ds ekpZ esa Lru baIykaVksads cktkj ls viuk gkFk [khapuk iM+kA mlus lkjh frdM+esa yxkdj efgykvksads eqdneksa dks jiQk&niQk djus ds fy, 4-75 vjc MkWyj dk Hkqxrku Hkjusdh is'kd'k dhA tksUl gkWifdUl fo'ofo|ky; ds ltZjh ds izkisQlj ukWeZu,aMjlu] tks Lru baIykaV ls iSnk gksus okys LokLF; ladVksa ds fo'ks"kK gSa] usMkm ds bl le>kSrs dks xaHkhj /ks[kk crk;kA mUgksaus vuqeku yxk;k fd LrubaIykaVksa ls tks LokLF; dks uqdlku igq¡pk gS] og 169 vjc MkWyj ls de dkugha gSA*

Mkm dksfuZx ds vijk/ dsoy tqekZuk Hkjus ls iwjs ugha gksaxs] mldsvf/dkfj;ksa dks tsy Hkstuk pkfg,A

b/j ,d dEiuh us efgykvksa dks jksxksa vkSj Lru dSalj dh osnukesa djkgus ds fy, >ksad fn;k] rks nwljh nok dEiuh&,LVªktsusdk us nwljs tkyesa i¡Qlk;kA tsusdk vesfjdk dh nok dEiuh gS vkSj ,LVªk fLoV~tjyS.M dhAbUgksaus vkil esa foy; djds ,LVªktsusdk dEiuh cukbZ gSA blus Hkh efgykvksaesa Lru dSalj ds Mj dk ykHk mBkdj viuh equkiQk[kksjh dk tky efgykvksaij MkykA

fujkyh Ny iQjschfujkyh Ny iQjschfujkyh Ny iQjschfujkyh Ny iQjschfujkyh Ny iQjschLru dSalj ds mipkj esa tsusdk dEiuh dh nok VseksDlhisQu 1997

ls bLrseky gksrh vk jgh gSA MkWDVj yksx bldks ysus dh lykg ml n'kk esansrs gSa tc fdlh efgyk dk Lru dSalj dk vkijs'ku gks pqdk gks vkSj fiQjls dSalj dkss mHkjus ls jksduk gksA mu jksfx;ksa dks Hkh ;g nok nh tkrh Fkhftuds fy, Lrj dSalj dk [krjk izekf.kr gks pqdk gksA bl nok ds ^lkbMbisQDV* cgqr [kjkc gksrs gSaA ij dEiuh nok ds lkFk nh tkus okyh tkudkjhesa mls fNikrh jghA jksfx;ksa dks vuko';d :i ls vkSj ek=kk ls vf/d noknsus ls LokLF; dh leL;k,¡ c<+us yxhA vLlh vkSj uCcs ds n'kdksa esa bl nokds f[kykiQ tu laxBuksa us tutkx`fr ds dk;ZØe pyk,A jk"Vªh; dSaljlaLFkku rFkk dbZ efgyk laxBuksa us Lru dSalj ls dSls cpko gks lds] bldhvkokt mBkbZA mipkj ls csgrj cpko gS] mlds fy, O;kid vfHk;ku

vesfjdk esa pysAij rw Mky&Mky] eSa ikr&ikr*! ,LVªktsusdk us viuh j.kuhfr cny

nhA tu laxBuksa ls nks dne vkxs c<+dj mlus izpkj fd;k fd efgykvksa dksLru dSalj gks gh ugha] bl ckr dh fpUrk djuh pkfg,A mlus if=kdkvksa vkSjVsyhfotu ij ,d csgwnk foKkiu fn;k ftlesa ,d efgyk dh ihB fn[kkbZ tks,d gydh iV~Vh ds vykok uaxh FkhA mlds Åij 'khZ"kd Fkk] “ If you care

about breast cancer, care, more about being a 1.7 than a 36

B.” (;fn vkidks Lru dSalj dh fpUrk gS rks 1-7 u fd 36 ch] gksus dhfpUrk dhft,A) 1-7 ,d ijh{k.k ds ifj.kke dh la[;k gS ftlls irk pyrkgS fd fdlh efgyk dks Lru dSalj gksus dk [krjk gSA Vsyhfotu foKkiu esa/hjs&/hjs ls ;g lUns'k Hkh ns fn;k fd gj efgyk dks Lru dSalj dk [krjkgSA fiQj foKkiu ds uhps fy[kk] “ There is something, you can do,”

(dqN ,slh pht gS tks vki dj ldrh gSaA) vkSj cM+s lw{e rjhds ls og phtD;k g]aS og Hkh crk nhA VeS kDs lhiQs u dk u;k ckz Ma uke ukys okMDS l (Nolvadex)fy[k fn;kA

vc Lru dSalj ds mipkj ds fy, ugha] mlls cpko ds fy, izpkjdjus esa ,LVªktsusdk lcls vkxs gks xbZA cpko dk tks gfFk;kj tu laxBubLrseky dj jgs Fks] dEiuh us Hkh ogh gfFk;kj bLrseky fd;k vkSj viuhfcØh cgqr c<+k yhA tu laxBu blds ihNs iM+s jgs vkSj ljdkj ij nckocuk;k fd bldh tk¡p gks fd okdbZ bl nok ls Lru dSalj dk [krjk ?kVtkrk gSA tk¡p esa u rks mPp [krjs dks Bhd ls ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k vkSju og lkjh lkexzh miyC/ gqbZ ftlls lgh vkdyu gks ldsA oSKkfudksa]'kks/drkZvksa vkSj efgyk laxBuksa us tk¡p ds rjhdksa ij dM+h vkifRr;k¡ dhAbu lcdks utjankt djrs gq, tk¡p dk urhtk ?kksf"kr dj fn;k x;k fduksYokMSDl ls Lru dSalj dk [krjk 44 izfr'kr ?kV tkrk gSA tk¡p esa ;gt:j dgk x;k fd mPp [krjs dh fLFkfr esa gh ,slk gksrk gSA

dEiuh us mPp Lrjh; [krjs dh ckr dks ,d rjiQ ljdk dj fiQjHkkjh izpkj bl izdkj 'kq: dj fn;k gS] “Nolvadex is the only drug

proven to reduce breast cancer incidence by 44% in women

at high risk of developing the disease” vkSj bl izdkj ,d ckj fiQjtu LokLF; ds Åij cktkj ds equkisQ dh thr gqbZAlanHkZ ^eYVhus'kuy ekWfuVj &1999 flrEcj] 1999




12-12-12-12-12-

MCY;w- vkj- xzslMCY;w- vkj- xzslMCY;w- vkj- xzslMCY;w- vkj- xzslMCY;w- vkj- xzsluhe pksjuhe pksjuhe pksjuhe pksjuhe pksj

uhe dk isM+ Hkkjr dh /jrh dh nsu gSA gtkjksa lky ls Hkkjroklhuhe ds xq.kksa dks ij[krs jgs gSa vkSj jkstejkZ ds thou esa bLrseky djrs jgsgSaA uhe dh nkrqu ?kj&?kj esa tkrh gSA uhe ds rsy ls nok,¡ curh gSa] uhedh ifRr;k¡ rFkk fuacksyh dh [kyh] [kkn vkSj dhVuk'kd ds :i esa dke vkrhgSA uhe dh rkth dksiysa jDr'kks/d gSaA uhe dh ifRr;ksa dks ikuh esamckydj Luku djus ls peZjksx Bhd gksrs gSaA tc pspd dk izdksi Fkk] rcjksxh ds ikl uhe dh ifRr;k¡ j[kh tkrh FkhaA uhe ds vusd vn~Hkqr xq.kksa dksoS| gh ugha] Hkkjr dk gj vke vkneh tkurk FkkA nks&<kbZ gtkj o"kZ igys tcHkkjr dk lEcU/ ;wjksi dh izkphu lH;rk ds fy, izfl¼ ns'k ;wuku ls tqM+k]ml le; dh ,d dgkuh izfl¼ gSA ;wuku ds gdheksa us Hkkjr ds oS|ksa dhijh{kk ysus ,d ;wukuh dks ;g funsZ'k nsdj Hkkjr Hkstk fd og jkLrs Hkj beyhdh ifRr;ka¡ vkjS iQy [kk,xk rFkk beyh ds iMs + ds uhps jkr dks lk,s xkA Hkkjrigq¡prs&igq¡prs mldk lkjk 'kjhj iQksMs&iQqafl;ksa ls yn x;kA mlus Hkkjr ds,d oS| ls lykg yhA oS| us dgk&bldk bykt gekjs ikl ugha] vius ns'kykSV tkvks vkSj vius gdheksa ls bykt djkvksA gk¡] jkLrs esa tgk¡ feys] uhedh eqyk;e ifRr;k¡ [kkrs jguk vkSj uhe ds isM+ ds uhps lksukA ;wuku igq¡pdjmlus vius gdhe ls eqykdr dh rks mls lgh lyker ns[kdj gdhe dksHkkjh vk'p;Z gqvkA mlus iwNk& D;k rqeus beyh dk bLrseky ugha fd;k Fkk\ gk¡] fd;k Fkk vkSj ej.kklUu gks x;k FkkA rks D;k bykt fd;k \ dqNugha] cl uhe dh ifRr;k¡ [kkbZ vkSj uhe ds isM+ ds uhps lks;k*A

vesfjdk esa uhe iSnk ugha gksrk ysfdu vesfjdk dh ,d cgqjk"Vªh;dEiuh&&MCy-w vkj- xlsz us uhe ds vk"S k/h; x.q kkas ij iVs Vas djk fy;k gAS HkkjrtSo lEink ds fy, fo'o izfl¼ gSA xzsl nqfu;k dh igyh dEiuh gS ftlusHkkjr dh tSo&lEink ij igyk Mkdk Mkyk gSA vc rks vesfjdk vkSj teZuhdh dbZ dEifu;ksa us uhe ds fofHkUu vkS"k/h; vkSj dhVuk'kd xq.kksa ij dels de 36 isVsaV ys fy, gSaA uhe ds ckn] Hkkjr dh gYnh] rqylh] djsyk]cSaxu] vnjd] cklerh pkoy tSls ntZuksa tSo inkFkksZa vkSj chtksa ij isVsaV ysfy, gSaA ywV dk tks lw=kik=k xzsl us 'kq: fd;k] vc og cM+s iSekus ij c<+ jgkgSA Hkkjr esa tho :iksa ij isVsaV ugha fn;k tkrk A fdUrq fo'o O;kikj laxBuds fVªIl dkuwuksa ds rgr Hkkjr dks vius isVsaV dkuwuksa esa fiNys lkyla'kks/ku djuk iM+k gS vkSj vuU; foi.ku vf/dkj (bZ ,e vkj) dh O;oLFkkdjuh iM+h gSA bl la'kks/u ds gksus ls vc xzsl tSlh fons'kh dEifu;k¡ viusns'k esa isVsaV ysdj ik¡p lky ds fy, Hkkjrh; tSo lEink ij ,dN=k dCtkdjsaxh vkSj fjeksV daVªksy xqykeh dk lw=kikr djsxhA

^xzsl dEiuh* vesfjdk dh lcls cnuke cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa esafxuh tkrh gSA eYVhus'kuy ekWfuVj dh 1999 dh lcls ?k`f.kr nl dEifu;ksadh lwph esa bldk uke gSA bls fiNyh lnh dh lcls Hk;kog vkne[kksjdEifu;ksa esa ls ,d ekuk tkrk gSA

bl jlk;u dEiuh us yxkrkj dSls uj gR;k dh gS] bldk o`rkUr^, flfoy ,D'ku* uked iqLrd ls feyrk gSA blh uke dh ,d vesfjdhfiQYe Hkh cuh gSA bl iqLrd vkSj fiQYe essa vesfjdk dh eSlkpqlSV jkT; dsOgkscuZ uxj ds ikuh esa bl dEiuh }kjk feyk, x, tgjhys jlk;u vkSj ikuhihus ls ik¡p cPpksa vkSj ,d izkS<+ dh fry&frydj ejus dh dFkk gSA jlk;ufeys ikuh us ogk¡ ds fuokfl;ksa esa xaHkhj fyEiQks lkbfVd jDr dSalj iSnk djfn;k FkkA xzsl dEiuh us vius jlk;u dkj[kkus dk tgjhyk dpjk 'kgj esagh isQad fn;k ftlls ikuh ds nks dqvksa dk ty fo"kkDr gks x;kA dEiuh usigys rks i;kZoj.k j{kd ,tsafl;ksa ds lkeus >wB cksyk fd mlds dkj[kkus dsdpjs esa dksbZ tgjhyk jlk;u ugha gSA ij tc mldk vijk/ fl¼ gks x;krks mlus viuk vijk/ eatwj fd;kA mls ihfM+r vkB ifjokjksa dks vLlh yk[kMkyW j dk evq kotk nus k iMk+ vkjS >Bw ckys us vkjS U;k; ifz Ø;k dks xeq jkg djusds vijk/ fd fy, nl gtkj MkWyj tqekZuk Hkjuk iM+kA

xzsl dEiuh ds ,d vkSj gR;kjs :i dh [kcj gky gh esa fl;kVy




(vesfjdk) ls izdkf'kr v[kckj& n fl;kVy iksLV baVsyhtsalj us ,dys[kekyk esa nh gSA v[kckj ds eqrkfcd vesfjdk ds eksaVkuk izns'k ds fyCch'kgj ds ikl dh [kku dh ekfyd xzsl dEiuh gSA fiNyh rhl lkyksa ls ;gdEiuh ikl ds tksuksykbV ioZr ls oehZD;wykbV HkaMkjksa dk [kuu dj jgh gSaAoehZD;wykbV dh ijrksa ds uhps VªseksykbV uked ,tosLVl ds HkaMkj gSaA lSdM+ksalkyksa ls ;g vR;Ur tgjhyk inkFkZ tehu ds vUnj nck iM+k Fkk vkSj dksbZuqdlku ugha igq¡pkrk FkkA xzsl dEiuh dh [knku ls yxHkx ik¡p gtkj fdyks,tosLVl gj jkst gok esa mM+rk gS tks gok ds lkFk vklikl ds bykds esa iSQytkrk gSA bl tgj ls de ls de 192 yksxksa dh ekSr gks pqdh gSA vkSj dels de 375 yksxksa esa bl chekjh dh tk¡p gks pqdh gSA gj jkst 10&15 ejhtksaesa ;g jksx ik;k tkrk gSA

dksbZ 15 lkyksa rd dEiuh [kku ds vklikl jgus okys yksxksa dksxqejkg djrh jghA crkrh jgh fd [kku ls dksbZ Hkh tgjhyk inkFkZ ughafudyrk gSA mlus ljdkjksa dks Hkh iVkdj j[kkA ljdkj ds deZpkfj;ksa us Hkhyksxksa dks lko/ku ugha fd;kA 1984 ls yksxksa us dEiuh ij 187 eqdnes BksadsgSaA ;s eqdnes dEiuh dh [kku ds deZpkfj;ksa rFkk ifjokjhtuksa us nk;j fd,gSaA vHkh 120 eqdnes yfEcr gSaA dEiuh us ;k rks dpgjh ls ckgj ihfM+rifjokj ls ys&nsdj le>kSrk dj fy;k gS ;k gtkZuk&tqekZuk Hkjk gSA 'kgj esa,sls ifjokj Hkh gSa ftuesa rhu ih<+h ds yksx xzsl dEiuh ds tgj ls ejs gSaAdc rd ;g flyflyk pyxs k] dkbs Z ugha tkurkA dEiuh ds ljdkj ls djhchlaca/k gSaA ljdkj dh enn ls dksbZ dEiuh fdlh 'kgj dks dSls mtkM+ ldrhgS] ogk¡ ds fuokfl;ksa dks dSls ekj ldrh gS] bldk 'keZukd mnkgj.k MCyw-vkj- xszl dEiuh gSA

lanHkZ & eYVhus'kuy ekWfuVj & fnlEcj & 1999

13-13-13-13-13-

,- ch- ch-,- ch- ch-,- ch- ch-,- ch- ch-,- ch- ch-Hkz"Vkpkj dk ÅHkz"Vkpkj dk ÅHkz"Vkpkj dk ÅHkz"Vkpkj dk ÅHkz"Vkpkj dk Å¡¡¡¡¡pk f[kykM+hpk f[kykM+hpk f[kykM+hpk f[kykM+hpk f[kykM+h

jkt/kuh fnYyh ds cM+s&cM+s ekxks± ij iznw"k.k ij dkcw ikus ds fy,ikS/ks yxk, x, gSaA ikni j{kdksa ij yxs NksVs lqUnj cksMks± ij fy[kk gS % xzhufnYyh ,-ch-ch-A igyh n`f"V esa eu esa J¼k iSnk gksrh gS& tufgr ds fy,fdruk vPNk dke dj jgk gS ,-ch-ch-A

ij dkSu gS ;g ,-ch-ch- \ rhu&pkj lky igys ,-ch-ch- ds lcls cM+svf/dkjh Hkkjr vk;s FksA ,d izsl dkUÚsal esa mUgksaus dgk Fkk & ^^ge uEcj,d jguk pkgrs gSaA ge izfr}U}h dks cnkZ'r ugha djrsA** dkSu gS izfr}U}h,-ch-ch- dk \ Hkkjr dk izfrf"Br lkoZtfud izfr"Bku ch-,p-bZ-,yA

lu~ 1991&92 esa ns'k esa gokyk dkaM mNyk A lHkh jktuSfrd nyksa(lkE;okfn;ksa dks NksM+dj) ds cM+s usrkvksa vkSj cM+s&cM+s ukSdj'kkgksa ds uke ml?kksVkys esa 'kkfey FksA ns'k grizHk gks x;k ml dkaM dh [kcj lqudj ! fons'kls /u vk, vkSj og d'ehj ds vkradokfn;ksa rd ig¡qps] ,sls dkaM esa ns'k dsew/ZU; usrk vkSj viQlj 'kkfey gksa] blls T;knk fuÑ"V dke D;k gks ldrkgSA ns'k dh turk u]s izsl us usrkvksa vkSj viQljksa dks [kwc dkslk] [kjh&[kksVhlqukbZA ij ns'k ds cgqr de yksx tkurs Fks fd bl gokyk dkaM ukVd dkeq[; lw=k/kj ,-ch-ch FkkA

ifjp;ifjp;ifjp;ifjp;ifjp;,-ch-ch- dk iwjk uke gS ,f'k;k czkmu cksosjhA ;g fLoVªtjySaM dh

cgqjk"Vªh; dEiuh gS ftldk eq[;ky; T;wfj[k esa gSA ;g nqfu;k dh fo'kkyre




4-, lh lh cscdkWd ( , lh ,y ) % 4-, lh lh cscdkWd ( , lh ,y ) % 4-, lh lh cscdkWd ( , lh ,y ) % 4-, lh lh cscdkWd ( , lh ,y ) % 4-, lh lh cscdkWd ( , lh ,y ) % 1995 esa ,-ch-chus ck;yjcukus okyh dEiuh , lh ,y ds 76 izfr'kr 'ks;j [kjhn fy,A igys bldEiuh dks dsUnzh; ljdkj us chekj dEiuh cuk;k fiQj ,-ch-ch- dks csp fn;kAcsprs le; ljdkj us vU; dEifu;ksa dh cksyh vkeaf=kr ugha dh A vkS|ksfxdfoRr fu;eu cksMZ (ch vkbZ ,iQ vkj) us ÅtkZ ea=kky; ls iwNk Hkh fdvUrjjk"Vªh; VsaMj D;ksa ugha e¡xk,A mlus ,-ch-ch- dk p;u jí Hkh dj fn;kAij ljdkj us ,-ch-ch ls gh lkSnk iVk;kA , lh ,y ds vf/xzg.k ls ,-ch-ch-dks cM+h izfr"Bk fey xbZ vkSj cktkj ij ,dkf/dkj dh gSfl;r fey xbZA

5-fu'kkuk ch ,p bZ ,y ij % 5-fu'kkuk ch ,p bZ ,y ij % 5-fu'kkuk ch ,p bZ ,y ij % 5-fu'kkuk ch ,p bZ ,y ij % 5-fu'kkuk ch ,p bZ ,y ij % ,-ch- ch- dks , lh ,y lkSai dj Hkkjrljdkj us 60 esxkokV ls vf/d {kerk okys ckW;yj ds {ks=k esa ch,pbZ,y dkizfr}Unh [kM+k dj fn;kA fctyh mRiknu ds midj.kksa ds fuekZ.k esa ch,pbZ,yus vPNk uke dek;k gSA ;g dEiuh dHkh ?kkVs esa ugha jgh] bls fons'kksa lsHkh vkMZj feyrs gSaA ,-ch-ch- Ny iQjsch djds bl Hkkjrh; dEiuh dks rksM+uses yxh gSAljdkj ds viQljksa ls feydj mldh dksf'k'k gS fd bl dEiuhdh N% bdkb;ksa dks vyx&vyx dj fn;k tk;] mUgsa chekj ?kksf"kr djk;ktk; vkSj fiQj ,d&,d djds [kjhn fy;k tk;A Hkz"V rjhds viukus esa ,-ch-ch- dk dksbZ eqdkcyk ugha dj ldrkA

?kwl vkSj ?kksVkyks a dk bfrgkl?kwl vkSj ?kksVkyks a dk bfrgkl?kwl vkSj ?kksVkyks a dk bfrgkl?kwl vkSj ?kksVkyks a dk bfrgkl?kwl vkSj ?kksVkyks a dk bfrgklfiNys 9 lkyka s ea s ,-ch-ch- dk uke Hk"z Vkpkj ds dbZ ekeyka s ea s vk;k gASyksdkseksfVo batu [kjhn esa ?kksVkyk % yksdkseksfVo batu [kjhn esa ?kksVkyk % yksdkseksfVo batu [kjhn esa ?kksVkyk % yksdkseksfVo batu [kjhn esa ?kksVkyk % yksdkseksfVo batu [kjhn esa ?kksVkyk % Hkkjr ljdkj ds jys e=a kky;

us 1991 esa ,f'k;u MsoyiesaV cSad ls 19 djksM+ MkWyj dk Í.k fy;k] ftllsog 5000 v'o 'kfDr ds 30 fo|rq ykds kes kfs Vo bta u [kjhn ld]s ch,pb,Z ydk VsaMj de nke dk Fkk fiQj Hkh vkiwfrZ dk vkns'k ,-ch-ch- dks izkIr gqvkAjsyea=kh ij ?kwl ysus ds vkjksi yxk, x,A v[kckjksa esa bl ij [kwc fy[kk x;kAbu vkykspukvksa ds dkj.k jsyos dUosa'ku desVh us bl ekeys dh tk¡p dhAlHkh nyksa ds 18 lkalnksa dh bl lfefr us loZlEefr ls viuh fjiksVZ esafy[kkA

1- jsyos ds rduhdh vf/dkfj;ksa dh Hkh ;g jk; gS Hkkjr esamiyC/ rduhdh dkiQh vPNh gS blfy, fons'kh VsDuksykWth e¡xkus dhvko';drk ugha gSA fiQj fons'kh VsDuksyk¡th ,d rks Hkkjrh; ifjfLFkfr;ksa dsekfiQd ugha gS nwljs Hkkjrh; fprjatu yksdkseksfVo oDlZ us 5000 v'o'kfDr ds batu igys ls gh cuk fn, gSa ftudh tk¡p ij[k py jgh gSA

100 dEifu;ksa esa ls ,d gSA Hkkjr esa bldk eq[; dk;kZy; fnYyh esa gS] ijdkjksckj xqtjkr] egkjk"Vª] dukZVd] if'pe caxky] rfeyukMq vkSj gfj;k.kkesa iSQyk gqvk gSA 1995 esa Hkkjr esa bldk lkykuk dkjksckj 20-8 djksM+ MkWyjFkk tks vc c<+dj yxHkx 1 vjc MkWyj gks x;k gSA ;g dEiuh fctyhmRiknu] fctyh VªkUlfe'ku vkSj fMLVªhO;q'ku esa rFkk fctyh dsmidj.kksa&tsusjsVlZ] eksVlZ] fLopxh;j] VSi psatj] fo|qr HkV~Vh] duoVZl]Vsyh ehVj midj.k] VcksZpsatlZ] ljfdV czsdlZ] ikoj dsiflVlZ] bysDVªWkfuddaVªksy ;wfuV vkfn ds {ks=k esa vxz.kh gSA 1995 esa mnkjhdj.k dk ykHk mBkusokyh dEifu;ksa eas ,-ch-ch- ,d Fkh ftlus vius bfDoVh 'ks;j 36-8 izfr'krls c<+kdj 51 izfr'kr dj fy,A vc rks blds 'ks;j 100 izfr'kr rd igq¡px, gSaA

foy; vkSj vf/xzg.k esa Ny&iQjsch % foy; vkSj vf/xzg.k esa Ny&iQjsch % foy; vkSj vf/xzg.k esa Ny&iQjsch % foy; vkSj vf/xzg.k esa Ny&iQjsch % foy; vkSj vf/xzg.k esa Ny&iQjsch % ,d lkekU; vk¡dM+k ;g gSfd ftruh fons'kh iw¡th fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa fodflr] vkS|ksfxd ns'kksa ls vkrhgS] mldk yxHkx 85 izfr'kr fodkl'khy ns'kksa dh dEifu;ksa ds foy; vkSjvf/xzg.k esa bLrseky gksrh gSA ,-ch-ch- bl {ks=k esa vxqvk gSA blus fiNys7 lkyksa esa dbZ foy; vkSj vf/xzg.k fd, gSa_ buesa ls dqN izeq[kfuEufyf[kr gSa%

1-¶ÝysDV bafM;k dk foy; % 1-¶ÝysDV bafM;k dk foy; % 1-¶ÝysDV bafM;k dk foy; % 1-¶ÝysDV bafM;k dk foy; % 1-¶ÝysDV bafM;k dk foy; % ÝysDV bafM;k ,-ch-ch- dh ,dlclhfM;jh gS tks iznw"k.k fu;a=k.k midj.k] vkS|ksfxd ia[ks vkSj Cyksvj]bysDVªksLVsfVd izSlhfiVsVlZ vkfn cukrh FkhA 1993 esa , ch-chus ÝySDV dkfoy; dj fy;kA

2- Vsyj bULVzwes aV dEiuh ( bafM;k )] ;wuholZy %2- Vsyj bULVzwes aV dEiuh ( bafM;k )] ;wuholZy %2- Vsyj bULVzwes aV dEiuh ( bafM;k )] ;wuholZy %2- Vsyj bULVzwes aV dEiuh ( bafM;k )] ;wuholZy %2- Vsyj bULVzwes aV dEiuh ( bafM;k )] ;wuholZy % 1994 esa ,-ch-ch-us Vsyj dEiuh ds 40 izfr'kr 'ks;j [kjhn fy, vkSj bULVªqesaVs'ku m|ksxesa viuk n[ky tek fy;kA 1995 esa ;s 'ks;j c<+dj 51 izfr'kr gks x, vkSj,-ch-ch- gkbZosYVst dscYl fy- esa ,-ch-ch- ds 51 izfr'kr 'sk;j gSaA

3- ,l , bZ ds vf/xzg.k esa pkyckth % 3- ,l , bZ ds vf/xzg.k esa pkyckth % 3- ,l , bZ ds vf/xzg.k esa pkyckth % 3- ,l , bZ ds vf/xzg.k esa pkyckth % 3- ,l , bZ ds vf/xzg.k esa pkyckth % fLopxh;j cukus okyhdEiuh ,l , bZ esa ,-ch-ch- ds 'ks;j dsoy 33 izfr'kr FksA 1993 esa ,-ch-chus bl dEiuh dks gfFk;kus dh dksf'k'k dhA ,-ch-chus gsjk&isQjh djds ftu'ks;jksa dh cktkj esa dher 300 :- izfr 'ks;j Fkh] mUgsa 100 : izfr 'ks;j lsdCts esa djds 51 izfr'kr 'ks;j ys fy,A dEiuh ds deZpkfj;ksa@'ks;j /kjdksaus ,-ch-ch- ds f[kykiQ la?k"kZ fd;kA fnYyh gkbZdksVZ esa eqdnek fd;kA vkSjdksVZ us ,-ch-ch- dks jksdkA




ch ,p bZ ,y us Hkh ,slk batu cuk fy;k gSA fprjatu ds cus ,d batudh dher 3 djksM+ vkSj ch,pbZ,y ds cus batu dh dher pkj djksM+ #i;sgS tcfd ,-ch-ch- ds vk;kfrr batu dh dher 18 djksM+ :- gksxhA lfefrus vkSj Hkh vk{ksiiw.kZ ckrsa viuh fjiksVZ esa fy[kh vkSj laLrqfr nh fd ,-ch-ch-dks fn;k gvq k Bds k jí fd;k tk,] Hkys gh mls 40 yk[k MkyW j dfeVeVas pktZds :i esa Hkqxrku dj fn, gSaA Hkkjr ljdkj us bl fjiksVZ dks jíh dh Vksdjhesa iQsad fn;k vkSj ,-ch-ch- ds yksdkseksfVd batu e¡xk, x,A

2- gokyk ?kksVkyk %gokyk ?kksVkyk %gokyk ?kksVkyk %gokyk ?kksVkyk %gokyk ?kksVkyk % yxHkx 65 djksM+ #i, 1988 ls 1991ds chp ns'k ds jktusrkvksa vkSj ukSdj'kkgksa dks bl ckr ds fy, fn, x, fdos cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa dks Bsds nsaA blesa 80 izfr'kr /u ,-ch-ch- vkSj th-bZ-lh- vyLFke lewg vkSj lsxysx dUlksfVZ;e ls fn;k x;k gSA ,-ch-ch- dhfnypLih 180 esxkokV ds ;wjh ok/s ifj;kstuk dk Bsdk izkIr djus esa FkhA

bu ?kksVkyksa ds vykok ,-ch-chus Hkkjr dh ÅtkZ uhfr cnyokus esaljdkj ds Åij vuqfpr rjhds ls dkiQh ncko Mkyk gSA ljdkj esa cSBs mPpvf/dkfj;ksa dks xSjdkuwuh <a+x ls izHkkfor dj ÅtkZ {ks=k esa fons'kh futh iw¡thfuos'k dh uhfr cuok yhA

Hkkjh ?kwl nsdj vkuu&iQkuu esa ljdkj ls Bsds ys ysuk ,-ch-ch- dhfo'ks"krk gSA jkrksajkr Bsds izkIr djuk ,-ch-ch- ds fy, ekewyh lh ckr gSA

vkijkf/d dkjukesvkijkf/d dkjukesvkijkf/d dkjukesvkijkf/d dkjukesvkijkf/d dkjukes,uVhihlh ds rkypsj dkj[kkus esa ,-ch-ch- dk yxk;k gqvk VcksZ

tujsVj 4 vDVwcj 1995 dks iQV x;k blls 1000 esxkokV dh fctyhdk uqdlku gqvk vkSj 3000 djksM+ # dk uqdlku ,uVhihlh dks mBkuk iM+kAfctyh dk mRiknu 15 fnu rd cUn jgkA ,slk tujsVjksa ds fuekZ.k esa nks"kds dkj.k gqvkA mM+hlk mPp U;k;ky; esa 1991 ls ,-ch-ch- ij ,d eqdnekpy jgk gS ftles fn bf.M;u pktZ Økse fy- us ,-ch-ch- ij okf.kfT;d/ks[kk/kM+h vkSj vuSfrd rkSj rjhds viukus dk vkjksi yxk;k gSA bl dEiuhus 108 esxkokV {kerk dk fctyh?kj cukus dk Bsdk ,-ch-ch- dks fn;k FkkA;g dkj[kkuk dsoy 60 esxkoV fctyh gh cuk ik jgk gSA

lanHkZ&fLol Vh ,u lh bu bafM;k] ekè;e cqDl izdk'ku

14-14-14-14-14-

n~;wiks an~;wiks an~;wiks an~;wiks an~;wiks aHkwe.My esa tgj ?kksyusHkwe.My esa tgj ?kksyusHkwe.My esa tgj ?kksyusHkwe.My esa tgj ?kksyusHkwe.My esa tgj ?kksyus

es a ljrktesa ljrktesa ljrktesa ljrktesa ljrkt

n~;wiksa vkstksu fouk'k esa nqfu;k dk usr`Ro djrh gS vkSj tgjhykdpjk iSnk djus okyh nqfu;k esa lcls cM+h daiuh gSA ysfdu rqjkZ ;g gS fdn;~ iw ka s ^dia uh i;koZ j.kokn* (Corporate environmentalism) dk vkfo"dkjdjus dk Js; ysrh gS vkSj mldk lcls cM+k vf/dkjh vius dks ^eq[;i;kZoj.k vf/dkjh* ?kksf"kr djrk gSA bl daiuh dks nks ckj vejhdk dhlcls fuÑ"Vre daifu;ksa dh lwph esa 'kkfey gksus dk Hkh Js; feyk gSAvejhdk dh izfl¼ if=kdk ^^eYVhus'kuy ekWfuVj¸ }kjk tkjh dh tkus okyhokf"kZd lwph esa 1991 esa n~;wiksa dks vejhdk dh fuÑ"Vre iznw"k.kdkjh dEiuh?kksf"kr fd;k x;k vkSj fiQj 1993 esa bls vejhdk dk lcls cM+k i;kZoj.kvijk/h ik;k x;kA

n~;wiksa dh LFkkiuk ,d Úsap vizoklh bZ-vkbZ-Mw- ikaV us 1802 esavejhdk ds foyfeaxVu ds ikl nsykojs uked LFkku ij dhA ;g dEiuh 'kq:esa xu rFkk CykfLVax ikmMj cukrh FkhA c<+rh gqbZ izfr;ksfxrk rFkk ?kVrs gq,equkiQs ds ncko esa blus viuk /a/k cnyk rFkk 1909 esa blus flaFksfVdiQkbcj dk mRiknu djuk 'kq: fd;kA Mw- ikaV n fiQYM fjiksVZ twu & 1997ds vuqlkj] ^^1996 esa n~;wiksa dk dqy jsosU;w 43-8 fcfy;u MkWyj Fkk rFkk 70ns'kksa esa dEiuh dk O;kolkf;d izfrfuf/Ro FkkA¸




bldk eq[; O;olk; jlk;u] isVªksfy;e] iQkbcj m|ksx ikWyhej]dks;yk] dhVuk'kd vkSj iQiQw¡n uk'kdA bldh izeq[k 'ks;j /kjd daiuh gS^lhxkz e* tks vU; m|kxs kas ds vykok ekVs s vukt ls 'kjkc cukus dk dke Hkkjresa dj jgh gSA

fo'o ds i;kZoj.k fouk'k esa vkstksu ijr esa Nsn gksuk lcls[krjukd ?kVuk gSA izÑfr us lw;Z ls vkus okyh ijkcSaxuh fdj.kksa ls i`Foh dsizkf.k;ksa dh j{kk ds fy, i`Foh ds pkjksa rjiQ vkstksu xSl dk ,d dop cukj[kk gSA vkstksu vkDlhtu dk gh ,d :i gSA vkDlhtu esa nks ijek.kq gksrsgSa vkSj vkstksu esa rhuA fdlh {ks=k esa tc vkstksu vkdk'k ls iwjh rjg lekIrgks tkrh gS rc dgk tkrk gS fd vkstksu ijr esa Nsn gks x;kA n~;wiksa us bldke esa vxqvkbZ dh gSA 1925 esa n~;wiksa vkSj tujy eksVlZ ds oSKkfudksa uslh-,iQ-lh- (Dyksjks Ýyksjks dkcZu) jlk;uksa dh [kkst dhA bu jlk;uksa dkm|ksx esa Hkkjh ek=kk esa mi;ksx gksrk tk jgk gSA 1974 esa oSKkfudksa dks blckr dk Kku gqvk fd vkstksu fouk'k ds fy, lh-,iQ-lh- ftEesnkj gSA 1975esa vejhdk ds jk"Vªifr Hkou ds ,d dk;Zny us lh-,iQ-lhdks fpUrk dkfo"k; ?kksf"kr fd;kA n~;wiksa us vkØked :[k viuk;k vkSj psrkouh ns Mkyh fdfcuk rF;ksa dks tkus gq, lh-,iQ-lh- ds f[kykiQ dksbZ dk;Zokgh ugha gksuhpkfg,A vejhdk dh i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ,tsalh vkSj Hkkstu rFkk nok iz'kklu,tsalh us xSjt:jh lh-,iQ-lh- ,sjks lksyks dks izfrcaf/r dj fn;kA ysfdu n~;wiksaus fons'kksa esa ,jks lksyks ds fy, lh-,iQ-lh- dh fcØh tkjh j[khA 1980 esavejhdk ds uklk mixzgksa us bl ckr dh iqf"V dh fd varfj{k esa vkstksu dhdeh gks jgh gSA 1985 esa vVykafVd vaVkØfVd ds Åij vkstksu ijr esa Nsngks x;kA 1987 esa oSKkfudksa us ;g Hkh iq"V fd;k fd ;s Nsn lh-,iQ-lh- dsdkj.k gqvkA ij n~;wiksa us viuk dkjksckj dk;e j[kkA tc 1988 esa oSKkfudksaus crk;k fd 'khrks".k dfVcU/ksa esa vkstksu dh ek=kk de gksrh tk jgh gS rksn~;wiksa us pj.kc¼ rjhds ls lh-,iQ-lhdks ?kVkus dh ?kks"k.kk rks dh ijUrq dksbZle; lhek fuf'pr ugha dhA ,d lky ckn irk pyk fd mÙkjh /zqo ds ÅijHkh vkstksu ijr esa Nsn gks x;k gSA gsyflUdh lEesyu esa nqfu;k Hkj ds ns'kksaus lu~ 2000 rd lh-,iQ-lhdks pj.kc¼ rjhds ls lekIr djus dh ?kks"k.kkdhA teZuh dh daiuh gkWDLVu us 1995 rd xSj Dyksjhu ;qDr lh-,iQ-lh-fodYi [kkstus dk fu.kZ; fd;k ijUrq n~;wiksa us bls vkxs Vyokus ds fy, iSjoh'kq: dj nhA mYVs bl daiuh us bl ckr dk /qvk¡/kj izpkj fd;k fd og

i;kZoj.k dh j{kd daiuh gS vkSj bl izpkj dk urhtk ;g gqvk fd 1990 esavejhdk dh i;kZoj.k laj{kd ,tsalh (bZih,) dk ^lerki eaMyh; laj{k.kiqjLdkj* bl daiuh dks feykA 1991 esa tks u, rF; mtkxj gq, muls bZih,us vuqeku yxk;k fd vkstksu ijr ds yxkrkj iryk iM+rs tkus ls vxys 50lkyksa esa peM+h ds dSalj ls nks yk[k ls vf/d ekSras gksaxh vkSj ,d djksM+ 20yk[k yksxksa dks peM+h dk dSalj gks tk,xkA n~;wiksa daiuh ds 'ks;j /kjdksa ustu ncko esa ;g fu.kZ; ysuk pkgk fd 1995 rd lh-,iQ-lh- dk mRiknu jksdfn;k tk; ijUrq daiuh us ;g fu.kZ; ugha gksus fn;kA

1992 rd ;g fufoZokn :i ls fl¼ gks x;k Fkk fd ftl jÝrkjls lh-,iQ-lh- xSlksa ls vkstksu dk {kj.k gks jgk Fkk] mÙkjh xksyk¼Z esa vkstksuijr esa Nsn gksuk Vkyk ugha tk ldrkA blds Hk;adj urhtksa ls nqfu;k esafpUrk gks jgh FkhA dSalj dk [krjk c<+ jgk Fkk] yksxksa dh vk¡[kksa dks Hkh Hkkjh[krjk iSnk gks x;k FkkA ysfdu n~;wiksa viuh Ny&iQjsch vkSj pkyckth ls cktugha vk jgk FkkA 1992 esa bl daiuh us vejhdk ds e'kgwj v[kckj Û;w;kdZVkbEl* esa iwjs i`"B dk foKkiu fn;k ftlesa dgk x;k] ^ftruh tYnh laHkogksxk] ge lh-,iQ-lh- cspuk cUn dj nsaxs] ysfdu dsoy vejhdk vkSj vU;fodflr ns'kksa esaA¸ ;gh ugha] nqfu;k dh vk¡[kksa esa /wy >ksadus ds fy, bldaiuh us cM+s&cM+s foKkiu Nik, ftuesa ?kks"k.kk dh x;h fd lh-,iQ-lh- dsfodYi ds :i esa daiuh ,plh,iQlh (gkbZMªks Dyksjks Ýyksjks dkcZu) cspsxhD;kfas d ;s xlS a s ^î;koZ j.k nf"V ls icz ¼q ¸ (Environmentally enlightened)gSaA ij ;g dsoy /ks[kk gSA ,d oSKkfud us irk yxk;k gS fd vkstksu dsfy, bu xSlksa ls ftruk uqdlku n~;wiksa us vk¡dk gS] mlls de ls de 3 xquhT;knk gkfudkjd ;s xSlsa gSaA

cPpksa ds efLr"d dks {kfr %cPpksa ds efLr"d dks {kfr %cPpksa ds efLr"d dks {kfr %cPpksa ds efLr"d dks {kfr %cPpksa ds efLr"d dks {kfr % viuh egÙokdk{a kk ds lkeus ekuorkdk fouk'k dksbZ ek;us ugha j[krk] n~;wiksa us ;gh ea=k viuk;k gSA bl daiuhus VhbZ,y (VsVªk bFkkby ysM) dh [kkst dh gS tks isVªksy esa feyk;k tkus okykinkFkZ gSA bl jlk;u us Hkkjh uqdlku igq¡pk;k gSA 1990 esa fo'o LokLF;laxBu ds oSKkfud MkW- dkyZ 'kkbZ us dgk Fkk] îsVªksy esa ysM ('kh'kk) feykukchloha lnh dh Hkwy gSA¸ vkSj lHkh daifu;ksa us bl tgjhys jlk;u VhbZ,ydk mRiknu djuk cUn dj fn;k gSA ;g n~;wiksa gS tks bldk vfUre mRikndcpk gSA fodflr ns'kksa esa muds fojks/ ds dkj.k ogk¡ ;g mRiknu ugha djrk]ij fodkl'khy xjhc ns'kksa esa /M+Yys ls bl daiuh dk ;g mRikn isVªksy esa




feyk;k tkrk gSAoSKkfudksa us [kkst dh gS fd 'kh'kk (ysM) ls efLr"d dks] [kklrkSj

ls cPpksa ds efLr"d dks Hkkjh uqdlku ig¡qprk gSA vxj FkksM+k lk gh 'kh'kk[kwu esa fey tk; rks mlls cqf¼ dk gkl gksrk gS] lh[kus dh {kerk de gkstkrh gSA Lej.k'kfDr detksj iM+ tkrh gS vkSj cPpksa ds O;ogkj esa xM+cfM+;k¡iSnk gksus yxrh gSaA isVªksy esa feyk 'kh'kk gok esa iSQyrk gS vkSj bl iznw"k.k dkefLr"d {kfr ls lh/k lEcU/ ik;k x;k gSA bl tgj ds Hk;adj urhtksa dksns[kdj bldk iz;ksx vejhdk] dukMk] tkiku vkSj vkLVªsfy;k esa izfrcfU/rdj fn;k x;k gSA n~;wiksa VhbZ,y dk mRiknu vejhdk esa ugha dj ldrkAysfdu bl ekSr ds lkSnkxj dh Hkw[k dks fojke dgk¡\ blus eSfDldks dh ,ddaiuh VhbZ,e,l, esa 40 izfr'kr 'ks;j yxkdj ogk¡ ls bldk mRiknudjkdj vU; ns'kksa dks VhbZ,y dk fu;kZr fd;k gSA nqfu;k esa 'kh'ks ds tgjls lcls vf/d leL;k,a ftu ns'kksa esa iSnk gks jgh gSa] eSfDldks muesa ls ,dgASekuo fufeZr lcls cM+k gknlk %ekuo fufeZr lcls cM+k gknlk %ekuo fufeZr lcls cM+k gknlk %ekuo fufeZr lcls cM+k gknlk %ekuo fufeZr lcls cM+k gknlk % 1991 esa vejhdk esa cgqr cM+k Ñf"k gknlkgqvk] 'kk;n bfrgkl dk lcls cM+kA ns'k ds 500 fdlkuksa us n~;wiksa dkiQi¡Qwnuk'kd (iQaxhlkbM) csuysV Mh ,iQ [kjhnkA dgk tkrk gS fd blesa[kjirokj uk'kd (gchZlkbM) Fkk ftlus lkjh iQly u"V dj nh] lc ikS/s ej x;sA fdlkuksa dks crkSj gtkZus ds daiuh us 50 djksM+ MkWyj dk Hkqxrkufd;kA ij 1992 ds uoEcj esa daiuh us ;g dgdj fd daiuh us 'kks/ djds;g urhtk fudkyk gS fd ikS/s csuysV Mh ,iQ dh otg ls ugha ejs Fks Hkqxrkujksd fn;kA daiuh dk ps;jeSu ,Mxj cqykMZ lkjs dkuwuh nk¡oisap yxk jgk gSftlls fdlkuksa dks gtkZuk u nsuk iM+sA fiQj Hkh vejhdk dh dbZ vnkyrksaus n~;wiksa ij Hkkjh tqekZuk Bksadk gSA mlds tgjhys mRiknksa ds fy, lh-,iQ-lh-ÝyksfjMk dh vnkyr us 5 yk[k MkWyj dh ltk ,d VekVj mRiknd fdlkudh f'kdk;r ij vkSj 25 yk[k MkWyj dh vtwcs ikS/s vkSj >kfM+;ka mRikndnwljs fdlku dh f'kdk;r ij rFkk tkftZ;k esa ,d f'kdk;r ij 42 yk[kMkWyj dh ltk lqukbZ xbZA

vizSy 1998 esa vejhdk dh bZih, us n~;wiksa dks lcls cM+h ltklqukbZA bZih, us n~;wiksa dks fgnk;r nh Fkh fd og ml dhVuk'kd dks tgktksals u Hksts ftuds cksjksa ij ;g u fy[kk gks fd bl mRikn ds bLrseky dsle; vk¡[kksa ij lqj{kkRed p'ek yxkuk t:jh gSA vejhdk ds dhVuk'kd]

iQiQw¡nuk'kd vkSj ÑUrduk'kh dkuwu&1992 ds rgr etnwj lqj{kk ekudfu;e cuk FkkA blds rgr lqj{kkRed p'ek yxkuk vfuok;Z dj fn;k x;kAblls 35 yk[k etnwjksa dks lqj{kk iznku dh x;hA bl dkuwu dh vogsyukdjrs gq, n~;wiksa us 380 ckj viuk dhVuk'kd tgktksa ls HkstkA bZih, us n~;wiksads nks dhVuk'kdksa CysMSDl vkSj ,DLVªktkbZu&2 ij 19 yk[k MkWyj dk tqekZukfd;kA daiuh us buls 94 yk[k Mkyj dek, FksA

biZ h, dk vueq ku gS fd nfl;kas gtkj [krs etnjw kas dks gj lky n;~ iw kasds tgjhys dhVuk'kdksa dh otg ls chekjh vkSj gkfu igq¡prh gSA lkykuk 15yk[k yksxksa dks eksfr;kfcUn dh chekjh gksrh gSA

Ñf"k {ks=k esa n~;wiks a dh ?kqliSBÑf"k {ks=k esa n~;wiks a dh ?kqliSBÑf"k {ks=k esa n~;wiks a dh ?kqliSBÑf"k {ks=k esa n~;wiks a dh ?kqliSBÑf"k {ks=k esa n~;wiks a dh ?kqliSBn~;wiksa ,dkf/dkjh iw¡thokn dk lqUnj mnkgj.k gSA ik;ksfu;j gkbZfczM

baVjus'kuy dk vf/xzg.k djds blus ;g lkfcr dj fn;k gS fd Hkfo"; dsÑf"k dk HkkX; fu;ark n~;wiksa gh gSA ,slk vuqeku yxk;k tk jgk gS fd n~;wiksavkilh gksM+ dks de djus ds fy, eksUlsaVks dk Hkh vf/xzg.k dj ldrh gSAnwljs 'kCnksa esa n~;wiksa fo'o fot; dh rS;kjh esa yxh gSA

n~;wiksa us 1975 esa Hkkjr esa O;olk; dh 'kq:vkr dh rFkk mnkjhdj.kds ckn blus vius O;olk; dks O;kid cuk;kA n~;wiksa bafM;k dk izsflMsaV dsusFkih- gksLVys cgqr xoZ ds lkFk dgrk gS fd ^^eaS cgqr xoZ ls dguk pkgrk gw¡fd Hkkjr esa gekjk O;olk; gekjs xf.kr ds fglkc ls py jgk gS] ge viusmís'; izkIr djus esa lQy jgs gSaA¸

n~;wiksa ds Hkkjrh; Ñf"k cktkj esa eq[;r% rhu mRikn gSaA ;s lHkhmRikn dkokZesaV xzqi ds gSaA dkokZesaV xzqi ds eq[;r% lHkh isLVhlkbM~lvR;kf/d tgjhys gSaA ;wfu;u dkckZbM Hkksiky esa tks dhVuk'kd cuk jgh Fkhos lHkh dhVuk'kd dkokZesaV xzqi ds FksA

vc vkb, ge ns[krs gSa fd n~;wiksa tks mRikn Hkkjrh; cktkj esa cspjgh gS os dkSu ls mRikn gSa rFkk bu mRiknksa dh Hkkjrh; Ñf"k cktkj esa D;kmi;ksfxrk gS \

n~;wiksa }kjk izLrqr igyk dhVuk'kd gS feFkksfeyA fo'o LokLF;laxBu ds eqrkfcd feFkksfey iQLVZ&ch xzqi dk vR;f/d tgjhyk dhVuk'kdgSA bldk mi;ksx fo'o esa lHkh ns'kksa esa yxHkx izfrcaf/r gSA Hkkjr esa n~;wiksafeFkksfey dk O;olk; eq[;r% /kuqdk isLVhlkbM~l] b-ZvkbZ-Mh- isjh rFkk baMks




xYiQ ds ekè;e ls djrh gSA vc n~;wiksa bu iQkewZysVjksa ds lkFk&lkFk Lo;a HkhfeFkksfey dk forj.k dj jgh gSA o"kZ 1992&93 esa bldk foØ; fliQZ 40,e- Vh- Fkk tks fd 1996&97 esa 160 ,e-Vh- gks x;kA ik¡p lkyksa esa bl fo"kSysdhVuk'kd dk Hkkjrh; Ñf"k cktkj esa foØ; bl izdkj jgk &

o"kZ [kir ,e- Vh-1992&93 41-101993&94 70-001994&95 70-001995&96 100-001996&97 160-00

gkyk¡fd dEiuh dk ekuuk gS fd blds foØ; esa o`f¼ dk dkj.kfeFkaksfey dh Hkkjrh; fdlkuksa esa vR;f/d ek¡x gS] ijUrq fo'ks"kKksa dk ekuukgS fd dEiuh dh vkØked O;kolkf;d j.kuhfr rFkk dhVuk'kd foØsrkvksa}kjk feFkksfey ds ckjs esa Hkzked izpkj ds lkFk&lkFk yEcs le; rd m/kjnsus dh otg ls feFkksfey ds cktkj esa o`f¼ gqbZ gSA

1988 esa vka/z izns'k esa dikl dh iQlyksa ij lw¡fM+;ksa dk tksjnkjvkØe.k gqvkA cktkj esa miyC/ izpfyr lHkh dhVuk'kdksa ds izfr lw¡fM+;ksa esaizfrjks/d {kerk fodflr gks tkus dh otg ls leLr dhVuk'kd lwfM+;ksa dksfu;af=kr dj ikus esa vliQy jgsA gsDV~l] lS.Mkst rFkk jSfyl ds ncko esadsUnzh; ljdkj us gksLVkfFk;ku] Vªk;tksiQkl] ekofjd] ÝywoSfyusV rFkk MsuhVkWyiQsuizksiSFkzhu Hkkjrh; cktkj esa ykus dk iSQlyk fd;kA tc ;g iSQlyk gks jgkFkk rks ml le; ,d pkSFkk uke Hkh Fkk ysusV esFkksfey] ftls ;g dgdj[kkfjt dj fn;k x;k fd ;g dhVuk'kd vR;f/d fo"kSyk gS rFkk vejhdhcktkj esa ;g mRikn /hjs&/hjs viuh fo"kkDrrk dh otg ls viuk cktkj [kksjgk gSA ckr ;gha [kRe gks xbZA

lu~ 1991&92 esa oh-ih-flag lÙkk esa vk, vkSj dqN le; i'pkr~mudh ljdkj fxj xbZA oh-ih-flag dh ljdkj fxjus ds ckn iz/kuea=kh cuspanz'ks[kjA panz'ks[kj dh ljdkj ds Ñf"k ea=kh cus pkS/kjh nsoh ykyA fdlkuiq=k pkS/kjh nsoh yky us vkuu&iQkuu esa ysusV (esFkksfey) dks Hkkjrh; cktkjesa cspus dh vuqefr ns nh ysfdu 'krZ ;g j[kh fd n~;wiksa rFkk n~;wiksa dkforjd enzkl fLFkr dksjkseaMy baMsx ysusV (esFkksfey) dks fliZQ dikl esacspsxk] ysfdu ,d ckj vuqefr feyus ds ckn dEiuh us lkjh 'krksZa dks

vLohdkj djrs g,q lHkh iQlykas ;gk¡ rd fd iQykas eas Hkh cps uk 'k:q dj fn;kAbl fo"kSys dhVuk'kd dk fNM+dko djrs&djrs cgqr lkjs dhVuk'kdfNM+dko djus okys etnwj fNM+dko djrs le; csgks'kh ds nkSjksa ds f'kdkj gksusyxs rFkk dqN ej Hkh x, ysfdu fdlh us dksbZ è;ku ugha fn;kA vkt Hkhetnwj bl dhVuk'kd dk fNM+dko djrs le; csgks'kh ds f'kdkj gks jgs gSarFkk ej jgs gSa ysfdu n~;wiksa dk equkiQk cjdjkj gSA esFkksfey fcd jgk gSAusrkvksa] O;kikfj;ksa rFkk rFkkdfFkr cqf¼thfo;ksa ds lg;ksx ls n~;wiksa Hkkjrh;fdlkuksa dk 'kks"k.k dj jgh gSA

n~;wiksa dk nwljk mRikn gS csuysVA 1968 esa n~;wiksa us csukfey dh[kkst dhA bZ-ih-,- ds vuqlkj csukfey uked iQiQw¡n uk'kd izkf.k;ksa esa dSalj]uiqaldrk] va/kiu rFkk ;Ñr 'kks/ iSnk dj ldrk gSA csukfey (csuysV)ds izHkko ls vejhdk esa fcuk vk¡[kksa ds cPps iSnk gq, gSaA vejhdh U;k;ky;esa csuysV (csukfey) dks ysdj 20 eqdnes fopkjk/hu gSaA

n~;wiksa dk rhljk mRikn gS esatsVA esadkstsc 1960 esa n~;wiksa rFkk jkse,.M gkl uked dEiuh us bl iQiQw¡n uk'kd dh [kkst dhA ,d ijh{k.k dsvuqlkj esadkstsc pwgksa esa 'kqØzzzk.kq dks vlkekU; cuk nsrk gS ftlls iSnk gksusokyh larfr;k¡ fodykax iSnk gksrh gSaA blds izHkko ls i{kh nsj ls vaMs nsrs gSaA;g lHa kkouk O;Dr dh tk jgh gS fd edas kts cs ikz f.k;kas eas dlaS j inS k dj ldrkgSA LohMu rFkk ukosZ esa bldk mi;ksx cgqr gh vko';d gksus ij fd;k tkrkgSA 1996&97 esa 8850 ,e-Vh- esadkstsc Hkkjr esa fcdk ftlesa baMksfiQy] jkse,.M gkl rFkk n~;wiksa dk cgqr cM+k fgLlk gSA

Hkkjr esa n~;wiks a ds iljrs ik¡o % Hkkjr esa n~;wiks a ds iljrs ik¡o % Hkkjr esa n~;wiks a ds iljrs ik¡o % Hkkjr esa n~;wiks a ds iljrs ik¡o % Hkkjr esa n~;wiks a ds iljrs ik¡o % uk;yksu 6-6 ifj;kstuk dkdkj[kkuk yxkus dk ykblsal xksok ljdkj ds ^vkfFkZd fodkl vk;ksx* dhenn ls bls 1983 esa fey x;k FkkA ,d Hkkjrh; daiuh Fkkij ds lg;ksx lsn~;wiksa ;g dkj[kkuk djhe LFkku ij 600 djksM+ #i;s dh ykxr ls yxkusokyh FkhA ;g izLrkfor dkj[kkuk uk;yksu 6-6 rS;kj djus okyk nqfu;k dklcls cM+k dkj[kkuk gksrk ftlesa gj lky 13]000 Vu uk;yksu rUrq vkSj5500 Vu uk;yksu /kxk mRiknu dk izLrko FkkA

bl ifj;kstuk dks eatwj djkus ds fy, daiuh us lHkh gFkdaMsviuk,A uewus ds fy, dqN mnkgj.k bl izdkj gSa & fxjh'k xkscjs ,d izeq[kuk;yksu 6-6 fojks/h dk;ZdrkZ FkkA mls daiuh us 5 gtkj #i;s ekfld osruvkSj ,d thi nsdj viuh ukSdjh ij yxk fy;kA xkao okyksa ds cfg"dkj ds




dkj.k xkscjs dks ukSdjh NksM+uh iM+hA xksok esa fojks/ i{k dh ikVhZ ds fo/k;dMkW- dkf'kukFk tkoeh us rks ?kks"k.kk dh Fkh fd ^^esjh yk'k ij dkj[kkukcusxkA¸ daiuh us ,slk ^peRdkj* dj fn;k fd ckn esa MkW- tkYeh daiuh dsizoDrk rFkk laj{kd cu x;sA

'kq: ls gh i;kZoj.kfonksa us rFkk xk¡ookfl;ksa us bl iznw"k.k iSQykus okysdkj[kkus dk fojks/ fd;kA tu ncko esa uoEcj 1990 esa xksokfo/kulHkk dh ,d ^lnu lfefr* us fufoZokn :i ls laLrqfr dh fd ;gifj;kstuk u pkyw dh tk; D;ksafd blesa vusd xM+cfM+;k¡ rks gSa gh] iznw"k.k dkHkkjh [krjk gSA ij ljdkj us bl lfefr dh laLrqfr ugha ekuh vkSj dkj[kkukcuus yxkA ij xk¡ookfl;ksa dk vkUnksyu Hkh c<+rk x;kA djhe dh uk;yksu6-6 fojks/h ukxfjd lfefr us ljdkjh vf/dkfj;ksa dks ifj;kstuk jí djusrFkk voS/ fuekZ.k gVkus ds fy, psrkouh nhA blls igys djhe dh iapk;rus daiuh dks ^dkj.k crkvks uksfVl* Hkh fn;k Fkk fd D;ksa u mldh voS/bekjrsa vkSj jkLrksa dks jksdrh gqbZ pgkjnhokj gVk nh tk;A iapk;r ds vuqlkjdaiuh us fuekZ.k djus dh btktr iapk;r ls ugha yh Fkh vkSj mlus tksfuekZ.k dk;Z fd;k Fkk] og Ñf"k Hkwfe ij Fkk tks bekjrh Hkwfe esa cnyh ughatk ldrh FkhA

tc xk¡ooklh ljdkj vkSj daiuh dh feyh Hkxr ls vkftt vk x,rks mUgksaus lh/h dk;Zokgh djus dh Bku yhA 7 vDrwcj 1994 dks mUgksasusdkj[kkus dh uhao Mkyus ds dke dks jksdkA xk¡olkfl;ksa ds Mj ls daiuh ds400 dkjhxj vkSj pkSdhnkj Hkkx x;sA xk¡ookfl;ksa us dkj[kkus dks tkus okyhlM+d ij iRFkj Mkydj jksd fn;kA 21 vDVwcj 1994 dks fiQj nks gtkj lsT;knk xk¡ookfl;ksa dh HkhM+ us geyk cksy fn;k] dbZ bekjrksa vkSj ,dpgkjnhokj dks èoLr dj fn;kA dbZ egx¡ s fuek.Z k midj.kkas dks tyk fn;k vkjS,d djksM+ #i;s ls T;knk dk uqdlku fd;kA vkUnksyu pyrk jgk] iqfyliQk;fjax esa ,d ukStoku dh ekSr gqbZ ij xk¡o okys MVs jgs vkSj vUrr% daiuhdks xksok NksM+uk iM+kA ij n~;wiksa xksok NksM+dj mM+hlk vkSj rfeyukMq esa viukdkjksckj iSQyk jgh gSAÏksr % Multinationals and the Environment By Kenny Bruno. TWN,

2. Multinational monitor Dec. ‘98, May’ 98

15-15-15-15-15-

lhck xk;xhlhck xk;xhlhck xk;xhlhck xk;xhlhck xk;xhekSr vkSj ywV dk f[kykMh+ekSr vkSj ywV dk f[kykMh+ekSr vkSj ywV dk f[kykMh+ekSr vkSj ywV dk f[kykMh+ekSr vkSj ywV dk f[kykMh+

lhck xk;xh fLoV~tjyS.M dh cgqjk"Vªh; dEiuh gS tks vktknh dslky 1947 ls Hkkjr esa fgUnqLrku lhck xk;xh fyfeVsM ds uke ls dkjksckjdj jgh gSA blds dkj[kkus egkjk"Vª esa etxk¡o (eqEcbZ) vkSj xksok esa lkUrkeksfudk esa gSaA ;g eq[; :i ls nok vkSj jlk;uksa dh dEiuh gS ij /hjs&/hjs blus vkSj Hkh dkjksckj 'kq: dj fn, gSa tSls jax (MkbZ) ,fMflo] ikWyhej]isLVhlkbM] ohMhlkbM ([kjirokj uk'kd)] VsDlVkby lgk;d mRikn vkfnA;g dEiuh Hkkjr dh pksVh dh lkS cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa esa ls ,d gS vkSj Ñf"kjlk;u cukus okyh cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa esa pksVh dh ik¡p dEifu;ksa esa bldkLFkku vkrk gAS lu~ 1973 rd Hkkjr eas ;g dEiuh eyw dEiuh dh lkS iQhlnhekyfd;r dh 'kk[kk FkhA ijUrq 1973 esa iQsjk dkuwu cu tkus ds ckn blsvius lkB izfr'kr 'ks;j Hkkjr esa cspus iM+sA 1991 esa mnkjhdj.k dh gok ns'kesa cgus ds iQyLo:i bl dEiuh us viuk <k¡pk cny fn;kA 1996 esa iqjkuhdEiuh ds vykok blus ,d lkS izfr'kr ekfydh okyh ubZ dEiuh lhckbf.M;k rhu djksM+ MkWyj dh ykxr yxkdj 'kq: dj nh tks jlk;u vkSj nokds vykok fixesaV /U/ks] dkUVsDV ysal vkSj VsDlVkby lgk;d mRikn Hkhcukrh gSA mnkjhdj.k ds nkSj esa bl dEiuh us vius vyx&vyx {ks=kksa esadkiQh izlkj fd;k gS vkSj dkiQh /u dek;k gSA1- Hkqxrku larqyu ij Hkkjh cks> % 1- Hkqxrku larqyu ij Hkkjh cks> % 1- Hkqxrku larqyu ij Hkkjh cks> % 1- Hkqxrku larqyu ij Hkkjh cks> % 1- Hkqxrku larqyu ij Hkkjh cks> % l Hkh cM+h cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa dh rjglhck xk;xh us Hkh le;≤ ij nkok fd;k gS fd og fu;kZr esa Hkkx ysdj




Hkkjr dk fons'kh eqnzk HkaMkj c<+kus esa ;ksxnku djsxhA ij gdhdr dqN vkSjgSA 1992 ls 1995 ds vkadM+s ;g lkiQ tkfgj djrs gSa fd bl dEiuh usdjksM+ksa dh eqnzk ns'k ds ckgj Hksth] tSlh fd uhps dh rkfydk ls Li"V gS %

1992 1993 1994 1995vk;kr 19-19 23-38 40-90 67-79fu;krZ 24-03 13-65 23-08 40-85&?kkVk@$euq kiQk $4-84 &9-73 &17-82 &26-942- [krjukd nokvksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, cnuke % 2- [krjukd nokvksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, cnuke % 2- [krjukd nokvksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, cnuke % 2- [krjukd nokvksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, cnuke % 2- [krjukd nokvksa ds fuekZ.k ds fy, cnuke % Hkkjr eas dkjkcs kj ds viusyEcs bfrgkl esa Ny iQjsch djus vkSj LokLF; ds fy, gkfudkjd nokvksa dkfuekZ.k djus esa bl dEiuh us dbZ ckj fookn [kM+s fd, gSaA ljdkj dh nokuhfr vius ekfiQd cuokus vkSj uqdlkunk;d nokvksa dks cktkj esa cspus dsfy, fu;e cuokus esa bl dEiuh us dkiQh gsjkisQjh dh gSA

vLlh ds n'kd ds eè; esa bl dEiuh dh nLr fujks/d nks nokvksaeDS lkiQkeZ vkjS ,UVkªcs k;kis QkeZ us Hkkjr vkjS Hkkjr ds ckgj dkiQh fookn mRiUufd;kA bu nksuksa nokvksa esa fDy;ksDohuksy uke dh nok gksrh gS tks Hk;adjLuk;q ?kkrd fl¼ gks pqdh gSA bldh otg ls yxkrkj nnZ] vaxkas dh iQkfyt]is'kkc fu;U=k.k vHkko] va/kiu vkSj dHkh&dHkh ekSr Hkh gks tkrh gSA dsoytkiku esa bu nokvksa us 11000 jksfx;ksa dks Hkkjh uqdlku igq¡pk;kA nqfu;k Hkjesa bl dEiuh ds fojks/ esa vkoktas mBha] bl ij eqdnes pyk, x, vkSjvUrr% dEiuh dks cktkj ls bu nokvksa dks okfil ysus ij etcwj gksuk iM+kA

lhck xk;xh us ,d vkSj LokLF; ds fy, gkfudkjd nok fudkyh gSftldk uke gS ^vkDLkiQucwVktksu*A lhck xk;xh us bls ipkl ds n'kd esa[kkstk FkkA bl nokbZ ls nqfu;k esa cM+h la[;k esa ekSrsa gqbZ gSa vusd ns'kksa us blnok ij izfrcU/k yxk fn;k gSA Hkkjr esa Hkh LokLF; ea=kky; us fo'ks"k jksxksatSls&^LikUMykbfVl* vkSj ^thvkFkZjkbfVl* ds fy, blds mi;ksx dhvuqefr nh gS ij ;s nok [kqys cktkj esa /M+Yys ls fcd jgh gSA3- nok ds uke ij ywV % 3- nok ds uke ij ywV % 3- nok ds uke ij ywV % 3- nok ds uke ij ywV % 3- nok ds uke ij ywV % Hkkjr ljdkj us 1995 esa ubZ nok uhfr ?kksf"krdh ftlls nokvksa dk fofu;a=khdj.k gqvkA bldk vuqfpr ykHk mBkdjfgUnqLrku lhck xk;xh us viuh nokvksa ds nke ,dne c<+k fn,A mnkgj.k dsfy, nek jksx ds mipkj esa dke vkus okyh 50 feyhxzke dh xksfy;ksa oksoju*dk nke uCcs izfr'kr c<+k fn;k vkSj 100 feyhxzke dk nke 120 izfr'kr c<+kfn;kA

4- bUlkuks a ij fxuhfix dh rjg ijh{k.k % 4- bUlkuks a ij fxuhfix dh rjg ijh{k.k % 4- bUlkuks a ij fxuhfix dh rjg ijh{k.k % 4- bUlkuks a ij fxuhfix dh rjg ijh{k.k % 4- bUlkuks a ij fxuhfix dh rjg ijh{k.k % lhck xk;xh dk fgUnqLrku esajlk;u vkSj isLVhlkbM dk Hkkjh dkjksckj pyrk gSA budk euq"; ds 'kjhj ijD;k izHkko iM+rk gS bldk ijh{k.k bl dEiuh us yksxksa ds Åij fd;kA 1975esa bl dEiuh us vius ^U;wokØksu isLVhlkbM* dks pkyhl Hkkjrh;ksa ds ÅijfNM+dkA 1976 esa bl dEiuh us feÏ esa ,d T;knk dBksj isLVhlkbZM^xSfyØksu* dks Ng cPpksa ij fNM+dk ftldk cPpksa ds LokLF; ij iQkSju[krjukd vlj gqvkA5- tgjhys jlk;u %5- tgjhys jlk;u %5- tgjhys jlk;u %5- tgjhys jlk;u %5- tgjhys jlk;u % fgUnqLrku lhck xk;xh dk xksok ds lkUrk eksfudkdkj[kkus esa jklk;fud inkFkkaasZ dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA dkj[kkus ds ?ksjs esa bldEiuh us ckjg ,dM+ dh ,d >hy Hkh ys j[kh gSA ;gk¡ ij isLVhlkbM] jsthuvkSj lEi`Dr ikfy,LVj jsthu rFkk oL=k m|ksx] peM+k m|ksx] dkxt vkSjfMV~jtsUV m|ksx ds fy, MkbZ rS;kj gksrh gSaA bu mRiknksa ds fy, bu dkj[kkuksaesa vR;Ur tgjhys jlk;uksa dk Hk.Mkj.k vkSj mi;ksx gksrk gSA uhps dh lwphesa bl dEiuh ds vR;Ur tgjhys jlk;uksa ds uke fn, gq, gSa %

lhck xk;xh ds dkj[kkus esa Hk.Mkfjr vkSj bLrseky gksus okys tgjhys jlk;ujlk;u tgjhykiuÚkldsfeMku vR;f/d tgjhyheksuksØhlsQkWl vR;f/d tgjhyhMh-Mh-oh-ih- vR;f/d tgjhyhVksyq,u Mhvklkslk,usV vR;f/d tgjhyh] Toyu'khy,lsVhyhu tgjhyh] Toyu'khy,ØhyksukbVªhy tgjhyh] Toyu'khyveksfu;k xSl tgjhyh] Toyu'khycUs thu tgjhyh] Toyu'khyDyksjks csUthu tgjhyh] Toyu'khylkbDyksgsDlkuksu tgjhyh] Toyu'khyMkbDyksjks bFksu tgjhyh] Toyu'khy,ihDykjs kMs kbMhªu tgjhyh] Toyu'khy,Fkkby ,lhVsV tgjhyh] Toyu'khyiQkjeyMhgkbM tgjhyh] Toyu'khyvkblksizksisuksy tgjhyh] Toyu'khy




vkbZlksizksikby vYdksgy tgjhyh] Toyu'khyfeFksukWy tgjhyh] Toyu'khyvYeqfu;e DyksjkbM tgjhyh] dksjksflo (Åijh lrg dks

f?klus okyk)feFkkby DyksjkbM tgjhyh] Toyu'khyesFkhyhlksD;qVkby dhVksu tgjhyh] Toyu'khyfiQuksy tgjhyh] Åijh lrg dks gVkus okyk

vkSj Toyu'khyVksyq,u tgjhyh] Toyu'khyVªkbesFkkby iQkliQkbV tgjhyh] dksjksflo (Åijh lrg dks

f?klus okyk)Dyksjy tgjhyh] Åijh lrg dks gVkus okykDyksjkslhVkby DyksjkbM tgjhyh] Åijh lrg dks gVkus okykD;ew ku tgjhyh] Åijh lrg dks gVkus okykiQkliQksjlVªkbZDyksjkbM tgjhyh] Åijh lrg dks gVkus okyk

6- tSo rduhdh j.kuhfr % 6- tSo rduhdh j.kuhfr % 6- tSo rduhdh j.kuhfr % 6- tSo rduhdh j.kuhfr % 6- tSo rduhdh j.kuhfr % bl dEiuh us vius dkjksckj esa[krjukd rduhdh vkSj izfØ;kvksa dk lgkjk ysuk 'kq: dj fn;k gSA bluscht dh 'kk[kk Hkh [kksy yh gS ftlesa tSo rduhdh }kjk eDdk] lks;kchu]cktjk vkSj dikl ds u, cht rS;kj fd, tkrs gSaA vesfjdk] ;wjksi] Hkkjr esaHkh bu ubZ rduhd ls iSnk fd, x, chtksa dk fojks/ gks jgk gSA bldsckotwn Hkh ;g dEiuh tSfod :i ls rS;kj chtksa dk dkjksckj bl ns'k esa iSQykjgh gSA7- etnwj fojks/h uhfr;k¡ % 7- etnwj fojks/h uhfr;k¡ % 7- etnwj fojks/h uhfr;k¡ % 7- etnwj fojks/h uhfr;k¡ % 7- etnwj fojks/h uhfr;k¡ % lHkh cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa dh rjg ;g dEiuhHkh vius deZpkfj;ksa ds izfr vPNk O;ogkj ugha djrhA ges'kk bldh dksf'k'kjgrh gS deZpkfj;ksa dh N¡Vuh ,oa djuk mudks LoSfPNd vodk'k xzg.kdjkukA deZpkfj;ksa dks de osru nsuk bl dEiuh ds fy;s vke ckr gSAtuojh 1994 esa bl dEiuh us dkj[kkus esa rkykcanh dj nh FkhA gM+rkyhdeZpkfj;ksa dks xq.Mksa ls fiVok;k Fkk vkSj etnwjksa dh >kasifM+;ksa esa vkx yxokbZFkhA*Ïksr% fLol Vh,ulht bu bf.M;k (ekè;e cqDl) ls lkHkkj

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ekbØkslkWÝVekbØkslkWÝVekbØkslkWÝVekbØkslkWÝVekbØkslkWÝVfryLeh nqfu;k dk 'kga'kkgfryLeh nqfu;k dk 'kga'kkgfryLeh nqfu;k dk 'kga'kkgfryLeh nqfu;k dk 'kga'kkgfryLeh nqfu;k dk 'kga'kkg

dEI;wVj iz.kkyh vkSj vuqiz;ksx ds cktkj esa ekbØkslkWÝV lcls cM+hcgqjk"Vªh; dEiuh gSA dqN gh lkyksa esa bls pksVh dh dEiuh cukus dk Js;gS blds ekfyd fcy xsV~l dksA lw>&cw> vkSj frdM+e dk /uh fcy xsV~lnqfu;k ds lcls vehj vknfe;ksa esa ls ,d gS ftldh vkenuh 100 vjc(fcfy;u) MkWyj vk¡dh tkrh gSA vuqeku gS fd vxys pkj lky esa ;gvjcifr (fcysfu;j) nqfu;k dk igyk 'ka[kifr (fVªysfu;j) cu tk,xk vkSjmlds ,d lky ckn iwjs fczVsu dks [kjhn ldsxkA vkt Hkh og pkgs rksflaxkiqj vkSj btjk;y dks [kjhn ldrk gSA izfrLi/hZ] nq'eu dks èoLr djusdh izo`fÙk okyk ;g rSarkyhl lky dk vkneh bDdhloha lnh dks fryLehnqfu;k cukus vkSj viuh eqV~Bh esa j[kus dk liuk ns[k jgk gSA bl fryLehnqfu;k esa gj lqcg dbZ fVªfy;u MkWyjksa dh nqfu;k ds ,d Nksj ls nwljs Nksjrd dNq lds .s Mkas eas gh vkoktkgh gks tk,xh vkjS fdlh dks ,d Hkh MkyW j ukVsds n'kZu ugha gksaxs] nqdkuksa esa ?kqls fcuk dkjksa] fdrkcksa vkSj u tkusfdl&fdl pht dh [kjhn&iQjks[r gks tk;sxh] nÝrjksa esa dksbZ iQkby ;kdkxt u fn[ksxk] LVs'kuksa ij fVdV [kjhnus ds fy, yEch drkjsa u fn[ksaxhvkSj ?kj rks iwjk dk iwjk usVoYMZ gksxk] csM:e esa fjeksV ls ,DVhosfVM vkSj ,M(ED) ls dLVekbTZ M nhokj inkZ gkxs k tks lcjs s dh [kcj]as LVkdW ] jkr dh MkdvkSj vkidh eu ilUn [ksy Vheksa ds rkts Ldksj nsxk] pkSds esa ,d vkSj ;a=kyxk gksxk tks ihys i=kksa] uqL[kksa] [kkus ihus ds lkekuksa vkfn dh iwjh tkudkjh




nsxk vkSj ;g flyflyk ?kj ds vkaxu vkSj ihNs ds cxhps rd pysxkAnjvly ;g fryLeh nqfu;k cu jgh gS fiNys 20&25 lkyksa esa gqbZ

lwpuk rduhdh ØkfUr lsA yx jgk gS fd bfrgkl fiQj vius dks nqgjk jgkgSA 200&250 lky igys gqbZ vkS|ksfxd ØkfUr us nqfu;k dk uD'kk cnyMkykA bl ØkfUr ls mRiUu ubZ rkdr ls ySl gksdj ;wjksi ds ns'k nqfu;k esaviuk vf/d ls vf/d dCtk djus vkSj ywVus fudy iM+s vkSj jkT;mifuos'kokn dk yEck nkSj pykA vkS|ksfxd ØkfUr ls dgha T;knk 'kfDr'kkyhlwpuk rduhdh ØkfUr gSA blls tks lkbcjLisl iSnk gqvk gS] ml ij vf/dls vf/d txg ?ksjus dh xykdkV nkSM+ eph gSA ekbØkslkWÝV bl nkSM+ esa vU;nkSM+us okyksa dks y¡xM+h ekjrk gqvk lcls vkxs fudy x;k gSA bysDVªkWfud esy(bZ&esy) us lkjh nqfu;k dks iyHkj esa tksM+ fn;k gS vkSj bysDVªkWfud dkelZiwjs O;kikj dk Lo:i gh cny jgk gS vkSj bl pdkpkSa/ Hkjh izfØ;k esa ls rsthls tUe ys jgk gS cgqjk"Vªh; mifuos'kokn (dkjiksjsV dkyksfu;fyTe)A

dgkuh ,dkf/dkj tekus dhdgkuh ,dkf/dkj tekus dhdgkuh ,dkf/dkj tekus dhdgkuh ,dkf/dkj tekus dhdgkuh ,dkf/dkj tekus dhdEI;wVj txr ds vkWijsfVax flLVe lkWÝVos;j cktkj vkSj dk;kZy;

mRiknd vuqiz;ksx (vkWfiQl izkWMfDVfoVh ,Iyhds'kUl) cktkj esa viuk,dkf/dkj tekus ds fy, ekbØkslkWÝV us ;q¼ Lrj dk vfHk;ku pyk;kAmlus 'kq#vkr dh czkmtj cktkj ij dCtk djus lsA blds fy, mlus viusizfr}af};ksa] [kklrkSj ls ^usVLdsi^ dks liQk;k djus ds fy, Hk;kud j.kuhfr;k¡rS;kj dhA Åij ls mldh j.kuhfr;k¡ Hkys gh dkuwu lEer fn[krh gksa] ijmlus ,aVhVªLV dkuwuksa dks rksM+us vkSj dkuwu&brj dne mBkus esa dksbZ ladkspugha fd;kA mlus vius fo'kky fjtoZ dk bLrseky djds cktkj 'ks;j [kjhnMkys vkSj Hkkjh iw¡th >ksaddj vius mRiknksa dks fodflr vkSj izpkfjr fd;kAekbØkslkWÝV us ?kks"k.kk dh fd mldk czkmtj eqÝr feysxkA blls usVLdsitSlh dEifu;ksa ds fy, czkmtj dk iSlk ysuk dfBu gks x;kA ekbØkslkWÝVus eyw midj.k (ih-lh-) fuekrZ kvkas (vkbs ,Z e) ij ncko Mkydj mUgas jkth djfy;k fd os u, dEI;wVjksa dks dsoy ekbØkslkWÝV czkmtj ds lkFk gh lIykbZdjsaA ekbØkslkWÝV us baVjusV lsok iznkrkvksa dks uxn Hkqxrku fn,] eqÝr loZjlkÝVos;j fn, vkSj izpkjkRed lqfo/k,¡ nh bl 'krZ ij fd os ekbØkslkWÝVds czkmtj bLrseky djsaA

bl j.kuhfr ls ekbØkslkWÝV us ilZuy dEI;wVj (ih-lh-) dks pykusds fy, dke vkus okys vkWijsfVax flLVe lkÝVos;j esa 90 iQhlnh ls

vf/d cktkj ij dCtk dj fy;k gSA urhtk ;g gqvk gS fd ekbØkslkWÝVdh fo.Mkst ds fcuk vkSj ekbØkslkWÝV ,Iyhds'kUl [kjhns fcuk cM+s ih-lh-fuekZrkvksa ls ih-lh- [kjhnuk yxHkx vlaHko gks x;k gSA dk;kZy; mRikndrkvuqiz;ksxksa esa Hkh ekbØkslkWÝV us 90 iQhlnh vf/dkj tek fy;k gSA vkWijsfVaxflLVe vkSj vuqiz;ksxksa us czkmt+j cktkj ij ,dkf/dkj tek fy;k gSA

fdLe&fdLe ds vuqiz;ksxksa ij ekbØkslkWÝV us Hkkjh ncko Mkydjmuds vius mRiknkas ds lkFk ekbØkls kÝW V dk ckz mtj+ forfjr djk;kA ;gh ughaiQkbyksa ds egÙoiw.kZ lq/kjs laLdj.kksa dk ykblsal nsus dh 'krZ ds :i esaekbØkslkWÝV us ekbØkslkWÝV ,DlIyksjj dk forj.k djus ds fy, Hkh bufuekZrkvksa ls dgkA fo.Mkst MsLdVki esa vuqdwy txg ikus ;k rduhdhlwpuk ysus ;k ekbØkslkWÝV ds fofHkUu ykblsal rd igq¡p cuk, j[kus ds fy,ekbØkslkWÝV ds izfr}afn;ksa us ekbØkslkWÝV ds czkmt+j dks vkxs c<+k;kA

ekbØkslkWÝV us yksdfiz; osc lkbVksa tSls tksu dkWe dks [kjhn fy;ktks dEI;wVj [ksyksa esa bLrseky gksrk gS vkSj muesa os lkWÝVos;j yxk fn, ftuij ekbØkslkWÝV dk ekfydkuk gd gSA ekbØkslkWÝV us izR;sd fo.Mkst yxkusvkSj vkWfiQl lhMh ds lkFk eqÝr osc vkWFkfjax Vwy fn, ftlls ,sls osc istrS;kj gq, tks dsoy ekbØkslkWÝV loZj vkSj ekbØkslkÝV rduhdh ls pyrs gSaA

blds vykok] ekbØkls kÝW V us vius vkiW jfs Vxa flLVe vkjS ,Iyhd's kudks yxkrkj cnyk ftldh otg ls xkz gdkas dks ekbØkls kÝW V ckz mtj+ ds vykokvkjS dkbs Z puq uk O;kogkfjd ugha jgkA ekbØkls kÝW V fo.Mkts 98 eas lh/s ckz mtjdks cuk fn;k ftlls dksbZ ekbØkslkWÝV czkmt+j dks yxk, vkSj bLrseky fd,fcuk fo.Mkst dks [kjhn gh ugha ldrkAdfj'es Ny&iQjsch ds %dfj'es Ny&iQjsch ds %dfj'es Ny&iQjsch ds %dfj'es Ny&iQjsch ds %dfj'es Ny&iQjsch ds % ekuo efLr"d fdruh rhoz xfr ls dke djldrk gS] ;g dEI;wVj ds fodkl ls fl¼ gks x;k gS vkSj ekuo efLr"dfdrus lw{e <ax ls mPp dksfV dh Ny&iQjsch] pkyckth dj ldrk gS] ;gekbØkslkWÝV us fl¼ dj fn;k gSA dEI;wVj {ks=k esa e'kgwj dEifu;k¡tSls&b.Vsy] ,iy] lu] usVLdsi] ,vks,y vkSj dbZ vU; dks u"V djus dsfy, ekbØkslkWÝV }kjk viuk, x, pkSadkus okys gFkdaMs /hjs&/hjs izdk'k esa vkjgs gSaA fl¼kUr :i ls eqDr vFkZO;oLFkk vkSj eqDr cktkj dh nqgkbZ nsus okyh]dksbZ dEiuh fdruh ,dkf/dkjoknh vkSj Øwj gks ldrh gS] og ekbØkslkWÝVus fn[kk fn;k gSA vius lkezkT; ds vlhe foLrkj ds fy, usiksfy;u vkSjfgVyj dks Hkh ekbØkslkWÝV us iNkM+ fn;k gSA ekbØkslkWÝV us fl¼ dj fn;k




gS fd eqDr cktkj esa izfrLi/kZ ds fy, xaqtkb'k ugha] izfr}a}h dks èoLr djukgh mldk ,dek=k y{; gSA

mnkgj.k ds fy, lu ekbØksflLVe dks ysaA ;g dEiuh ekbØkslkWÝVdks dbZ {ks=kksa esa cjkcj dh VDdj ns jgh gS tSls loZj ekdsZV esa tgk¡ lu dsdEI;wVj vkSj lkWÝVos;j mRikn fo.Mkst ,uVh ij pyus okys ekbØkslkWÝV loZjmRiknksa ls izfrLi/kZ ysrs gSaA ekbØkslkWÝV us lu }kjk [kksth gqbZ ubZrduhdh&tkok dks u"V djus dh dksf'k'ksa dh gaSA tkok ,slh rduhd gSftlesa ,d ckj fy[kk izksxzke gj txg pyrk gSA ;g ,slh rduhd gS fdvxj fdlh e'khu esa tkok rduhd dk i;kZIr vk/kj gS rks mlesa lkÝVos;j;k gkMoZ ;s j dlS k Hkh yxk gk]s og e'khu tkok ikz xs kz e dks pyk,xhA tkok ikz xs kz evusd fdLe ds u, miHkksDrk bysDVªkWfud la;a=kksa esa rFkk dscy lsV VkickDlksa esa bLrseky fd;k tk ldrk gSA

tkok dh pqukSrh ls ekbØkslkWÝV ds ,dkf/dkj dks [krjk gSAblfy, tkok ds f[kykiQ ekbØkslkWÝV us ;q¼ NsM+ fn;k gS vkSj og Hkh xUnsgFkdaMs viukdjA blds fy, ekbØkslkWÝV tkok dk ^ifjof/Zr* laLdj.kfo'ks"k :i ls cukdj tkok dks gh tgj ns nsxkA

ekbØkslkWÝV dk nwljk fu'kkuk baVjusV gSA og baVjusV ds lpZ batuekdsZV ij viuk izHkqRo tekuk pkgrk gSA og baVjusV lkexzh dks izkIr djusokys xzkgd lkÝVos;j ij dCtk djuk pkgrk gSA vxj mlus ,slk dj fy;krks loZj IysViQkekasZ ij Hkh dCtk djuk 'kq: dj nsxkA og ,sls xzkgd loZjfMtk;u djsxk tks ekbØkslkWÝV loZj ds lkFk csgrj <ax ls dke dj ldsaxsAtSls fd yksVl 123 ls csgrj ,e-,l-Mksl vkSj fo.Mkst vk/kfjr ,Dlsy dkedjrs gSaA vxj ekbØkslkWÝV bl iQjsch esa dke;kc gks x;k rks og baVjusV dkpfj=k gh cny nsxkA vkt baVjusV ds [kqys ekud gSa] vkSj ml ij fdlh dkekfydkuk gd ugha gSA ekbØkslkÝV vxj baVjusV usohxs'ku vkSj baVjusVizksVksdksYl dks izHkkfor djus esa dke;kc gks x;k rks baVjusV ,d cUnekfydkuk ekud dh laLFkk cudj jg tk,xh ftl ij vUrr% ekbØkslkWÝVdk dCtk gksxkA

lpZ batu ekdsZV ij dCtk gksus dk D;k urhtk gks ldrk gS]bldk ,d mnkgj.k ysaA baVjusV dk ,d lkbV gS vksVksckbVy tks dkj csprkgSA baVjusV dk ,d lpZ batu&ykbdksl ,sls izksxzke dj fn;k x;k fdvksVksckbVy ls lh/s tqM+ ikuk vlaHko gks x;k vkSj gj ckj xzkgd dks

dkjiksbaV dk ladsr feyrk gS ;g dkjiksbaV ekbØkslkWÝV dh 'kk[kk gS tks dkjdk /a/k djrh gS vkSj vksVksckbVy dh izfr}Unh gSA'kga'kkg dks pqukSrh % 'kga'kkg dks pqukSrh % 'kga'kkg dks pqukSrh % 'kga'kkg dks pqukSrh % 'kga'kkg dks pqukSrh % ekbØkslkWÝV dh pdkpkSa/k vkSj fodkl dh pkSadkusokyh jÝrkj rFkk it¡w hoknh O;oLFkk eas vjcifr ds ifz r lgt lEeku ds dkj.kfcy xsV~l vkSj mldh dEiuh ds izfr tks nsoRo dk Hkko Fkk] og muds dkysdkjukeksa dks fNik, FkkA /hjs&/hjs ;s mtkxj gksus yxs vkSj fojks/ ds LojmBus yxs gSaA

vejhdh ljdkj dk U;k; foHkkx ekbØkslkWÝV dh ck¡g ,saBdj viusizfr}af};ksa dks nckus rFkk viuk ,dkf/dkj dk;e djus] ubZ rduhfd;ksa dksu"V djus rFkk baVjusV dh [kqyh O;oLFkk ij viuk vf/dkj tekus dsdqpØkas dks le> x;k gS vkSj ekbØkslkWÝV ds fo:¼ dkuwuh dk;Zokgh 'kq: djnh gSA U;k; foHkkx us ekbØkslkWÝV ds f[kykiQ <sj lkjs lcwr bdV~Bs fd,gSaA ljdkj ekurh gS fd ekbØkslkWÝV us vusd izdkj ds izfrLi/kZ fojks/hdk;Z fd, gSa vkSj baVjusV ds xzkgd lkÝVos;j cktkj ij ,dkf/dkj tekusdh dksf'k'k dh gSA ljdkj us tks c;ku fn, gSa vkSj ^MksD;wesaV* is'k fd, gSamudk lquuk&i<+uk miU;kl tSlk yxrk gSA

ij ekbØkls kÝW V dks lcls vf/d iHz kko'kkyh puq krS h ,d xjS &ljdkjhLo;alsoh laLFkk&dUT;wej izkstsDV vkWu VsDuksykWth vkSj mlds funs'kd tsElyc ls feyh gSA bl laLFkk us ykbuDl uked ,d dEI;wVj vkWijsfVax flLVedks izksRlkgu nsdj ekbØkslkWÝV ds f[kykiQ [kM+k fd;k gSA ;ksa rks 1991 esafiQuyS.M ds ,d fo|kFkhZ ykbul VksjokYM~l us bl flLVe dks bZtkn fd;k]ysfdu bldk dksbZ ekfyd ugha gSA blesa gtkjksa izksxzke VwYl vkSj vuqiz;ksxgSa ftUgsa gtkjska Lo;alsod fuLokFkZHkko ls rS;kj dj jgs gSaA ykbuDl okLroesa ,d vkUnksyu cu x;k gS tks ekbØkslkWÝV ds ,dkf/dkj vkSj vkfFkZd ,oajktuSfrd izHkqRo dks pqukSrh ns jgk gSA njvly ;g mPp rduhdhlkbcjLisl miHkksDrk dks vkWijsfVo gSA ;g ,dkf/dkj fojks/h fodkl ekWMygSA ;g flLVe fdlh Hkh dEI;wVj ij py tkrk gSA lcls cM+h ØkfUrdkjhckr blesa ;g gS fd bldk dksbZ ekfyd ugha cu ldrkA




17-17-17-17-17-

,ujkWu,ujkWu,ujkWu,ujkWu,ujkWufodkl elhgk ds pksxs esafodkl elhgk ds pksxs esafodkl elhgk ds pksxs esafodkl elhgk ds pksxs esafodkl elhgk ds pksxs esa

[krjukd yqVsjk[krjukd yqVsjk[krjukd yqVsjk[krjukd yqVsjk[krjukd yqVsjk

^gekjh vkSj vU; dEifu;ksa dh rjg izkbosV ikfVZ;k¡ vc bu (HkkjrtSls) ns'kksa esa izkbosV bUÚkLVªDpj ifj;kstukvksa dks [kM+h dj ldrh gSa] mUgsapyk ldrh gSa vkSj mudh ekfyd cu ldrh gSaA ,slk djus dh izfØ;k esa]izkbosV ikfVZ;k¡ os nks eq[; ckrsa izkIr dj ldrh gSa ftUgsa vejhdk dh fons'khlgk;rk ;kstuk,¡ yEcs le; ls (fcuk vf/d liQyrk ds) izkIr djus dhdksf'k'k esa yxh gqbZ gSa %

1- ;s ifj;kstuk,¡ dke pkyw djus dks etcwj djus okyh ?kVukvksa dhHkfw edk vnk dj jgh gaS ftudh otg ls etss cku n's kkas dks dkuuw vkjS uhfrxrifjorZu vfUre :i ls ykxw djus dks etcwj gksuk iM+ jgk gSA bu ifjorZuksadks ykxw djus dh ckr cgqr fnuksa ls dgh tk jgh FkhA

2- bl ifj;kstukvksa ds lkFk&lkFk LFkkuh; lg;ksx ikus ds fy,izkbosV fodkldÙkkZ LokLF; lqfo/k,¡] Ldwy vkSj ,sls gh vU; dk;Z bu ns'kksadh orZeku leL;kvksa ls NqVdkjk ikus ds fy, Hkkjh ek=kk esa [kM+s dj jgs gSaA

^^bl izfØ;k ls xqtjrs gq, dke djus ls Hkkjr ds vf/dkfj;ksa esaHkkjr ds fy, t:jh dkuwuh vkSj uhfrxr ifjorZuksa dh ;FkkFkZ vkSj Bksl le>iSnk gqbZ vkSj Hkkjrh; cSadks dks ifj;kstuk] m/kj izk.kkfy;ksa dh ;FkkFkZ vkSj Bkslle> feyh gSA blds vykok] gekjh dEiuh us vius gh /u dh ,d cM+hek=kk && yxHkx 2 djksM+ MkWyj ;kuh 62 djksM+ #i;s dsoy bl f'k{kk vkSj

ifj;kstuk fodkl izfØ;k ij [kpZ fd, gSa] blesa dksbZ ifj;kstuk O;; 'kkfeyugha gSA¸

Hkkjr ds fodkl] Hkkjrh; O;oLFkk ds lq/kj vkSj Hkkjrh;ksa ds LokLF;f'k{kk] [kq'kgkyh dh ;g fpUrk fdlds dysts esa mB jgh gS\ vejhdk ds,ujkWu MsoyiesaV dkjiksjs'ku (fodkl fuxe) ds Xykscy iQkbusal dh mikè;{kfy.Mk ikolZ ds fny esaA tc mUgksaus vejhdh izfrfuf/ lHkk (;w,l gkmlvkWiQ fjizstsaVsfVl) dh ,d lfefr ds lkeus 1995 esa c;ku fn;k FkkA >wBvkSj Ny&iQjsch ds bl iqfyUns dk inkZiQk'k fiNys 5 o"kZ dh ?kVukvksa us djfn;k gSA Hkkjr esa ftruh fons'kh dEifu;k¡ vkbZ gSa muesa lcls T;knkfooknLin jgh gS vejhdk dh xSl dk /a/k djus okyh lcls cM+h dEiuh,ujkWuA blus rsy vkSj izkÑfrd xSl ls Hkkjr esa fctyh cukus ds fy,egkjk"Vª ds jRukfxjh ftys esa xqgkxj ds ikl dkj[kkuk yxk;k gSA blifj;kstuk dk uke MkHkksy fo|qr ifj;kstuk gS ftlesa vLlh iQhlnh 'ks;j,ujkWu dk gS] nl iQhlnh tujy bysfDVªd dk vkSj nl iQhlnh foLVsydEiuh dkA bl ifj;kstuk dh ykxr iw¡th 91 djksM+ MkWyj gS vkSj ;g fctyhcukdj egkjk"Vª jkT; fo|rq ifj"kn dks cps xs kA bl ifj;kts uk dh {kerk igyspj.k esa 695 esxkokV gS vkSj nwljs pj.k esa 1320 esxkokV vfrfjDr {kerkc<+ tk,xhA egkjk"Vª ljdkj ls 20 twu 1992 dks bldk bdjkjukek gqvkA8 fnlEcj 1993 dks fctyh [kjhn le>kSrk (ih-ih-,-) gqvkA dsUnz ljdkj dsdsUnzh; fo|qr izkf/dj.k (lh-bZ-,-) dh vuqefr ebZ 1996 esa 13 fnu dhljdkj ds iz/kuea=kh vVy fcgkjh oktis;h us R;kx&i=k nsus ls dqN ?kaVs igysnh FkhA 1997 esa ifj;kstuk esa fo|qr fuekZ.k dk dke 'kq: gks x;kA

,ujkWu dk eq[;ky; la;qDr jk"Vª vejhdk ds gwLVu uxj esa gSaAbldh uhao Mkyus okys vkSj eq[; vkf/dkjh dSusFk ys gSa tks iwoZ vejhdhjk"Vªifr tkWtZ cq'k ds nksLr vkSj orZeku jk"Vªifr fcy fDyaVu ds xksYiQ [ksyds lkFkh gSaA bl dEiuh dk dkjksckj dbZ ns'kksa esa py jgk gSA blus vtsZVkbukls fpyh rd xSl dh ikbi ykbu Mkyh gSA fiQyhihUl] dqoSr] phu] rqdhZ]ikfdLrku] :l esa fctyh ds dkj[kkus yxk, gSaA

nk¡o&isap Hkjk le>kSrknk¡o&isap Hkjk le>kSrknk¡o&isap Hkjk le>kSrknk¡o&isap Hkjk le>kSrknk¡o&isap Hkjk le>kSrkjktuSfrd nyksa vkSj ljdkjh ra=k dks viuh eqV~Bh esa ysdj viuk /a/k dSlspyk;k tkrk gS] bldk csfelky uewuk ,ujkWu dk egkjk"Vª ljdkj ds lkFk




le>krS k gAS 1990 ds 'k:q eas tc dkxa lsz ikVhZ dk ekgkjk"Vª eas 'kklu Fkk] 'kjniokj eq[;ea=kh Fks] ml le; izf'k{k.k ds ukeij 62 djksM+ #i;k ljdkj dks?kwl nsdj dkj[kkuk [kksyus dk ykbZlsal ,ujkWu us izkIr fd;k FkkA mlle>kSrs ds fojks/ esa dgk x;k fd ,ujkWu dh fctyh egkjk"Vª fo|qr ifj"kndh cuh fctyh ls T;knk eg¡xh gksxhA ml ij 16 izfr'kr equkiQs dh xkjaVhnsuh gksxh vkSj lkjk Hkqxrku Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk MkWyj esa fd;k tk,xkAbl ifj;kstuk ds nks"kksa ds dkj.k fo'ocSad us Hkh iw¡th fuos'k ds fy, nh gqbZvthZ [kkfjt dj nh Fkh] D;ksafd ;g cgqr eg¡xh ifj;kstuk Fkh vkSj ,ujkWu32 izfr'kr equkiQs dk nkok dj jgk Fkk tks vejhdk esa equkiQs dh nj dk3 xquk vf/d FkkA

fojks/ ds bu eqíksa dks ysdj egkjk"Vª ds foi{kh ny] f'kolsuk vkSjHkktik us bl ifj;kstuk dk Hkkjh fojks/ fd;k] pquko ds nkSjku ,ujkWu dkseqík cuk;k vkSj dgk fd ;fn os lÙkk esa vk, rks ,ujkWu dks vjc lkxj esaiQsad nsaxsA f'kolsuk&Hkktik xBca/u us lÙkk esa vkrs gh ,ujkWu le>kSrk jídj fn;kA ysfdu dqN gh fnuksa esa ,ujkWu us ubZ ljdkj ij tknw Mkyk ftlusvius fu.kZ; ij fiQj ls fopkj djus ds fy, ,d lfefr xfBr dhA bllfefr us dqy 11 fnu esa jiV ns nh fd dqN la'kks/u ds lkFk ;g fookfnrifj;kstuk fiQj ls eatwj dh tk ldrh gS vkSj f'kolsuk&Hkktik ljdkj usifj;kstuk dks eatwjh ns nhA

Ny&iQjsch /ks[kk/kM+h dk oSf'od bfrgklNy&iQjsch /ks[kk/kM+h dk oSf'od bfrgklNy&iQjsch /ks[kk/kM+h dk oSf'od bfrgklNy&iQjsch /ks[kk/kM+h dk oSf'od bfrgklNy&iQjsch /ks[kk/kM+h dk oSf'od bfrgkl,ujkWu us Hkkjr esa tks dqN fd;k mlds pfj=k ds vuq:i gSA ,ujkWu

vejhdh ljdkj ds cM+s vf/dkfj;ksa vkSj ogk¡ dh [kqfiQ;k ,tsalh lh-vkbZ-,- dhenn ls viuk dkjksckj nqfu;k eas iSQykrh gSA tSls gh egkjk"Vª dh Hkktik@f'kolsuk xBca/u ljdkj us ,ujkWu dk le>kSrk jí fd;k] vejhdk ÅtkZfoHkkx ds lfpo us ,d /edh Hkjk oDrO; fn;kA (,ujkWu) ifj;kstuk dsikVZujksa vkSj Hkkjr ljdkjksa ds chp gq, le>kSrksa dks udkjuk dsoy MkHkksyifj;kstuk dks gh ladV esa ugha Mkysxk] mu lHkh vU; futh ÅtkZifj;kstukvksa dks ladV esa Mky nsxk ftuds fy, ns'k dks varjjk"Vªh; iw¡th dht:jr gSA Hkkjr esa ,ujkWu dk le>kSrk djkus esa vejhdh jktnwr Úsadokbtuj dk eq[; gkFk FkkA okbZtuj fgUnqLrku ls igys FkkbZyS.M esa vejhdhjktnwr jgs vkSj ogk¡ vejhdk ds lcls cM+s iQkSth vM~Ms dks ,ujkWu dks nsus vkSj

ml ij fctyh dkj[kkuk yxkus esa enn dh FkhA Hkkjr esa okbtuj us lh-vkbZ-,- ls iwjh tkudkjh ysdj gj dher ij ,ujkWu dk lkSnk iVk;k vkSj Hkkjr dkjktnwr in NksMus ds ckn mUgsa ,ujkWu ds 'kklhe.My esa LFkku fey x;kAFkkbZyS.M dk fctyh dkj[kkuk ,ujkWu us 20 izfr'kr T;knk equkiQk ysdjgfFk;k;k FkkA dqoSr esa fctyh mRiknu dk dke ,ujkWu us cq'k iz'kklu ds[kkM+h ;q¼ esa lsukf/dkjh Fkkel dslh dh enn ls izkIr fd;kA vtsZVkbuk essaxSl ikbl fcNkus dk Bsdk jk"Vªirh cq'k ds csVs vkSj VsDlkl ds xouZj dsekiZQr vtZsVkbuk ds rRdkyhu jk"Vªifr ij ncko Mkydj fy;kA b.Mksusf'k;kesa viuk dkjksckj iSQykus ds fy, ,ujkWu dks vejhdh ljdkj ls /u feykA

Hkkjr esa ,ujkWu dk fojks/Hkkjr esa ,ujkWu dk fojks/Hkkjr esa ,ujkWu dk fojks/Hkkjr esa ,ujkWu dk fojks/Hkkjr esa ,ujkWu dk fojks/'kq: ls gh Hkkjr esa ,ujkWu ifj;kstuk dk fojks/ gks jgk gS vkSj vHkh

Hkh py jgk gSA jRukfxfj ftys ds LFkkuh; fuokfl;ksa] fdlkuksa] eNqvkjksa] ns'kds vusd tulxBuksa us cM+s&cM+s izn'kZu] /jus vkSj lR;kxzg fd, gSa ysfduljdkjksa us izn'kZudkfj;ksa dh ckr lquus ds ctk; mu ij ykfB;k¡] xksfy;k¡cjlkbZ gS vkjS tys ds lh[a kpkas eas cUn fd;k gAS egkjkVª mPp U;k;ky; eas nk;j,d ;kfpdk esa U;k;ky; us ,ujkWu ifj;kstuk dks can djus dk vkns'k rks ughafn;k ijUrq ifj;kstuk ds fojksf/;ksa dh ckrksa dks lgh ik;kA iSQlys esa fy[kkgS] ^^,ujkWu ds lkFk iwjk le>kSrk bl ckr dk mnkgj.k gS fd dSls detksjfLFkfr ij ugha jguk pkfg, vkSj nwljs i{k dks vius gkFk esa igy ysus ds fy,dSls ugha NksM+uk pkfg,A ;|fi ljdkj us ,slk ,glkl djk;k yksxksa dks fd,ujkWu ds lkFk le>kSrk jí dj fn;k x;k Fkk ysfdu njvly og dHkh Hkhjí ugha fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj blds dkj.k ljdkj gh tkurh gksxhA¸ var esattksa us vius iSQlys esa fy[kk gS ^^gekjh jk; esa tks cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;k¡fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa iw¡th yxkuk pkgrh gSa] mUgsa bu ns'kksa ds yksxksa dks f'kf{krdjus dh Å¡ph&Å¡ph ckrsa ugha djuh pkfg,A iw¡th fuos'k dkjus dk iSQlykHkkjh equkiQs ds vk/kj ij fy;k tkrk gSA¸

,ujkWu le>kSrs esa Hkkjh /ks[kk/kM+h gqbZ gSa] /wl nh xbZ gS] ns'k dk iSlkywVus dh lkft'k jph xbZ gS vkSj ns'k dks viekfur fd;k x;k gSA ;g lkjsvkjksi dsoy egkjk"Vª mPp U;k;ky; us gh eatwjh ugha fd, gSa cfYd Hkkjrds egkfu;a=kd vkSj ys[kkdj (lh-,-th-) us viuh okf"kZd jiV esa Hkh iq"Vfd, gSaA jiV esa lkiQ dgk x;k gS fd ,ujkWu dk le>kSrk xank O;ogkj FkkA




;g Hkkjh ?kkVs dk lkSnk FkkA

jktuhfrd ikfVZ;ks a dk [kjhnnkjjktuhfrd ikfVZ;ks a dk [kjhnnkjjktuhfrd ikfVZ;ks a dk [kjhnnkjjktuhfrd ikfVZ;ks a dk [kjhnnkjjktuhfrd ikfVZ;ks a dk [kjhnnkj,ujkWu cM+s&cM+s jktuSfrd nyksa dks [kjhndj viuk dkjksckj [kM+k

djrk gSA blds mnkgj.k&vejhdk] Hkkjr] fiQyhihUl] vtsZVkbuk ns'kksa lsfeyrs gSaA rktk mnkgj.k fczVsu dk gS tgk¡ 1998 esa ,ujkWu us lÙkk:<+ yscjikVhZ dks 75 gtkj ikSaM fn, vkSj blds cnys esa cs&lsDlokVj ds vf/xzg.kdh eta jw h ikz Ir dj yhA ,ujkuW dk dke djus dk rjhdk D;k gS ;g etq kfa cdds [knku ea=kh ds bl dFku ls Li"V gks tkrk gS % ^^vejhdk us eq>s iwjhlgk;rk can djus dh /edh nhA vxj eSa dEiuh (,ujkWu) dks izkÑfrd xSlfjtoZ dks bLrseky djus ls jksdw¡xkA¸vkfoØklanHkZ % 1- ,ujkWu daVªksolhZys[kd&fxjh'k pUnz] 'kkUruq nhf{kr] lqcks/ ckxysA2- eYVhus'kuy ekWfuVjtqykbZ] vxLV 19953- bUnzkusVflrEcj 1997] iQjojh] 20004- n fgUnw fctusl ykbutuojh 20] 1997

18-18-18-18-18-

isIlh dksdk&dksdk dksykisIlh dksdk&dksdk dksykisIlh dksdk&dksdk dksykisIlh dksdk&dksdk dksykisIlh dksdk&dksdk dksykljdkjh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj [krjukdljdkjh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj [krjukdljdkjh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj [krjukdljdkjh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj [krjukdljdkjh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj [krjukd

tgjhyk ikuh gS dksd isIlh esatgjhyk ikuh gS dksd isIlh esatgjhyk ikuh gS dksd isIlh esatgjhyk ikuh gS dksd isIlh esatgjhyk ikuh gS dksd isIlh esa

5 vxLr 2003 dks Hkkjr ds lHkh Vh- oh- pSuyksa ,oa lekpkj i=kksaesa isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk ds ckjs esa ,d Hk;adj lR; mn~?kkfVr gqvkAfnYyh dh ,d oSKkfud laLFkk ^lsUVj iQkj lkbUl ,.M ,uok;jesaUV* dh ,d[kksth jiV esa crk;k x;k fd isIlh ,oa dksdk&dksyk ds lHkh BaMs is;kasa esavR;Ur tgjhys ,oa [krjukd dhVuk'kd jlk;u feys gq;s gSaA miZ;qDr laLFkkdh iz;ksx'kkyk esa isIlh ,oa dksdk&dksyk ds 12 uewuksa dh tkap dh x;hAblesa ik;k x;k fd bu lHkh uewukas esa cgqr vf/d ek=kk esa jklk;fuddhVuk'kd tSls Dyksjksik;jhiQkl] eSykfFk;ku] Mh- Mh- Vh-] fyUMsu vkfn feysgq;s gSaA ;s lHkh dhVuk'kd 'kjhj ds fy;s vR;Ur gh gkfudkjd gksrs gSaA budhVuk'kdksa dk 'kjhj ds LokLFk; ij cgqr gh [kjkc vlj gksrk gSA budhVuk'kdksa dk yhoj] fdMuh] 'kjhj ds izfrjks/d ra=k] iztuu ra=k] raf=kdkra=k] 'olu ra=k vkfn ij cgqr cqjk vlj gksrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy;s fyUMsuuked dhVuk'kd ls 'kjhj esa dSUlj gksrk gS rFkk 'kjhj dh lHkh xzafFk;ksa dkssHkkjh uqdlku igq¡prk gSA fyUMsu dhVuk'kd dh 40 feyhxzke ek=kk fdlh Hkhefgyk ;k iq#"k dh iztuu {kerk dks lekIr dj nsrh gSA bl fyUMsu ls yhojdk dSUlj rFkk fdMuh dk dSUlj Hkh gksrk gSA 'kjhj ds ân; dks jDr nsusokyh ufy;ksa dks Hkh fyUMsu {kfrxzLr dj nsrk gSA blh rjg Mh- Mh- Vh- uke




dk jklk;fud dhVuk'kd iq#"kksa ds oh;Z esa 'kqØk.kqvksa dh la[;k dks cgqr dedj nsrk gS rFkk fL=k;ksa esa o{k dSUlj dks iSnk djrk gSA Dyksjksik;jhiQkWl ukedk tgjhyk dhVuk'kd euq"; ds raf=kdk ra=k dks u"V dj ldrk gS rFkkfnekxh fodkl dks jksd nsrk gSA bl tgjhys dhVuk'kd ls euq"; 'kjhj esaekalisf'k;k¡ vR;Ur detksj gks tkrh gSaA eSykfFk;ku uke ds jklk;fud tgjls tUetkr 'kkjhfjd fodykaxrk vkrh gS rFkk 'kjhj ds fdlh Hkh fgLls esai{kk?kkr gks ldrk gSA 6 vxLr 2003 dks bl fo"k; ij yksdlHkk esa dkiQhgaxkek gqvkA yksdlHkk ds vusd lnL;ksa us ljdkj ls ekax dh fd bl fo"k;ij Li"Vhdj.k ns vkSj iwjs ns'k dks crk;s fd lp D;k gS\

ljdkj dh vksj ls tokc nsrs gq;s LokLFk; ,oa ifjokj dY;k.k ea=khlq"kek LojkT; us yksdlHkk esa dgk fd tYnh gh ljdkj bl fo"k; ij tkapdjk;sxhA blh rjg 21 vxLr 2003 dks jkT;lHkk esa Hkh cgl gq;hA ogka HkheU=kh egksn;k us blh rjg dk vk'oklu fn;kA vUr esa yksdlHkk vè;{k dsfunsZ'k ij la;qDr lalnh; lfefr x+Bu djus dk iQSlyk fd;k x;kA bl rjg22 vxLr 2003 dks ljdkj }kjk isIlh&dksdk dksyk dh tkap ds fy;sla;qDr lalnh; lfefr ds xBu dh vf/lwpuk tkjh dh x;hA bl lalnh;lfefr esa 10 lkaln yksdlHkk ls ,oa 5 lkaln jkT;lHkk ls fy;s x;sA lfefrdk vè;{k 'kjn iokj dks cuk;k x;kA lfefr esa yksdlHkk ls vuar dqekj]Mk- l/q k ;kno] je's k pUs uhFkyk] vorkj flga HkMk+ uk] d-s ;js Uuuk;M]q b-Z vgen]jathr dqekj ikatk] vf[kys'k ;kno vkSj vkfuy clq dks fy;k x;kA blh rjglfefr eas jkT;lHkk ls ,l- ,l- vgyow kfy;k] iFohjkt pOgk.k] lta ; fu:ie]izsepUn xqIrk] iz'kkar pVZth dks fy;k x;kA lfefr dks ;g tkap djus dhftEesnkjh nh x;h fd isIlh dksdk&dksyk ds tks Hkh czkaM Hkkjr esa fcd jgs gSamuesa jklk;fud dhVuk'kd gSa ;k ugha\ lkFk gh lkFk lfefr dks ;g HkhftEesnkjh nh x;h fd og ljdkj dks BaMs is;ksa dh xq.koRrk cuk;s j[kus dsfy;s Hkh lq>ko nsA bl lfefr ds fy;s Mk- ,l- ds- [kUuk] Mk- ,u- ih-vfXugks=kh] Mk- th- R;kxjktu dks fo'ks"kK ds :i esa fu;qDr fd;k x;kA bllfefr us 4 iQjojh 2004 dks viuh fjiksVZ laLkn ds lkeus is'k dhA blfjiksVZ dks cukus esa la;qDr lalnh; lfefr ds lkeus dbZ ea=kky; is'k gq;sAns'k ds dbZ fo'ks"kK ,oa laLFkkvksa dh vksj ls Hkh lfefr dks dkiQh tkudkfj;kanh x;haA

lsUVj iQkj lk;Ul ,.M ,uok;jesUV }kjk ebZ 2003 esa isIlh ,oadksdk dksyk ds lHkh czkaMksa dh tkap dh x;hA ftleas ik;k x;k fd ;wjksih;ekudksa dh rqyuk esa Hkkjrh; isIlh ,oa dksd esa 21 xquk vf/d fyUMsu([krjukd jklk;fud dhVuk'kd)] 42 xquk vf/d Mh- Mh- Vh-] 72 xqukvf/d Dyksjksik;jhiQkWl] 196 xquk vf/d eSykfFk;ku mifLFkr gSA lh- ,l-bZ- laLFkk dh iz;ksx'kkyk esa vesfjdk ls yk;s gq;s isIlh ,oa dksdkdksyk ds lHkhczkUM+ksa dh Hkh tkap dh x;hA ysfdu bu vejhdh uewuksa esa dqN Hkh jklk;fuddhVuk'kd ugha ik;s x;sA

lh- ,l- bZ- dh fjiksVZ ds ckn Hkkjr ljdkj us vU; ljdkjhiz;ksx'kkykvksa dks Hkh isIlh ,oa dksdk dksyk dh tkap ds fy;s dgkA eSlwj dhizfl¼ iz;ksx'kkyk lsUVªy iQwM VsDuksyksth fjlpZ bULVhL;wV vkSj dydRrk dhiz;ksx'kkyk lsUVªy iQwM yscksjsVjh us Hkh isIlh dksyk ,oa dksdk dksyk ds uewuksadh tkap dhA lh- ,iQ- Vh- vkj- vkbZ- (eSlwj) dh fjiksVZ esa Hkh crk;k x;kfd isIlh ,oa dksdkdksyk ds uewuksa esa Dyksjksik;jhiQkWl] eSykfFk;ku] Mh- Mh- Vh-,oa fyUMsu tSls [krjukd dhVuk'kd jlk;u ekStwn gSaA blh rjg dydRrkdh iz;ksx'kkyk lsUVªy iQwM yscksjsVjh }kjk dh x;h tkap esa Hkh ;g ik;k x;kfd isIlh ,oa dksdk dksyk esa jklk;fud dhVuk'kd mifLFkr gSaA fnYyh dsdsUnzh; iznw"k.k fu;a=k.k cksMZ dh iz;ksx'kkyk esa Hkh isIlh ,oa dksdk dksyk dsuewuksa dh tkap dh x;hA blesa Hkh ik;k x;k fd isIlh ,oa dksdk dksyk esajklk;fud dhVuk'kd eSykfFk;ku] Mh- Mh- Vh-] fyUMsu rFkk Dyksjksik;jh iQkWlekStwn gSaA blh rjg dsjy ljdkj us Hkh caxykSj ds Jhjke vkS|ksfxd 'kks/dsUnz esa isIlh&dksd dh tkap djk;h] mlesa Hkh ik;k x;k fd isIlh&dksd esajklk;fud dhVuk'kd gSaA mM+hlk ljdkj us tkap djk;h vkSj mlesa HkhdhVuk'kd isIlh&dksd esa feys ik;s x;sA ftruh Hkh iz;ksx'kkykvksa esaiIs lh&dkds ds ckjs eas tkpa dh x;h] os lHkh i;z kxs 'kkyk;as vR;Ur gh ifz rf"BrgSa vkSj vUrjjk"Vªh; Lrj dh ekuh tkrh gSaA

yxHkx 6 ekg dh tkap&ij[k vkSj nLrkosth lcwrksa dk vè;;u]fo'ys"k.k djus ds ckn la;qDr lalnh; lfefr us viuh tkap jiV laln dslkeus ,oa ns'k ds lkeus izLrqr dhA bl fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj ^isIlh ,oa dksdkdksyk ds lHkh czkUM+ksa esa [krjukd jklk;fud dhVuk'kd eSykfFk;ku] Mh- Mh-Vh-] fyUMsu ,oa Dyksjksik;jhiQkWl] ;wjksih; ekun.M+ksa dh rqyuk esa cgqr vf/d




ek=kk esa gSaA* la;qDr lalnh; lfefr dk ;g fu"d"kZ mu lHkh iz;ksx'kkykvksadh fjiksVZ ij vk/kfjr gS] ftuesa isIlh&dksd ds uewuksa dh tkap dh x;h FkhA

lalnh; lfefr ds vk¡dM+ksa ds vuqlkj BaMs is;kas dk iwjh nqfu;k esa izfrO;fDr izfro"kZ miHkksx 67-5 yhVj gSA lu~ 2001 esa iwjh nqfu;k esa 412 vjcyhVj BaMs is;ksa (lkÝV fMªaDl) dh fcØh gq;hA mRrjh vejhdk esa lcls vf/d lkÝV fMªaDl (BaMs is;) dh fcØh gksrh gSA nqfu;k esa tks dqy BaMk is;fcdrk gS] mldk 27% vdsys mRrjh vejhdk (la;qDr jkT; vejhdk) esafcdrk gSA vejhdk esa izfro"kZ izfr O;fDr lkÝV fMªaDl dh [kir 192 yhVjgSA fiQj mlds ckn ;wjksi dk LFkku vkrk gS tgka nqfu;k dh 21% lkÝV fMDaª l(BaMs is;) fcdrs gSaA ;wjksi esa izfr O;fDr izfro"kZ BaMs is;ksa dk miHkksx 50-8 yhVj gSA vc mnkjhdj.k dh gok esa BaMs is;ksa dk cktkj ,f'k;k ,oa iwohZ;wjksi esa Hkh c<+rk tk jgk gSA vejhdh dEifu;ksa isIlh ,oa dksdk&dksyk usmnkjhdj.k dk Hkjiwj iQk;nk mBkrs gq;s ,f'k;k ds dbZ ns'kksa esa RkFkk vjc dsdbZ ns'kksa esa Hkh cktkj cuk;k gSA vkt ds le; esa ekuk tkrk gS fd ,f'k;kds ns'kksa rFkk vjc ns'kksa esa BaMs is;ksa dk cktkj lcls vf/d rsth ls c<+ jgkgSA ,f'k;k esa ftu ns'kksa esa isIlh&dksd dk cktkj rsth ls c<+k gS os gSa&ikfdLrku] fo;ruke] Hkkjr ,oa bUMksusf'k;kA Hkkjr ljdkj ds vk¡dM+ksa dsvuqlkj lu~ 2001 esa 654 djksM+ cksrysa BaMs is;ksa dh fcdhaA Hkkjr esa izfrO;fDr [kir ds vuqlkj BaMs is; dk miHkksx nqfu;k esa lcls de gSA Hkkjresa izfr O;fDr izfr o"kZ vkSlru 6 cksryksa dh [kir gksrh gSA FkkbyS.M ns'kesa izfr O;fDr izfro"kZ 80 cksryksa dh [kir gksrh gSA vejhdk esa BaMs is;ksa dh800 cksryksa dh [kir izfr O;fDr izfr o"kZ gksrh gSA Hkkjr esa fnYyh 'kgj esalcls vf/d BaMs is;ksa dh fcØh gksrh gSA fnYyh jgus okys yksxksa ds fglkcls izfr O;fDr izfro"kZ fnYyh esa 50 cksryksa dh [kir BaMs is;ksa dh gksrh gSA

la;qDr lalnh; lfefr ds lkeus izLrqr fd;s x;s nLrkostksa ds vk/kj ij lkÝV fMªaDl esa feyk;s tkus okys jklk;fud inkFkksZa dk fooj.k blizdkj gS & lkÝV fMªDal cukus esa ikuh dk iz;ksx lcls vf/d gksrk gSAyxHkx 86% ls 92% rd ikuh lkÝV fMªaDl esa gksrk gSA bl ikuh esaehBkiu ykus ds fy;s ,LijVse uke dk jlk;u feyk;k tkrk gSA ;g lSØhuls Hkh vf/d ehBk gksrk gSA ,LijVse] lSØhu ls 200 xquk vf/d ehBk gksrkgSA lkÝV fMªaDl cukus esa dSiQhu uke dk jklk;fud inkFkZ Hkh feyk;k tkrk

gSA blh dSiQhu ds dkj.k fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks ckj&ckj BaMk is; ihus dh yryx tkrh gSA lkÝV fMaªDl esa dkcZu MkbZ vkDlkbM xSl Hkh feykbZ tkrh gSAbl xSl dks feykus dk eq[; dkj.k mu lw{e thok.kqvksa dks lkÝV fMaªDl esaiuius ls jksduk tks lkÝV fMªaDl esa iSnk gks ldrs gSa] D;ksafd lkÝV fMaªDlesa ehBkiu gksrk gSA lkÝV fMaªDl esa dqN ,flM (vEy) Hkh feyk;s tkrs gStSls& iQkLiQksfjd ,sflM] flfVªd ,sflM] eSfyd ,sflM vkfnA bu ,sflM+ksa dkdk;Z lkÝV fMªDal ds ehBsiu dk larqyu cukus dk T;knk gksrk gSA bu lkÝVfMªaDl esa jax iSnk djus okys dqN jlk;u Hkh feyk;s tkrs gSa] mnkgj.k ds fy;sdSjkesy dks feykus ij BaMs is;ksa dk jax xgjk yky&Hkwjk gks tkrk gSA bu BaMsis;ksa esa iksVsf'k;e lkWjosV RkFkk lksfM;e cssUtks,sV tSls jlk;u Hkh feyk;s tkrsgSaA bu jlk;uksa dks ifjj{kd (Preservatives) ds :i esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrkgSA lkÝV fMªaDl esa isfDVu uke dk jlk;u Hkh feyk;k tkrk gSA bl jlk;udk dke BaMs is;ksa dh lkUnzrk c<+kus esa gksrk gSA

Hkkjr ns'k esa BaMs is;ksa dks cukus ,oa cspus ds fy;s ,d dkuwu gS]ftls vko';d oLrq vf/fu;e 1955 ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA bl vf/fu;e ds vk/kj ij ,iQ- ih- vk-s (Fruit Product Order) 1955 eas tkjh fd;kx;k FkkA blh vk/kj ij dEifu;ksa dks BaMs is; cukus ,oa cspus dk ykblsUlfn;k tkrk gSA ysfdu bl dkuwu esa ,slh dksbZ O;oLFkk ugha gS] ftlds vk/kj ij BaMs is;ksa esa iz;ksx gksus okys ikuh dh xq.koRrk dk dksbZ ekud r; fd;ktk ldsA Hkkjr dh vktknh ds 58 lky chr tkus ds ckn Hkh ljdkj us ihusds ikuh dh mPp xq.koRrk dk dksbZ ekud r; gh ugha fd;kA blh dk iQk;nkmBkrs gq;s isIlh ,oa dksdk&dksyk tSlh fons'kh dEifu;k¡ cgqr gh ?kfV;k ,oajklk;fud dhVuk'kdksa ls feyk gqvk ikuh BaMs is; cukus esa xr 14 o"kksZa lsbLrseky djrh jgha gSaA

lalnh; lfefr ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa dksdk&dksyk ds 52 dkj[kkusgSa] ftuesa ls 27 dkj[kkus dksdk&dksyk dEiuh ds gSa rFkk ckdh 25 dkj[kkusvU; nwljh Hkkjrh; dEifu;ksa ds gSa] ysfdu buesa mRiknu iwjk dksdk&dksykdEiuh ds fy;s gh gksrk gSA blh rjg isIlh&dksyk dEiuh ds iwjs Hkkjr esa38 dkj[kkus gSa ftuesa ls 17 dkj[kkus dEiuh ds Lo;a ds gSa ,oa 21 dkj[kkusvU; nwljh Hkkjrh; dEifu;ka s ds g]aS ftuea s iIs lh&dkys k ds fy;s mRiknu gkrs k gASiIs lh ,oa dkds k&dkys k dEifu;ka s }kjk lla nh; lfefr dks nh x;h tkudkjh ds




vulq kj iIs lh ,oa dkds k&dkys k ds BMa s i;s ka s dh ,d lky dh dyq fcØh 4000djkMs + :i;s dh gAS

Hkkjr ns'k esa ikuh dh mPp xq.koRrk ds dksbZ ekud fu/kZfjr ughagksus ds dkj.k la;qDr lalnh; lfefr us ekuk fd bl fn'kk esa tYnh ghdkuuw cukus dh t:jr gAS ftlds vk/kj ij ikuh dh x.q koRrk dks r; fd;ktk ldsA lfefr ds vuqlkj ikuh dh xq.koRrk dk bl rjg fu/kZj.k djukpkfg, fd ikuh esa fdlh Hkh fdLe ds jklk;fud dhVuk'kd ugha gksaA dksbZHkh BaMk is; cuus ds ckn gh tkap fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd og 'kjhj ds fy;slqjf{kr gS ;k ugha\ vFkkZr ikuh ds iz;ksx ls cuus okys vfUre mRikn dhgh xq.koRrk dks tkap dk vk/kj cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A

tc la;qDr lalnh; lfefr ds lkeus isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksykdEifu;ksa ds vf/dkjh izLrqr gq;s rks muls dbZ iz'u fd;s x;sA lfefr dhvksj ls ,d egRoiw.kZ iz'u ;g fd;k x;k fd ¶D;k BaMs is;kas esa bLrseky fd;stkus okyh 'kqxj dh xq.koRrk dh tkap dh tkrh gS¸\ rks bl iz'u ds mRrjesa isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk nksauksa gh dEifu;ksa ds vf/dkfj;ksa us tokcfn;k ¶ge BaMs is;ksa esa feyk;h tkus okyh 'kqxj dh tkap ugha djrs gSa] D;ksafdgekjh ,slh ijEijk ugha gS¸A lalnh; lfefr ds lkeus izLrqr gq;s] cksry canikuh cukus vkSj cspus okys la?k ds vè;{k ds vuqlkj ¶BaMs is;ksa esa bLrsekygksus okys ikuh dks cgqr vklkuh ls 'kq¼ cuk;k tk ldrk gSA blds fy;sHkkjr esa dbZ rduhdsa miyC/ gSaA bl ikuh dks 'kq¼ cukus ds fy;s izfr yhVjek=k 2 ls 4 iSls dk gh [kpkZ vkrk gSA¸ bl dFku ls Li"V gS fd ikuh dksBaMs is;ksa esa bLrseky gksus ls iwoZ iw.kZ 'kq¼ cukus ds fy;s ek=k 2 ls 4 iSlsizfr yhVj dk [kpkZ vkrk gS vkSj blds fy;s rduhd Hkh vklkuh ls miyC/gSA ysfdu fiQj Hkh isIlh ,oa dksdk&dksyk tSlh fons'kh dEifu;k¡ ikuh dksfcuk 'kq¼ cuk;s gh ?kfV;k ,oa jklk;fud dhVuk'kd feys gq;s ikuh dks ghbLrseky djrh gSaA la;qDr lalnh; lfefr ds lkeus isIlh&dksd ds vf/dkfj;ksa us jklk;fud dhVuk'kd feys gq;s ikuh ds bLrseky ds ckjs esa cksyrsgq;s dgk fd ¶nqfu;k ds vf/dka'k ns'kksa esa ihus okys ikuh dk gh iz;ksx BaMsis; cukus esa ;s dEifu;k¡ djrh gSaA ysfdu vejhdk vkSj ;wjksi esa ikuh dh'kq¼rk dk vf/d è;ku j[kk tkrk gSA blfy;s vejhdk vkSj ;wjksi esa BaMs is;cukus ds igys ikuh dks jklk;fud dhVuk'kdksa ls eqDr cukdj gh bLrsseky

fd;k tkrk gSA vejhdk vkSj ;wjksi esa ikuh dh xq.koRrk ds ekud cgqr ghÅ¡ps ,oa dM+s gksrs gSaA¸ blls Li"V gS fd ;wjksi ,oa vejhdk dks NksM+djnqfu;k ds reke nwljs ns'kksa esa isIlh ,oa dksdk&dksyk dEifu;k¡ tks ikuh dkbLrseky djrha gS og ikuh mPp xq.koRrk dk ugha gksrk gSA vFkkZr~vejhdk&;wjksi dks NksM+dj nqfu;k ds lHkh ns'kksa esa isIlh&dksd ds BaMs is;ksaesa jklk;fud dhVuk'kd feys gq;s ikuh dk gh bLrseky gksrk gSA bl feykoVhvkjS tgjhys ikuh ds bLres ky djus ds ekeys ij iIs lh&dkds dEiuh ds vf/dkfj;ksa dk dguk gS fd ¶ge BaMs is;ksa esa bLrseky gksus okys ikuh dh mPpxq.koRrk dh dksbZ xkjaVh ugha ys ldrs gSaA¸

lkekU; :i ls BMa s i;s dh ,d ckrs y cukdj cps us eas 10 yhVj ikuhdk [kpkZ vkrk gSA gkykafd cksry esa ek=k 300 feyh gh BaMk is; gksrk gSAckdh ikuh cksry dks /ksus eass rFkk vU; e'khujh iz;ksx esa [kpZ gksrk gSA Hkkjrns'k esa lky esa yxHkx 600 djksM+ ls 700 djksM+ cksry izfro"kZ BaMs is;ksa dhfcdrh gSaA ftu ij iwjh rjg ls vejhdh dEifu;ksa isIlh dksyk ,oa dksdkdksyk dk ,dkf/dkj gSA vFkkZr~ Hkkjr esa izfro"kZ 6000 djksM+ yhVj ls 7000djksM+ yhVj ikuh izfro"kZ bu dksyk dEifu;ksa ds }kjk bLrseky fd;k tk jgkgSA tc la;qDr lalnh; lfefr us bl ikuh ds iz;ksx ij Hkkjr ljdkj dhlaLFkk dsUnzh; HkwxHkZ ty fu;ked (lsUVªy xzkmUM okVj ,FkkWfjVh) dks rycfd;k rks ,d vk'p;Ztud tkudkjh feyhA bl laLFkk ds vf/dkfj;ksa dkstc iwNk x;k fd ¶D;k ljdkj] bu dksyk dEifu;ksa ls HkwxHkZ ty dsbLrseky dk dksbZ 'kqYd ysrh gS¸\rks vf/dkfj;ksa us dgk fd ¶gekjhtkudkjh essa ljdkj ,slk dksbZ 'kqYd ikuh ds fy;s bu dksyk dEifu;ksa ls ughaysrh gS¸A tcfd gekjh ljdkj [ksrksa esa Hkh ikuh NksM+us dk VSDl ysrh gSAfdruh gSjkuh dh ckr gS fd isIlh dksyk ,oa dksdk dksyk tSlh fons'khdEifu;k¡ Hkkjr ds cs'kdherh HkwxHkZ ty dk bLrseky djds gtkjksa djksM+:i;s dek jgha gSa vkSj gekjh ljdkj bl ikuh ij dEifu;ksa ls dksbZ 'kqYd Hkhugha ys jgh gSA ,d vksj Hkkjr ns'k ds 2 yk[k ls vf/d xk¡o ihus ds ikuhls oafpr gSa] nwljh vkSj isIlh dksyk vkSj dksdk dksyk tSlh dEifu;k¡ gj lkygtkjksa djksM+ yhVj ikuh dh cjcknh esa yxh gq;h gSaA ftl ikuh ls Hkkjr dsyk[kksa yksxksa ,oa i'kqvksa dks viuh I;kl cq>kus dk bartke gks ldrk gS] oghcs'kdherh ikuh tehu ls nksgu djds BaMs is;ksa esa cjckn fd;k tk jgk gSA




o"kkZ ty dh cwan&canw tc /jrh esa mrjrh gS rks gtkjksa yk[kksa o"kksZa esa HkwxHkZty lafpr gksrk gSA bl HkwxHkZ ty ij igyk vf/dkj mu djksM+ksa Hkkjrokfl;ksa ,oa i'kqvksa dk gS ftUgsa viuh I;kl cq>kus ds fy;s bl ty dh t:jrgSA fiQj nwljk vf/dkj mu djksM+ksa fdlkuksa dk gS tks ns'k ds yksxksa dk isVHkjus ds fy;s bl ty dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA rhljk vf/dkj ;fn gks ldrk gSrks mu m|ksxksa dk gS tks gekjs thou ds fy;s vR;Ur t:jh ,oa mi;ksxhoLrqvksa dk mRiknu djrs gSaA BaMs is; cukuk rks dksbZ t:jh m|ksx ugha gSAbu BaMs is;ksa ds fcuk Hkh gekjk thou vPNs ls pyrk jgk gS] vkxs Hkh pyrkjgsxkA blfy;s BaMs is;ksa ds uke ij isIlh ,oa dksdk dksyk tSlh dEifu;ksa }kjkcjckn fd;s tk jgs Hkkjr ds cs'kdherh HkwxHkZ ty dks cpkus dh vR;Urt:jr gSA ftl ns'k ds vf/dka'k Hkkxksa esa vkSlru gj lky lw[kk iM+rk gks]ftl ns'k ds yk[kksa xk¡o ,oa djksM+ksa euq";] i'kq] i{kh ihus ds ikuh dks rjlrsgksa ogka gj lky BaMs is;ksa ds uke ij gtkjksa djksM+ yhVj ikuh dks cjckn djuk,d jk"Vªh; vijk/ gSA

la;qDr lalnh; lfefr us viuh tkap esa ik;k fd ftu&ftu LFkkuksaij isIlh&dksyk vkSj dksdk&dksyk ds IykUV (dkj[kkus) yxs gq;s gSa] ogka dhLFkkuh; o/S kfud lLa Fkkvkas (tlS s xkz e ipa k;r] uxjifj"kn vkfn) l]s Hkxw HktZ yfudkyus dh vuqefr Hkh bu dEifu;ksa us ugha yh gSA eqEcbZ 'kgj esa gh isIlhdksyk ,ao dksdk dksyk dEiuh us egkuxj ikfydk ls HkwxHkZty fudkyus dhvueq fr yh gAS bl ekeys eas dkds k&dkys k dEiuh us djs y jkT; ds IykpheMkesa LFkkuh; xzke iapk;r ls vuqefr fy;s fcuk gh izfrfnu djksM+ksa yhVj ikuhfudkyuk 'kq: fd;kA blds pyrs xk¡o dk HkwxHkZ ty cgqr gh de gks x;kAvc ml xk¡o esa ihus ds fy;s ,oa Ñf"k ds fy;s Hkh HkwxHkZ ty miyC/ ughagSA blhdkj.k dksdkdksyk dEiuh vkSj IykpheMk xk¡o ds ukxfjdksa dkdksdk&dksyk ds la;=k dks cUn djkus ds fy;s vkUnksyu py jgk gSAxzkeiapk;r IykpheMk us dksdk&dksyk dEiuh dks bl lEcU/ esa uksfVl nsfn;k fd dEiuh viuh ikuh dh O;oLFkk dgha vkSj ls djsA

HkwxHkZ ty ds va/k/qa/ nq#i;ksx dks jksdus ds fy;s vHkh rd Hkkjrljdkj us ;k jkT;ksa dh ljdkjksa us dksbZ Hkh dkuwu ;k fu;e ugha cuk;s gSaAblh dk iQk;nk isIlh dksyk ,oa dksdk dksyk tSlh dEifu;ka mBk jgha gSaAHkkjr ns'k esa ihus ds ikuh dh 80% t#jr HkwxHkZ ty ls gh iwjh gksrh gSA

ek=k 20% t#jr Hkwfe dh lrg ij miyC/ ty ls iwjh gksrh gSAlalnh; lfefr ds lkeus Hkkjr ns'k ds dbZ fo'ks"kKksa }kjk jklk;fud

dhVuk'kdksa ds 'kjhj ij gksus okys nq"izHkkoksa ds ckjs esa dkiQh tkudkjh nh x;hAtks jklk;fud dhVuk'kd isIlh ,oa dksdk dksyk esa ik;s tkrs gSa] muesa Mh-Mh-Vh] Dyksjks ik;jhiQkl ,oa eSykfFk;ku izeq[k gSaA bu dhVuk'kd jlk;uksa dkekuo 'kjhj ij D;k&D;k nq"izHkko gksrk gS] bl ij lalnh; lfefr us tkstkudkjh nh] og bl izdkj gS &

fyUMsu dh ekuo 'kjhj ij nq"izHkko %fyUMsu dh ekuo 'kjhj ij nq"izHkko %fyUMsu dh ekuo 'kjhj ij nq"izHkko %fyUMsu dh ekuo 'kjhj ij nq"izHkko %fyUMsu dh ekuo 'kjhj ij nq"izHkko %fyUMsu gekjs 'kjhj esa tkus ds ckn olh; Årdksa esa tek gks tkrk

gSA ;g 'kjhj ds yhoj] fdMuh rFkk izfrjks/d rU=k dks u"V djrk gS vkSjdSalj iSnk djrk gSA ekuo 'kjhj dh lHkh xzfUFk;ksa ij Hk;adj nq"izHkko fyUMsudk gksrk gSAMh-Mh-Vh dk ekuo 'kjhj ij nq"izHkko %Mh-Mh-Vh dk ekuo 'kjhj ij nq"izHkko %Mh-Mh-Vh dk ekuo 'kjhj ij nq"izHkko %Mh-Mh-Vh dk ekuo 'kjhj ij nq"izHkko %Mh-Mh-Vh dk ekuo 'kjhj ij nq"izHkko %

Mh-Mh-Vh- efgykvksa ds o{kLFky ds dSalj ds fy;s eq[; ftEesnkjjlk;u gSA ekuo 'kjhj dh lSDl {kerk dks cgqr de djus dk dke djrkgSA iq#"kksa ds oh;Z esa 'kqØk.kqvksa dh {kerk de djus dk dk;Z Hkh ;g Mh-Mh-Vh-jlk;u djrk gSADyksjks ik;jh iQkWl dk nq"izHkko %Dyksjks ik;jh iQkWl dk nq"izHkko %Dyksjks ik;jh iQkWl dk nq"izHkko %Dyksjks ik;jh iQkWl dk nq"izHkko %Dyksjks ik;jh iQkWl dk nq"izHkko %

ekuo 'kjhj ds rfU=kdk rU=k] Fkk;jkbM xzfUFk] rFkk ekalisf'k;ksa ijHk;adj nq"izHkko bl jlk;u dk gksrk gSAeSykfFk;ku dk 'kjhj ij nq"izHkko %eSykfFk;ku dk 'kjhj ij nq"izHkko %eSykfFk;ku dk 'kjhj ij nq"izHkko %eSykfFk;ku dk 'kjhj ij nq"izHkko %eSykfFk;ku dk 'kjhj ij nq"izHkko %

eSykfFk;ku dk lcls vf/d nq"izHkko 'kjhj ds lHkh vaxksa ij iM+rkgSA bl jlk;u ds dkj.k i{kk?kkr dk lcls vf/d [krjk gksrk gSAdSiQhu dk 'kjhj ij nq"izHkko %dSiQhu dk 'kjhj ij nq"izHkko %dSiQhu dk 'kjhj ij nq"izHkko %dSiQhu dk 'kjhj ij nq"izHkko %dSiQhu dk 'kjhj ij nq"izHkko %

bl jlk;u dk 'kjhj ij dkiQh cqjk vlj gksrk gSA vfunzk] ?kcjkgV]fpUrk] fpM+fpM+kiu vkfn chekfj;ka dSiQhu ds dkj.k gksrh gSaA bl dSiQhu dsdkj.k gfM~M;ksa esa vkWLVh;ks ikjksfll ukedh Hkh chekjh gksrh gSA ;fn xHkZorhfL=k;ksa ds 'kjhj esa dSiQhu dh ek=kk dqN vf/d gks tk;s rks fiQj iSnk gksus okykcPps ds 'kjhj esa dkiQh foÑfr;ka gks tkrh gSaABaMs is;ks a esa ehBkiu ykus okys jlk;uks a dk nq"izHkko %BaMs is;ks a esa ehBkiu ykus okys jlk;uks a dk nq"izHkko %BaMs is;ks a esa ehBkiu ykus okys jlk;uks a dk nq"izHkko %BaMs is;ks a esa ehBkiu ykus okys jlk;uks a dk nq"izHkko %BaMs is;ks a esa ehBkiu ykus okys jlk;uks a dk nq"izHkko %




BaMs is;ksa esa ehBkiu ykus ds fy;s lSØhu] ,LijVse rFkk phuh dkmi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA lcls vf/d mi;ksx ,LijVse rFkk lSØhu dk gksrkgSA ;s nksuksa gh jlk;u ew=kfi.M ds dSalj dks iSnk djrs gSaA lkFk gh lkFk ;snksuksa jlk;u 'kjhj dh lHkh xzfUFk;ksa ij cgqr cqjk vlj Mkyrs gSaA ,LijVsejlk;u ls xHkZLFk f'k'kq ij cgqr cqjk vlj iM+rk gSA lgh gSA

dksyk dEifu;ks a dh 'kq:vkrdksyk dEifu;ks a dh 'kq:vkrdksyk dEifu;ks a dh 'kq:vkrdksyk dEifu;ks a dh 'kq:vkrdksyk dEifu;ks a dh 'kq:vkr

1860 o 1870 ds n'kd esa x`g ;q¼ ds i'pkr vesfjdk esa fo'ks"kr%mtM+s nf{k.kh fgLlksa esa ,d Hk;adj eUnh ds nkSj ds :i esa jgsA ;q¼ dsi'pkrfofHkf"kdk ds izHkkoksa dks n'kkZrs gq, vVyk.Vk ds ,d v[kckj us fy[kk^^fo"kkn] Xykfu] mUekn] lj nnZ] 'kjkc[kksjh] /qd&/qdh vkSj ;gk¡ rd fduiqaldrk dh Hkjekj gS¸ fuf'Pkr :i ls ,slh voLFkk uhe&gdheksa vkSj Nn~efpfdRldksa ds fy, cM+h moZj Fkh tks rRdky funku o jksx 'keu dk nkokdjrs FksA bl rjg bZ-la- 1885 esa tkWu isEcVZu uked vVyk.Vk ds ,diQkekZflLV us ^ÚsUp okbu dksyk & ,d vkn'kZ ukfM+;ksa o 'kkjhfjd {kerkvksadk m}hid* uke ls iaft;u djk;k tks fd rhu Vkax okys ,d ik=k esa irokj}kjk fgykdj cuk;k x;k ,d is; FkkA ;g is; dksdhu] FkksM+h 'kjkc ,oa vU;dqN vkSj oLrqvksa dks feykdj cuk;k x;kA 1886 bZ esa isEcVZu us 'kjkc dscnys dSiQhu dk iz;ksx fd;k rFkk lqxU/ ds fy;s dksyk iQy dk lRofeyk;kA is; dk uke Hkh cny dj rc dksdk&dksyk j[kk x;k ftlesa nksuksv{kj dks LisUlj fyfi eas fy[kk x;k tks fd ns[kus esa vkSj vkd"kZd yxusyxsA ysfdu isEcVZu dksbZ O;kikjh ugha Fks vkSj mUgksus dksd* iQkeqZys dks (tksfd vc epsZUMkbl 7 dgykrk gS] ,d frtksjh esa lqjf{kr j[kk gqvk gS) ek=k2300 Mkyj ds cnys tkftZ;k ds O;kikjh ,sl dSUMyj dks 1889 bZ- esa cspfn;kA ;g dSUMyj gh Fkk ftlus bl is; ds o`grj cktkjkssa dks cuk;kA mlusbl is; ds ?kksy dks Fkksd O;kikjh;ksa dks cspk tks fd NksVs nqdkuksa dks csprsFks tks vius nqdkuksa eas xSl okyk ikuh (lksMk okVj) feykdj lksMk iQkmUVsuksa(lksMkokVj dh nqdkuksa) esa vkiwfrZ djrs FksA blh o"kZ csUtkfeu ,iQ Fkkel ,oatksliQ ih- OgkbVgsM us dSUMyj ls feydj dksdkdksyk dks cksryksa esa Hkjdj

cspus dk O;kikfjd izLrko fn;kA dSUMyj dks bl izLrko es fo'ks"k ne ughafn[kk vr% mlus ,d Mkyj izfr cksry ds nj ls cksry cUn djus dk vf/dkj csp fn;k] Fkkel ,oa OgkbVgsM us ckVfyax vf/dkj dk mi&Bsdk {ks=kh;ckVyjksa dks fn;k vkSj bl rjg foØ; vf/dkj ds lkFk ckVfyax i¼fr dkpyu gqvk tks fd vktrd 'khry is; m|ksx dh fo'oO;kih eq[; /kjk gSAvc rd dSUMyj dh dksdkdksyk daiuh iw.kZ:is.k lkeus vk pqdh Fkh vkSj ogbls 1919 bZ- es 25 fefy;u Mkyj esa cspus ds dkfcy cu pqdk FkkA u;s[kjhnnkj vVykUVk ds m|eh vusZLV oqMjiQ Fks ftuds iq=k jkcVZ us dksd dksvkt dh nUrdFkk cuk;kA tc 1923 esa jkcVZ oqMjiQ us dk;Z lEHkkyk] rcdksdk dksyk us dWukMk] D;wck vkSj I;qfjVksfjdks esa izos'k fd;k] ysfduvUrjkZ"Vªh; cktkj eas ;g vutku gh jgkA ;g oqMjiQ dh dYiuk ds vuq:iugha jgkA vius cksMZ vkiQ MkbjsDVlZ dh vogsyuk djrs gq, mlus ;wjksi esa is;dks pykus dh dksf'k'k dh vkSj mlesa liQyrk ikus ij mlus fons'k foØ;foHkkx [kksy fy;k fdUrq iwjs fo'o eas dksdkdksyk dh mifLFkfr dk ,dek=klcls egRoiw.kZ dkj.k Fkk f}rh; fo'o ;q¼A vejhdu lSfudksa dks] (GI) ogtgk¡ Hkh gksa muds gkFk eas ,d dksd dh cksry Fkekus ds oqMjiQ ds fu.kZ; usvPNk ykHk fn;kA vejhdu ljdkj us txg&txg ckVfyxa l;a =a k dh LFkkiukdjok;h D;ksafd gjs jax dh ;s cksrysa ?kj dh ;knksa ls ihfM+r lSU;ksa dk eukscyc<+kus esa lgk;d gksrh FkhaA

bl nkSjku og nwljk O;fDr dgk¡ Fkk\ isIlh dh dgkuh dkiQhmrkj&p<+ko ls Hkjh gS] vkSj mldh gjsd miyfC/ dBhu yM+kbZ ds ckngkfly dh gbq Z gAS iIs lh dk ikz jEHk Hkh dkds dh rjg gh gvq kA mÙkjh djS kfs yukds ,d nok cukus okys] dSysc czSMgSe us 1898 eas isIlh&dksyk uke ls ,dvkSj jkeck.k is; dk fuekZ.k fd;kA bl ckj ;g is; fliQZ cngteh nwj djusds fy;s yk;k x;kA lu~ 1902 eas czSMgSe us ,d O;kikj fpUg (VsªMekdZ) dkita hdj.k djk;k rFkk xHa khjrk ls O;kikj 'k:q fd;kA lu~ 1905 eas budk igykckVfyax l;aU=k yxkA lu~ 1902 ds ek=k 8000 xSyu ls czSMgSe 1907 esa100]000 xSyu dh fcØh djus yxk FkkA izFke fo'o ;q¼ ds lekIr gksrsgh phuh dh dhersa vkdk'k Nqus yxha vkSj isIlh dh eqf'dyksa phuh cktkj ijidM+ cukrs&cukrs ns[kk fd 1920 esa dhersa vkSa/s eqag tehu ij fxjus yxhaFkhA lu~ 1923 esa daiuh dk fnokyk fudy x;kA jkW; esxjtsy uked oky




LVªhV 'ks;j cktkj ds ,d nyky us czSMgSe ls daiuh dks ys fy;k] ysfdu blrF; ds ckotwn mlus viuk dkiQh iSlk blesa yxk;k] 'ks;j cktkj ds cSBtkus ds dkj.k ,d ckj fiQj daiuh fnokfy;k gks xbZA bl ckj isIlh ds m¼kjds fy;s pkYlZ xqFk elhgk cukA ykÝV dSUMh daiuh ds vè;{k xqFk us isIlhds iQkeZqys dks cnyk vkSj vius 'khry is; ds nqdkuksa es gh j[kkA lu~ 1933rd fiQj ls Mwcus dh iqjkuh vuqHkwfr okil vkus yxhA xqFk ds ikl daiuhdks] dksd daiuh dks 'keZukd rjhds ls cspus ds vykok dksbZ mik; ugha cpkFkkA ysfdu dksd us bl rjg dh va/dkje; Hkfo";okyh daiuh dks [kjnhusesa dksbZ :fp ugha yh] tks fd ,d cM+h Hkwy FkhA mcjus dh vafre ps"Vk easxqFk us ,d lkSnk is'k fd;k&12 vkaSl dh cksry fliQZ 5 lsUV es] tks fd mlewY; ij nqxuk eky FkkA varr% fcØh ,oa equkiQk nksuks gh c<+us yxkA ysfduxqFk ds HkkX; eas isIlh dks T;knk fnuksa rd pykuk ugha fy[kk Fkk vkSjdeZpkfj;ksa dh gM+rky ds pyrs mls inR;kx djuk iM+kA lu~ 1938 esa okYVjeSd us daiuh dh deku laHkkyh vkSj mlus vkd"kZd foKkiuksa dk flyflyk'kq: fd;k] tks vkt Hkh isIlh ds foi.ku dh eq[; 'kSyh gSA vR;f/dyksdfiz; dkfed LVªhi] jsfM;ks foKkiu vUrr% daiuh dks lkeus ys vkbZ]rcrd f}rh; fo'o ;q¼ 'kq: gks pqdk Fkk] ftlesa isIlh] dksd dh HkkafrHkkX;'kkyh ugha cu ikbZA phuh dk fu;a=k.k isIlh ds fy;s ,d /Ddk Fkk tksfd oqMjiQ dh ns'kHkDr Nfo ds pyrs dksd dks ugha >syuk iM+k vkSj ;q¼ksrjrsth us isIlh ds ^îQk;ns dk lkSnk¸ dks Lohdkj ugha fd;kA daiuh ds ykHkdk xzkiQ yxkrkj fxjrk x;k vkSj iru dk ;g nkSj lu~ 1949 es vy LVhyds vè;{k cuus rd tkjh jgkA LVhy us fo'ks"k <ax dh cksryksa ds iz;ksx dslkFk u;s rjhdksa dh foi.ku uhfr dh 'kq:vkr fd;k ,oa isIlh dks ^dedSyksjh dk rktxh okyk is;* ds :i esa izpkj fd;k] HkkX; fiQj iyVk vkSj lu~1959 rd daiuh 700 % equkiQk dekus rd iagqp xbZA vc isIlh] dksddh ,d dV~Vj izfr}Unh cuus dh fLFkfr es ig¡qp xbZA lu~ 1963 esa MksuYM,e- dSUMy dk vkxeu gqvk] vkSj mlds ckn fiQj isIlh us îsIlh pSysUt*izfr;ksfxrk dk izorZu fd;k tks fd ,d va/k Lokn ijh{k.k dk flyflyk Fkktks txg&txg ij tu&lk/kj.k ds lkeus vk;ksftr fd;k tkrk Fkk ftlesaturk us isIlh ds ehBs Lokn dks dksd ds Lokn ls T;knk ilUn fd;kA dSUMydh lcls cM+h thr dk lun rRdkyhu :l ds iz/ku [kzq"pso dk ekLdks esa

vejhdu jk"Vªh; izn'kZuh esa isIlh ihrs gq, iQksVks Fkk ftls izeq[krk ds lkFkdaiuh us Hkquk fy;kA isIlh dh ,dlw=kh; foKkiu ;kstuk] (ftldh ppkZ cknes dh xbZ gS) us oLrqr% dksd dks bruk >d>ksj fn;k fd mls O;kikj txrdh lcls cM+h Hkwy dgs tkus okys dk;Z dks djus ds fy;s etcwj dj fn;kA;g dksd }kjk isIlh ds ehBs Lokn ls VDdj ysus ds fy;s Û;w dksdk* dkcktkj eas mrkjuk FkkA isIlh dks bl /qrZrk iw.kZ iz;ksx dk iQk;nk Û;w dksd*ds vkus dk ugha cfYd iqjkus dksd ds gV tkus dk gqvkA blls xzkgdksa esavlarks"k iSnk gksus ls fiQj ls iqjkus dksd dks ^dksd Dykfld* ds u;s ukels cktkj eas vkuk iM+kA vkf[kj ,d is; ds iQkeqZys esa cnyko gksus ls turkesa D;ksa gypy vkSj HkM+kl iSnk gqbZ\ tks fd fliQZ& ,siy dEI;qVj daiuh dslosZlokZ LVho tksUl ds 'kCnksa esa &^^lqxfU/r phuh ?kqyk ikuh gSA¸ bl rF;dks le>us ds fy;s dksd ;k FkksM+k gVdj isIlh dk vFkZ le>uk t:jh gSAtSlk fd isIlh ds orZeku vè;{k ,oa eq[; dk;Zikyd vf/dkjh jkstj,ufjdks dgrs gSa fd] ^^;g fliQZ phuh vkSj lqxa/ksa dk feJ.k ugha gS] cfYdjlfl¼ dk<+k gSA¸ vFkok dkUlkl ds v[kckj ds lEiknd fofy;e OgkbZVds iz'kfLr ds vuqlkj vejhdk ds lc dqN dk lkj dksdkdksyk gSA f}rh;fo'o ;q¼ esa lSfudksa ds fy;s izrhd :i esa tks 'kq:vkr gqbZ Fkh og vc ,d^jk"Vª izrhd* esa :ikarfjr gks pqdk gSA dksd dk fu'kku lH;rk dk fu'kkugSA tSlk fd dgrs gSa & ¶tc vki dgha ,d dksdkdksyk dk fu'kku ughans[krs gSa rks le>sa fd vki lH;rk dh lhek ikj dj pqds gSaA¸ dksd dklkUVk DykWt foKkiu] mldh ns'kizsfedrk] ;gh vejhdk gSA ek=k 400 lkyds bfrgkl okys ,d ns'k dh] dksd ,d ijEijk gSA isIlh Hkh vejhdhiu dksgh Hkqukrk gS ysfdu FkksM+s nwljs rjg lsA ;g toku vejhdk gS] fuMj vkSj FkksM+km¼.M Hkh ysfdu lcdqN ,d bZekunkj O;kikjh tSlk] nksuksa is;ksa eas lekurk;g gS fd nksuks] cksryksa eas vejhdh liukas dks csprs gaSA bl rjg vejhdhfeFkd dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA

fiNys rhu n'kdkas us bu daiuh ;k fuxeksa (dkiksZjs'ku) dks fo'ods 50 cM+s HkkX;'kkyh;ksa dh lwph (iQkpqZu fyLV) esa p<+rs ns[kkA ;g dbZdkj.kksa ls gqvkA igyk&'khry is; m|ksx dh rsth&mÙkstd foKkiu rFkkfoi.ku] vejhdk eas bldk csrgk'kk foi.ku bUgsa ogk¡ dk ua ,d dk is;cukuk tks fd ihus ds fy;s ikuh dks Hkh ihNs NkMs + fn;kA nlw jk&dkds ,oa iIs lh




nksuksa dk lEcaf/r ,oa vlEcaf/r {ks=kksa esa O;kikj dk foLrkj] mnkgj.k dsfy;s dksd daiuh dksyfEc;k fiDplZ uked fiQYe daiuh dk ekfyd cukrFkk ?kksLVcLVl* tSlh fiQYe fuekZ.k fd;k] tcfd isIlh us lsou&vi] VSdkscsy] ÚkbVks&ys] fiTt+k gV ds vf/xzg.k ds lkFk gh 16]000 dsUVdh Úk;Mfpdu cspus okyh bdkbZ;ksa dks [kjhn fy;kA oLrqr% isIlh dEiuh ds dqyO;kikj dk ek=k 38% 'khry is; dk fgLlk gSA rhljk & bu is;kas dhvUrjjk"Vªh; mifLFkfr gS& vkt fo'o ds 155 ns'kksa eas dksd ,oa 151 ns'kksa esaisIlh fcdrh gSA 'kk;n fo'o bfrgkl dk dksbZ fo'ofotsrk Hkh bruh tehuugha thrk gkxs k ftruh bu nks cgjq k"Vhª; dEifu;kas us gkfly dhA vUrjjk"Vhª;'khry is; cktkj dk 90% bu nks dEifu;ksa ds dCts esa gSA fof'k"Vcgqjk"Vªh; daiuh ds vuq:i nksuksa dEifu;ksa dk edln fodkl'khy ns'kksa dksfliQZ 'khry is; cspus dk ugha gS] tks fd vHkh rd foykflrk dh oLrq gS]cfYd ,d thou'kSyh Fkksiuk gS tks fd ogk¡ ds fuoklh ogu u dj ldsaAnksuks gh fo'o esa vejhdk ds iz/kU; foLrkj rFkk ?kqliSB ds i;kZ;okph cupqds gSaA isIlh dh mifLFkfr gj txg fliQZ O;kikfjd dkj.kksa ls gh ugha gSftldk lk{; fpyh tSls ns'k ds dVq vuqHkoksa ls Li"V gS] ysfdu ;s ?kVuk;sackn eas foLrkfjr dh tk;saxhA nksuks cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa dk Hkkjr esa inkiZ.kyxHkx ,d gh le; eas gqvkA ysfdu isIlh vius iqjkus lLrs is'kd'k (dksdds 4 vkus esa 6 vkSal ds eqdkcys 5 vkus eas 10 vkSal) ds ckotwn ipkl dsn'kd ds eè; esa viuh nqdku lesVus dks ckè; gqvkA dksd ukeek=k dhizfr}afnrk ds chp ,dN=k jkt djrk jgkA dksd ,oa isIlh ds vkxeu dsiwoZ ;g {ks=k iw.kZ :i ls vlaxfBr jgk ftleas dqN v/ZLopkfyr rFkk gkFkls pyus okys ;a=kksa ds tfj;s izfr feuV T;knk ls T;knk 10 ls 20 cksrymRiknu FkkA vkt ds 600 cksry izfr feuV dh rqyuk esa ;s iqjkuh iQSfDVª;k¡vius LFkkuh; cktkjksa dks gh T;knkrj xksyhokyh cksryksa eas vkiwfrZ djrh FkhaAty&'kks/u] foØ; vf/dkj ;gk¡ rd fd foKkiu rd dk dgha uke ughaFkkA bu cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa ds vkxeu us iwjs O;kikj izfØ;k eas Økafr t:jiSnk dj nh] ysfdu blesa fdlh LFkkuh; m|ksx dks u rks 'kkfey fd;k x;k]vkSj u gh ;g lEHk+o FkkA ;g fLFkfr lu~ 1977 rd ljdkj ds cnyus ,oalkFk gh fu;eksa ds ifjorZu rd pyrh jghA u;s fu;eksa ds rgr fons'kh eqnzkfu;a=k.k dkuwu (FERA) ds vuqlkj cgqjk"Vªh; dEifu;ksa dks 40% fgLls

rd lhfer j[kuk FkkA ;g dksd ds fy;s vdYiuh; Fkk] D;ksafd fo'o esadgha Hkh dksd 100% LokfeRo okyh bdkbZ eas gh ewy ?kksy dk mRiknu djrhjghA lcls cqjh ckr ;g Fkh fd ijexksiuh;] VªLV daiuh] tkftZ;ks ds frtksjhesa lqjf{kr epsZUMkbl 7 x (tgk¡ rd ig¡qp fliQZ daiuh ds rhu mPpinLFkvf/dkjh] tks fd ,d lkFk ogk¡ rd liQj ugha djrs Fks ,oa viuh e`R;q gksusdh lwjr esa fdlh nwljs vf/dkjh dks ukfer djds pyrs Fks) dks mtkxjdjuk iM+rkA bl dkj.k dksdk dksyk Hkkjr ls izLFkku dj x;kA

bu ?kVukØeksa ds ckn gh Hkkjrh; 'khry is; m|ksx vius Lo:i esafodflr gqvkA dksd ds ckWVyj pj.kthr flag us dSEik dksyk cktkj easmrkjk] ikysZ ds jes'k pkSgku us FkElvi rFkk M~;wd ,oa LisUlj tSls nwljsfuekZrk cktkj esa vk;sA vkt cktkj dh fgLlsnkjh yxHkx fuEu :i ls gS%

ikysZ&65%] I;ksj fMªaDl& 19%] vU;& 16%'khry is; m|ksx us vR;qÙke fodYi is'k djus dk 'kkunkj ekspkZ

fy;k gSA ikysZ vkt vÚhdk] eè;&iwoZ] lksfo;r la?k ,oa vejhdk dks fu;kZrdjrk gSA tc fd] nks jk"Vªh; egkcyh ikysZ ,oa I;ksj fMªaDl ds lkFk {ks=kh;m|ksx tSls M~;wd] LisUlj ,oa vc eSDMkoy Hkh gSaA

ysfdu u rks dksd vkSj u gh isIlh vHkh lekIr gks x;s FksA os ,dfdukjs gVdj #[k ns[k jgs Fks vkSj bUrtkj dj jgs FksA muds fy;s ;g ,dekspsZ dh gkj Fkh u fd ;q¼ esa gkj fo'ks"kdj isIlh vdsys jkt djus dh /qu esa dksd }kjk gkjh gqbZ tehu gfFk;kus ds fy;s rS;kj gks jgh FkhA bUrtkjdk ;g [ksy pyrk jgk vkSj vksjosy ds 1984 ds nks lky ckn isIlh us viukekSdk vkrs ns[kkA

Hkkjr esa dksdk daifu;ks a dk lkezkT;Hkkjr esa dksdk daifu;ks a dk lkezkT;Hkkjr esa dksdk daifu;ks a dk lkezkT;Hkkjr esa dksdk daifu;ks a dk lkezkT;Hkkjr esa dksdk daifu;ks a dk lkezkT;Hkkjr ges'kk gh bu nks 'khry is; egkcfy;ksa ds fy;s

Lof.keZ Hkfw e] ,oa [kk;s k gvq k LoxZ dk feJ.k jgkA iIs lhdks oYMZ okbM cos jts *&ds vè;{k ,oa eq[; dk;Zikyd vf/dkjh jkstj ,ufjdks Hkkjr dks 85 djksM+I;klh vkRekvksa dk xje ns'k dgrs gSaA Hkkjr dh laHkkouk;sa vikj gSaA Hkkjresa 'khry is; dh [kir izfr O;fDr ek=k 2-8 cksry izfr o"kZ gS tcfdcaXykns'k eas ;g [kir 26 cksry gSA ikfdLrku esa izfr O;fDr [kir 13]FkkbZyS.M esa 86] vkSj ;wjksi rFkk vejhdk esa ;g la[;k Øe'k% 180 vkSj 386




gSA isIlh bu vk¡dM+ksa dks Hkzfer djus ds fy;s mi;ksx dj jgk gS vkSj izfro"kZlEHkkfor c<+ksÙkjh 900 dk y{; is'k dj jgk gSA fo'o esa 'khry is; dhc<k+ Ùs kjh dh nj vklS ru 6 ls 8% rd fLFkj gAS (Hkkjr eas 1990&91 eas c<k+ Ùs kjhnj fLFkj Fkh) tcfd isIlh ds vk¡dM+s dkiQh c<+s&p<+s gSa] blesa dksbZ lansg ughagS fd Hkkjr isIlh tSlh cgqjk"Vªh; daifu;ksa ds fy;s ,d mi;qDr f'kdkjxkggS vkSj isIlh us vius lHkh laosndksa dks mfpr volj dh rkd eas rS;kj j[kkA

;g isIlh dks vPNh rjg ls irk Fkk fd ek=k 'khry is; dks viuh>ksyh eas j[kdj og Hkkjr esa fdlh Hkh rjg izos'k ugha ik ldrkA gkykafdHkkjr dh uhfr;k¡ lu~ 1977 ds ckn dkiQh uje gksrh xbaZ] ysfdu ;g vlEHkogh Fkk fd dksbZ Hkh dV~V~j lektoknh ns'k 'khry is; tSlh ,d xSj izkFkfedrk,oa xSj&t:jh oLrq ds O;kikj dks NwV ns nsA ;g ,d lkFkZd voLFkk gksrhvxj mUgsa dsd [kkus nks* dh Nfo cukus nsrs rks gekjs usrkvksa dh yksdfiz;rkeas Hk;da j deh vk ldrh Fkh vkjS muds fy, ;g jktufS rd vkRegR;k gkrs hA;g isIlh dks Li"V vkHkkl FkkA vr% ml oDr vko';drk Fkh dFkkud esaFkksM+s ifjorZu dhA 'khry is; dks ihNs j[kdj turk dks Lohdk;Z eq[kkSVklkeus j[kus dh vko';drk Fkh] blfy;s [kk| oLrq lalk/u dk <ksax 'kq:gvq kA ;g vuHq ko fd;k x;k fd ;fn dkbs Z ikz Fkfed :i ls [kk| lla k/u dk;Zij dsfUnzr] tks fd lh/s rkSj ij Ñf"k vFkZ'kkL=k ls lacf/r gks ,slh&ifj;kstukykbZ tk;s rks mls lgh ek;us es NwV fey ldrh gSA 'khry is; rc ,dfdukjs jgs vkSj iwjh ifj;kstuk ds lgk;d :i esa miyC/ jgsA bruk LFkkfirdjus ds ckn isIlh us MUdu bafM;k dh lg;ksxh laLFkk (,xzks izksMDV~l~,DliksVZ bafM;k izk- fy-) ls ,d la;qÙkQ m|e dk xBtksM+ fd;kA vizSy 25]1985 dks m|ksx fodkl ea=kky; ds lfpo dks ,d vk'k; i=k tek fd;kx;kA (;g ;kn j[kuk pkfg;s fd ml oDr [kk| lalk/u ea=kky; dk xBuugha gqvk Fkk) la;qDr m|e ds mn~ns'; esa ;g dgk x;k fd ^^Hkkjr eas rS;kjÑf"k vk/kfjr mRiknksa ds fu;kZr dh mUufr ,oa fodkl rFkk isIlhdks dsmRiknksa dk Hkkjr esa izorZu o fodkl dks izksRlkfgr djuk]^^ bu y{;ksa dsvuq:i la;qDr m|e dh LFkkiuk 1) Hkkjr esa mRiknu ,oa fu;kZr iz;klksa esaiw¡th dh O;oLFkk 2) pqfuans mRiknksa ,oa lsokvksa dk foLr`r vUrjjk"Vªh; cktkjeas fu;kZr] 3) isIlh dksyk bUVjus'kuy ls lacaf/r rduhdksa dks] fons'kh eqnzkdks ckgj Hksts fcuk] izkIr djuk] 4) ^isIlh dks bUd* ls lkUnz ?kksy ds

vk;kr dh O;oLFkk dj mldh Lora=k ckWVyjksa dks fcØh ,oa vkiwfrZ] 5)isIlhdks 'khry is; ds ?kksy ds vk;kr esa yxus okys Mkyj jkf'k ds rhuxqukykxr ds fu;kZr dh O;oLFkkiukA

bl fo"k; esa ;g iz'kfLr tksM+k x;k fd dSls isIlh daiuh vius vjcksaMkyj dh mifLFkfr ,oa fo'o] fo'ks"kdj eè;&iwoZ ds vuqHko rFkk vius laiw.kZrduhfd ,oa izcU/ ds vuqHkoksa ds lkFk ,d lgh ikVZuj cu jgk gSA 1) ns'kds Ñf"k {ks=k ds izkFkfed 'kfDr dk mRFkku] 2) u;s fu;kZr voljksa dkfuekZ.k ,oa fons'kh eqnzk dk 3%1 ds fu;kZr&vk;kr vuqikr ls] vkgj.k 3)mRikn x.q koÙkk ,oa Hkkjr eas fu;krZ Nfo dh c<k+ bZ 4) [kk| lla k/u] idS fs txa,oa 'khry is; fuekZrk ds loksZRÑ"V rduhdksa dk fcuk fons'kh eqnzk [kpZ fd;svk;kr 5) nqljs lacaf/r O;kikjksa ds fy;s bl ifj;kstuk dk míhid dk dkedjuk 6) 'khry is; m|ksx ds c<+kus esa 7) vkS|ksfxd foLrkj ls midj.kksads fuekZ.k dks etcwrh ls c<+kus ds voljksa dk iztuu 8) m|ksxksa ,oa Ñf"k{ks=kksa eas jkstxkj ds voljksa ds cuus ds lkFk Ñf"k] [kqnjkfcØh rFkk forj.keas {ks=kh; m|e ds volj ,oa 9) miHkksDrk cktkj ds foLrkj ls ljdkjh vk;esa etcwr c<+ksÙkjhA

izLrko ds var es ;g fu"d"kZ dgk x;k fd ;g vius foLr`r y{;ksads dkj.k vFkZO;oLFkk ds fdrus vuq:i gS rFkk] ^^jk"Vªh; izkFkfedrkvksa tSlsfu;kZr] Ñf"k] jkstxkj ,oa rduhfd Kku eas fo'ks"k :i ls lgk;d gSA¸ foLrkjls ;gh 20 fefy;u :i;s ds l;qaDr m|e dk izLrko FkkA ;g izLrkoizFkkuqlkj Nkuchu ls xqtjus ds ckn mPpkf/dkfj;ksa] ftuds vf/dkj {ks=k esa;g ifj;kstuk iM+rh gS] vxzlkfjr fd;k x;kA ,sls gh ,d vf/dkjh laLFkk^iatkc ,xzks bUMLVªht dkiksZjs'ku* ls ftlds funs'kd vferkHk ik.Ms Fks] isIlh,oa MUdu us lykg ,oa lg;ksx ds fy;s laidZ fd;kA MUdu ,UVjizkbt dsdkjiksjsV fjlkslsZt mikè;{k ,u-ds-izlkn dks lacksf/r ,d i=k esa ik.Ms usfy[kkA

Hkkjr ljdkj dks fn;s x;s vkids izkFkZuk i=k dks eSus ns[kk vkSj ik;kfd izLrkfor [kk| oLrq m|ksx ds ykHk ds i{k esa tks nkos fd;s x;s gSa os iwjhrjg ls vlxa r gAS [kk| lla k/u O;olk; eas iMu+ s okys ukeek=k ds iHz kko rFkkoLrqr% dksbZ u;h iw¡th dk u yxuk vkSj fdlh u;s rdfud dk iz;ksx blizLrko esa u gksus ds dkj.k bl izLrko ds iatkc ljdkj ds leFkZu izkfIr ds




fy;s eq>ls dksbZ leFkZu ;k odkyr dh vis{kk u djsa]^^ ml oDr ns'k esaisIlh ds vkus dh igyh dksf'k'k dh ;g izfrfØ;k jghA (ikUMs ds n`f"Vdks.kisIlh dh nwljh dksf'k'k ds lUnHkZ esa dkiQh egRoiw.kZ gaSA) dgus dhvko';drk ugha gS fd isIlh ds izLrko fdlh dks Hkjek ugha ik, vkSj lkanz?kksy dk vk;kr ugha fd;k tk ldk rFkk ?kjsyq 'kqYd {ks=k (DTA) eas fons'khvkoMZ dk iz;ksx u gks ldus ds vk/kj ij [kfjt dj fn;k x;kA

ysfdu isIlh bruh vklkuh ls gkj ekuus okyk ugha FkkA ;gha ijjes'k okaxy (orZeku izcU/ funs'kd] isIlh iQwM~l~ bfUM;k) dk vkxeu gksrkgSA yUnu laLFkk esa dke djus ds ckn ^gj eqf'dy vklku* ds :i esa ;g[;kr g,q A iIs lh ds f'kdkfj;kas us okxa y ls lEidZ fd;k] vkjS mlds ckn mulsfeJ (bZthIV) eas izos'k djkus ds dk;Z dks lk/kA MUdu dh iw.kZ vliQyrkds i'pkr okaxy dks 1) dBhu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dks gy djus dh {kerk ,oa 2),d vfuoklh Hkkjrh; gksus ds dkj.k eSnku eas yk;k x;kA

isIlh vc bl rF; dks gn;axe dj pqdk Fkk fd mlds ifj;kstukdh LohÑfr ds fy;s jktuSfrd izpkj ,oa lgkjs dh vko';drk gh izeq[k gSAmlus ;g Hkh tku fy;k Fkk fd [kk| lalk/u ds uke ij okd~+tky iQSYkkukdkiQh ugha gSA mudks ckr djus ds fy;s lkFkZd] foLr`r ,oa fof'k"V ykHkokysrdksZa dh vko';drk gSA bu ckrksa dks fnekx es j[kdj mUgksusa viuh vkf[kjhdksf'k'k 'kq: dhA vkSj ;g dguk iMs+xk fd ;s mudh vksj ls ,d cgqr ghlaxfBr o lqfu;ksftr iz;kl Fkk] tcfd ;g ,d egkure/ks[kk Fkk tks fd ns'k dks Hkksxuk FkkA bl ckj muds lkFkh Fks ljdkjh laLFkkiatkc ,xzks baMLVªht dkiksZjs'ku (PAIC) rFkk VkVk dh laLFkk oksYVkl tks fd(PAIC) ds lkFk oksyiQkeZ uke ls 'khry is; m|ksx esa viuh dksf'k'k ns[kpqds Fks tks cgqr liQy ugha gks ikbZA

mijksDr vferkHk ik.Ms+] tks fd MUdu ds izLrko dks fljs ls udkjpqds Fks] vc blh ifj;kstuk dh LohÑfr ds dêðj leFkZd ds :i eas [kM+s gq,A10 vxLr] 1985 dks mUgkasus ,d xqIr VsysDl (PAIC) ls isIlhdks ds ØkbZLVvyczkbZV ,oa usLVj dkcsfuy&ofj"B mikè;{k] isIlhdks] dks lacksf/r djHkstkA iwjh rjg ls iyVh [kkdj vc og ,d eè;LFk ,oa pkVqdkfjrk dh gnrd lgk;d cusA mUgksaus isIlh dks jktuSfrd ,oa ukSdj'kkgh lgkjksa dks,df=kr djus dk lq>ko fn;kA ik.M+s dk VsysDl (micU/ esa eqfnzr) Lo;a

bldh O;k[;k djrh gSA fe- ts-lh-pksiM+k] ofj"B mikè;{k oksYVkl ,oa iatkc ljdkj esa esjs

lkfFk;ksa ls fopkj foe"kZ gqvkA eSus ljnkj izdk'k flag ckny ls Hkh ckrsa dhAbu ppkZvksa ds vk/kj ij esjk ;g lqfuf'pr er gS fd ;g izLrko ,oa izkFkZuki=k] tSlk fd ;g gS] ljdkjh LohÑfr ;k iatkc ljdkj dk iw.kZ leFkZu ughaik ldrk gSA orZeku izLrko dk fliQZ lq/kj gh ugha cfYd iwjh rjg ls R;kxdj ,d u;k izLrko nsuk gksxkA u;s izLrko ds iatkc ljdkj ls iwjk leFkZuikus dh vk'kk dh tk ldrh gS] ;fn bls fuEufyf[kr rjhds ls cuk;k tk;s--------¶eaS vk'kk djrk g¡w fd ;g Vys Ds l xIq r j[kk tk+ ,xk rFkk oreZ ku eas bldhdksbZ ppkZ MUdu ds lkFk ugha dh tk,A eaS fiQj ls dgrk gw¡ fd ugha dhtk;sA ;fn mijksDr lq>ko Lohdk;Z gkas rks eaS pkgrk gw¡ fd vki rqjar jkT;ikyJh vtqZu flag ;k eq[; lfpo Jh ih-,p-oS".ko dks igys dh eqykdkrksa dkgokyk nsrs gq, ,oa mijksDr rjhdksa ds rgr xBcU/u dh laHkkoukvksa dkscrkrs gq, fy[kasA ;g i=k isIlh ds rjiQ ls tkuk pkfg;s u fd MUdu] oksYVkl;k fdlh Hkkjrh; laLFkk dh vksj lsA ,dckj bl vk'k; dk i=k Hkstus dsi'pkr esjk lq>ko gS fd vkidh Vksyh pUMhx<+ ,oa iatkc esa rhu ;k pkj fnujgdj izLrko ds eqíkas ij foLrkj ls dk;Z djs rFkk lHkh mPpkf/dkfj;ksa ls ,oajktuSfrd O;fDr;ksa ls feysA bR;knh-----¸

iatkc ljdkj ls lEc¼ ,d Hkkjrh; iz'kklfud lsok ds vf/dkjhdk ,d laLFkk ftldk fd og 'kq: esa fojks/ dj pqdk gks] bl rjg dsi=kkpkj ds izHkko dks xaHkhj dguk Hkh de gh gSA bl cfq¼ iyV dk dj.kD;k gS\ ik.Ms ds uh;r dh foHkkxh; tk¡p t:jh yxrh gSA

vxLr 6]1986 dks varr% (PAIC) us isIlhdks bUd ds lkFk^^la;qDr Ñf"k m|ksx m|e fo'ks"kdj [kk| lalk/u ds {ks=k ds fy;s¸ ,dfons'kh lg;ksx gsrq vkSipkfjd izkFkZuki=k is'k fd;kA

;g la;qDr m|e bl ckj (PAIC) isIlhdks ,oa MUdu dh txgVkVk dh lg;ksxh oksYVkl fyfeVsM dk lfEeyu FkkA bl ckj [kk| lalk/uds Åij tksj Mkyk x;k rFkk 'khry is; dks de egRo fn;k x;kA isIlh dkslcd fey pqdk FkkA dqN Hkh gks izLrko eas dksbZ fo'ks"k fHkUurk ugha FkhA blij ckn esa foLr`r ppkZ dh tk;sxhA tks Hkh gks izLrko dk laf{kIr i;kZoyksdufuEukafdr gSA isIlhdks] ,oa oksYVkl fy- }kjk ,d la;qDr m|e dk izorZuA




ekfydkuk & fons'kh % isIlhdks & 39-89%Hkkjrh; &60-11% (PAIC) oksYVkldqy bfDoVh & :- 9 djksM+dqy iw¡th & :- 22-55 djksM+

m|e ds eq[; ?kVdm|e ds eq[; ?kVdm|e ds eq[; ?kVdm|e ds eq[; ?kVdm|e ds eq[; ?kVd& Ñf"k vuqla/ku dsUnz (iw¡th fuos'k & 1-55 djksM+)& vkyw@fpIl lalk/u bdkbZ;k¡ (fuos'k & 8 djksM+)& iQy@lCth lalk/u bdkbZ;k¡ (fuos'k & 7-5 djksM-)& 'khry is; lkanz ?kksy bdkbZ (fuos'k & 5-5 djksM+)& dPps eky dk mi;ksx (iatkc esa) & 80]000 fefVªd Vu uk'kikrh] VekVj] lso] vke (iQy@lCth mRiknu dk 25%) 20]000 fefVªd Vu vkyw ,oa 'k"; (dqy mRiknu dk 7%)&fu;kZr izfrc¼rk %& dqy dkj[kkus esa mRiknu ewY; dk 50%& fons'kh eqnzk dk vk;r&fu;kZr dk vuqikr 3%1 (fuxZe eas iw¡thxr

;U=kkfn] dPpk eky] fMfoMs.M bR;kfn lfEefyr)& fu;kZr izfrc¼rk vof/ 10 o"kZ& U;wure lfEefyr fu;kZr vk; izfrc¼rk :&200 djksM+A;g isIlh ds vius gh 'kCnksa es izLrko dk foLr`r lkjka'k gSA /ks[kk/

M+h dh vkSj xgjh tk¡p ckn esa nh tk;sxhA

ukSdj'kkgh NkuchuukSdj'kkgh NkuchuukSdj'kkgh NkuchuukSdj'kkgh NkuchuukSdj'kkgh Nkuchu fdlh Hkh ifj;kstuk dh LohÑfr ds fy;s ;g lk/kj.k izfØ;k gS

fd lacaf/r eU=kky; izLrko dks ifj;kstuk LohÑfr ifj"kn (PAB) dks nsrkgSA bl izLrko ds lUnHkZ esa Hkh ;gh fd;k x;kA PAB us viuh Nkuchu isIlhdks miyC/ vkarfjd [kk|lalk/u rdfudksa dks eísutj j[k dj 'kq: fd;k] gksusokys rduhdksa dsLFkkukUrj.k dh izÑfr ,oa rjhds] blls mRiÂ gksus okys jkstxkj ds voljbR;kfnA blds fy;s PAB eas pqus x;s lfpoksa dh 16 flrEcj] 1986 dkscBS d gbq AZ ckn eas PAIC ds viQlj ykxs Ñf"k ,oa lgdkfjrk lfpo Jhfuokl'kkL=kh ls feys ,oa ifj;kstuk ds fuLrkj.kksa ds fy;s izkFkZuk fdA 22 uoEcj

1986 dks [kk| ,oa ukxfjd vkiwfrZ eU=kky; ds lfpo oh- fot;'ks[kju usm|ksx eU=kky; ds m|ksx fodkl foHkkx ds lfpo dks fy[kk%

^^lHkh izeq[k y{k.kksa ds lkFk ns'k ds ykHkkFkZ] bR;kfn ------ izLrko dsi{k esa ugha gSA isIlhdks dh 30% O;kikj Ñf=ke oLrqvksa dks Hkkjr esa cspusdh ifj;kstuk [kk| lalk/u m|ksx dks {kfr igq¡pk;sxhA¸

22 tuojh] 1987 dks vkfFkZd O;kikj foHkkx (fMikVZesUV vkiQbdksukWfed viQs;j) ,iQ-,u-Vh-,UM Vh lsD'ku us fuEufyf[kr ckrsa dgh %'khry is; U;wure izkFkfedrk dk {ks=k gSA bl {ks=k esa isIlhdks ds vkxeuls ?kjsyq mRikndksa dks lE;d {kfr gksxhA iz'u gS fd fdl izdkj fons'kh eqnzkdk fuxZeu ,oa fu;kZr vk; ds leUo; ij izHkkoh :i ls utj j[kh tk;Aiz'u tks fd è;ku esa j[kuk gS] ¶;g gS fd ,d ckj bdkbZ ds LFkkiuk dsi'pkr ljdkj ds ikl izLrkfor fu;kZr ds u gksus ij D;k fodYi jgsxk\¸

27 ebZ] 1987 dks ,d fo'ks"k PAB us fu'p; fd;k fd Ñf"kfoHkkx ds vfrfjDr lfpo ds usr`Ro esa ,d ny [kk|] iQy ,oa lCth lalk/u m|ksx esa rduhfd ;ksX;rk ,oa fo'ks"kKrk ds lkFk ,slh rduhd dks tk¡pus,oa ifj;kts uk eas LFkkukUrfjr djus dh {kerk dh tkp¡ djxs hA vkxs dgk x;kfd ;g ny isIlh dh 60% fu;kZr dh mÙkjnkf;Ro ds fuokZg ds bPNk dkvkdyu djsxh Ñf"k vuqla/ku rFkk Ñf"k lalk/u eas isIlhdks dh ;ksX;rk ,oavuqHko ds ckjs esa fo'ks"k ppkZ esa 27 ebZ dh cSBd esa [kk| foHkkx us ;g dgkfd ¶muds ikl isIlhdks dh ;ksX;rk ,oa vuqHko ds fo"k; eas dksbZ fuf'prlwpuk ugha gSA lkFk gh PAIC }kjk dksbZ fuf'pr vk'oklu Hkh ugha fn;k x;kgAS ¸

;g r; fd;k x;k fd Ñf"k lalk/u] [kk| ,oa lCth lalk/urduhd ds LFkkukarj.k ds rduhdh ;ksX;rk ds fo"k; esa PAB dks tk¡p ,oavkdyu ds fy;s vkSj foLr`r lwpukvksa dh vko';drk gSA

vxLr 10]1987 dks PAB dh ,d vkSj cSBd cqykbZ xbZ] ysfduvfrfjDr lfpo] Ñf"k foHkkx }kjk rduhdh i{k esa muds lwpukvksa dks teku djus ds dkj.k dksbZ fu.kZ; ugha fy;k tk ldk] tks Hkh gks Ñf"k foHkkxdks bl fo"k; esa i=kkpkj tkjh j[kus dks dgk x;kA tSlk fd ;gk¡ irk pyrkgS] [kk| lalk/u isIlhdks dh rduhdh {kerk ds ckjs esa ftKklkvksa ds rgrvfrfjDr lfpo] Ñf"k foHkkx PAB dks tkudkjh nas]¶CFTRI, eSlwj dks Hkh




rduhdh lacaf/r fo"k;ksa dks tk¡pus dks dgk x;k gSA¸nl fnuksa ds ckn cqyk;s x;s nwljs cSBd esa vfrfjDr lfpo] Ñf"k

}kjk ek¡xs x;s fofunZs'kuksa ds tokc esa CSIR us ntZ djk;k fd] ¶isIlhdks dkizLrko rduhdh foLrkj dk [kqyklk ugha djrhA vkxs] isIlhdks ,oa mldhlg;ksxh daiuh;k¡ fliQZ vkyw ,oa eDds ds mRiknksa ds la'kks/u dh vuqHkohgAaS ¸

mijksDr ukSdj'kkgh Nkuchu dh esjh izÑfr ls ;g Li"V gS fd ;gizLrko ewyHkwr eqíksa dks Nqikus eas liQy ugha gks ikbZA ;g Li"V Fkk fd ukeds vuqlkj dksbZ Hkh rduhdh LFkkukUrj.k ugha gksus okyk FkkA fiQj PAB usfljs ls bl izLrko dks vLohÑr D;ksa ugha fd;k\ blds ckn 22-55 djksM+dh ;g ifj;kstuk eaf=keaMy dks vxzlkfjr fd;k x;kA 6 flrEcj] 1988 dksiwjs izLrko dks rkRdkfyu iz/ku ea=kh jktho xka/h }kjk Lo;a pqus gq, eaf=k;ksads ,d ny dks Hkstk x;kA 'kq: esa rkRdkyhu foRrea=kh ,u-Mh-frokjh bl nyds usrk Fks] ysfdu mudh txg ljnkj cwVk flag dks ;g in fn;k x;k tksfd isIlh ds vuqjkxh ds :i eas tkfgj FksA ;g iwjh izfØ;k ljdkj dh viuhgh cukbZ gqbZ uhfr;ksa ds izfr opuc¼rk ,oa ukSdj'kkgh dh lansgkReddk;Z'kSyh ds fy;s dbZ lokyksa dks tUe nsrh gSA ;g bl ifj;kstuk izLrko dh[kqyh izxfr Fkh tc rd fd bls loksZPp Lrj ls fuLrkfjr fd;k x;kA vkf[kjbrus fojk/s vkjS fojk/s kHkkl okyh ,d ifj;kts uk dks D;kas LohÑr fd;k x;k\

isIlhdksyk ds izkstsDV dksisIlhdksyk ds izkstsDV dksisIlhdksyk ds izkstsDV dksisIlhdksyk ds izkstsDV dksisIlhdksyk ds izkstsDV dks dSls eatwjh feyh\dSls eatwjh feyh\dSls eatwjh feyh\dSls eatwjh feyh\dSls eatwjh feyh\Hkkjr eas ftruk fojks/ isIlh dksyk ds vkus ij gqvk] mruk fdlh

vU; fon's kh dEiuh ds ckjs eas ugha gvq k gAS lekpkji=kkas ,oa ehfM;k eas Hkh iIs lhdksyk ds ckjs esa cgqr dqN fy[kk x;kA laln esa Hkh isIlh dksyk ds ckjs esadkiQh cglas gbq AaZ n's k ds dbZ Hkkxkas eas Hkh iIs lh dkys k dk fojk/s gvq kA v[kckjkasesa ftl rjg dh fjiksVZ isILkh dksyk ds ckjs esa Nih muds dqN mnkgj.k&

1) ¶Hkkjr dks bl rduhd dh (lkÝV fMªad) dksbZ t:jr ugha gS]ftl rjg dh rduhd dks ysdj ;g vejhdh isIlh dksyk vk;h gSA lkÝVfMªad ('khry is;) Hkkjr dk izkFkfed {ks=k ugha gSA 'khry is; ,slk {ks=kugha gS ftlesa fons'kh iwath fuos'k dh t:jr gksA isIlh dksyk dEiuh ds ikl

tks Hkh rduhd gS] mls Hkkjr esa gh fodflr fd;k x;k gS vkSj mls csgrjHkh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA¸

2) ¶Hkkjrh; 'khry is; m|ksx viuh rkdr vkSj {kerk ls gh vkxsc<k+ gS vkxs Hkh c<r+ k jgxs kA Hkkjrh; 'khryi;s m|kxs dks fdlh fon's kh dEiuhdh dksbZ t:jr ugha gSA vHkh Hkkjrh; cktkj esa 'khry is;ksa ds fy;s tksLo;aiw.kZrk gS] og fons'kh dEiuh ds vkus ls VwVsxhA¸

3) ¶isIlh dksyk tSlh dEifu;ksa ds vejhdh xqIrpj laLFkk lh-vkbZ-,- ds lkFk ?kkfs "kr lEcU/ g]S vkjS iIs lh dkys k dk Hkkjr vkuk [krjs dk lpw dgAS ¸

4) ¶isIlh dksyk dEiuh ds ok;ns fcYdqy Hkh è;ku nsus yk;d ughagaSA isIlh dEiuh us fu;kZr ds tks ok;ns fd;s gSa] os lHkh [kks[kys lkfcr gksaxsisIlh dksyk dh iwjh utj Hkkjr ds ?kjsyw cktkj ij yxh gq;h gS vkSj ;gdEiuh Hkkjr ds ?kjsyw cktkj ij dCtk djuk pkgrh gSA¸

5) ¶;fn isIlh dEiuh Hkkjr ds fdlkuksa vkSj Ñf"k dk dqN Hkykdjuk pkgrh gS] rks mls Hkkjr ls okil pyk tkuk pkfg,A¸

Åij fy[kh x;h lHkh ckrsa Hkkjr ds izeq[k lekpkj i=kksa eas izdkf'krgqbZa rFkk laln ds nksuksa lnuksa esa Hkh ppkZ esa vk;haA laln esa ljdkj dh vksjls dbZ ckj dgk x;k fd isIlh dEiuh dks Hkkjr esa fo'ks"k 'kks/ vkSj fodklds dk;Z ds fy;s dgk tk;sxk] ftlls fdlkuksa dks ,oa [kk| izlaLdj.k m|ksxdks ykHk gksxkA ysfdu gj ckj isIlh dh vksj ls dgk x;k fd fliQZ 'kks/ ,oafodkl ds dk;Z esa isIlh dksyk dEiuh ugha vk;sxhA isIlh dEiuh dk Hkkjrljdkj ds lkFk ,d ¶iSdst Mhy¸ gqvk Fkk blesa Hkkjr ds cktkj esa 'khryis; cspus dh ckr ij gh isIlh dEiuh us vf/d tksj fn;kA Hkkjr ds dbZlaxBuksa ,oa lekpkj i=kksa us ;g Mj O;Dr fd;k Fkk fd isIlh dksyk ,oadkds k&dkys k tlS h dEifu;k¡ Hkkjr ds cktkj eas ,dkf/dkj LFkkfir dj yxas hA;g Mj ckn esa lp lkfcr gqvk vkSj vkt cktkj eas iwjh rjg ls isIlh&dksdkdksyk dk ,dkf/dkj cu pqdk gSA isIlh dEiuh us ges'kk ls Hkkjr esa ;ghizpkfjr fd;k fd og rks [kk| izlaLdj.k m|ksx dh ,d dEiuh gS] ftldsdqy 20]000 djksM+ : ds O;kikj dk nks frgkbZ [kk| izlaLdj.k ls gh vkrkgSA^^ ysfdu ;g ljklj >wB gSA isIlh&dksyk ges'kk ls gh 'khry&is; dEiuhjgh gS vkSj bldk iwjk cktkj 'khry is; dk gh gSA




laln esa bl fo"k; ij ljdkj dh dbZ ckj f[kapkbZ dh x;h fdljdkj viuh ?kksf"kr uhfr ds fo#¼ tkdj isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dks Hkkjr esacqyk jgh gSA blh lUnHkZ esa rRdkyhu iz/kuea=kh jktho xka/h dks ,d [kqyki=k lkaln fpeuHkkbZ esgrk }kjk fy[kk x;k FkkA fpeuHkkbZ esgrk dks dkaxzslls fuyfEcr dj fn;k x;k FkkA bl i=k easa dqN bl rjg ls fy[kk x;k &

^^fiz; Jh jkthoth] gkaykfd eq>s dkaxzsl ls fcuk fdlh vk/kj dsfuyfEcr dj fn;k x;k gS] fiQj Hkh esjk drZO; gS fd eSa dkaxzsl ikVhZ ds fgresa fopkj d:¡A blfy;s ;g i=k vkidks fy[k jgk gw¡A bl i=k ds ekè;e lseSa ,d cM+h jktuSfrd Hkwy dh vksj è;ku fnykuk pkgrk gw¡] tks vkids }kjk,oa vkidh ikVhZ ds }kjk dh x;h gSA eq>s yxrk gS fd O;fDrxr :i ls vkius isIlh&dksyk izkstsDV dks leFkZu nsdj Hkkjh xyrh dh gSA vHkh Hkh cgqrnsj ugha gq;h gS] ge bl xyrh dks Bhd dj ldrs gSaA gesa bl isIlh izkstsDVdks ykxw djus esa nsjh djuh pkfg,] rkfd gesa fiQj ls bl izkstsDV ds ckjseas lkspus dk ekSdk feysA vkidks iatkc ;k=kk esa ;g crk;k x;k fd] isIlhdksyk izkstsDV dh ckr dkaxzsl ds fy;s ykHkdkjh gksxh] ysfdu vkidh igyhiatkc ;k=kk vPNh ugha jghA gesa bl isIlh izkstsDV ds dbZ igyqvksa ij fiQjls fopkj djuk gksxkA lcls egRoiw.kZ ;g gS fd yksx ekurs gSa fdisIlh&dksyk izkstsDV ds ihNs vkidk iwjk gkFk gS vkSj vk'khZokn gSA dkaxzslikVhZ dks pquko ds le; bldk Hkqxrku djuk iM+sxkA gekjs ns'k ds yksx blisIlh izkstsDV dks jktho xka/h ds usr`Ro okyh dkaxzsl dh] vehjksa ds fgr esacuk;h tkus okyh uhfr ds :i esa gh ns[ksaxsA ftl ns'k esa yksxksa dks ihus dkikuh ykus ds fy;s ehyksa iSny tkuk iM+rk gks] mlh ns'k esa isIlh dEiuh ds'khry is; dk fcduk] yk[kksa&djksM+kas Hkkjrh; yksxksa ds fy;s (tks thou dhcfq u;knh lfq o/kvkas ls ofa pr g)aS vieku tlS k gh gkxs kA ftl rjg ckis Qkls Z rkislkSns esa gekjh cnukeh gq;h gS] mlh rjg blesa Hkh gksxhA ftl fu;kZr ds vk/kj ij vkius isIlh izkstsDV dks gjh >.Mh fn[kkbZ gS] og fu;kZr dk rdZ yksxksadks Lohdkj ugha gksxkA vkus okys pqukoksa esa ;g isIlh izkstsDV yksxksa dh utjesa [kVdsxk] vkSj gekjh ikVhZ dks ijkt; dk lkeuk djuk iM+ ldrk gSA isIlhdksyk ,d egkdk; dEiuh gS] tks fdlh Hkh ljdkj dk lEeku ugha djrhgSA gesa bl isIlh izkstsDV dks iwjh rjg ls cUn djuk gksxkA¸

iwoZ lkaln fpeuHkkbZ esgrk }kjk fy[ks x;s bl i=k ds ckn lu~ 1989

esa jktho xka/h dh vkSj dkaxzsl ikVhZ dh pqukoksa eas ijkt; gq;hA mlds cknjktho xka/h us Lo;a ¶laMs¸ if=kdk dks fn, ,d lk{kkRdkj esa Lohdkj fd;kfd ¶isIlh izkstsDV cgqr cqjk gSA¸ blh lk{kkRdkj esa jktho xka/h us dgk fd¶tc ;g isIlh izkstsDV LohÑr fd;k x;k Fkk] rc Bhd Fkk¸A blh rjg 13flrEcj 1986 esa bUnzdqekj xqtjky (tks ckn esa Hkkjr ds iz/kueU=kh Hkh cus)us ,d [kqyk i=k iz/kueU=kh ds uke fy[kk] tks VkbEl vkiQ bf.M;klekpkj&i=k esa Hkh NikA bl i=k esa fy[kk x;k ^^Jheku~] vkt dy isIlhdksyk dEiuh ds leFkZu ,oa fojks/ esa cgqr lkjs rdZ&fordZ i<+us ,oa lquusdks fey jgs gSaA bu lHkh dks tkuus ls ,d fu"d"kZ rks t:j fudyrk gS fdbl isIlh izkstsDV ds ihNs dqN fufgr LokFkZ Hkh dke dj jgs gSaA isIlh dsleFkZu esa lcls cM+k rdZ ;g gS fd Hkkjr ds [kk| izlaLdj.k ,oa gkVhZdYpjds fy;s cgqr mi;ksxh gksxhA ysfdu esjk ;g ekuuk gS fd Hkkjrh; [kk|izlaLdj.k m|ksx dk fodkl djus ds fy;s fdlh fons'kh dEiuh dh dksbZt:jr ugha gSA isIlh dksyk dEiuh dh vksj ls tks iSdst Hkkjr ljdkj dslkeus is'k fd;k x;k gS] mlh rjg ds izLrko nf{k.kh vejhdh ns'kksa dhljdkjksa ds lkeus Hkh bu vejhdh dEifu;ksa ds }kjk is'k fd;s x;s FksA ysfdulHkh nf{k.kh vejhdh ns'k mu izLrkoksa dks Lohdkj djds cjckn gks x;sA bufons'kh dEifu;ksa us nf{k.k vejhdk ds fdlkuksa dks iwjh rjg ls cjckn djfn;k FkkA eq>s yxrk gS fd Hkkjr esa [kk| izlaLdj.k m|ksx] iQy ,oa ckxokuhm|ksx esa Økafr gksuh pkfg,] ysfdu bl Økafr ds fy;s fons'kh dEifu;ksa dhdksbZ t:jr ugha gSA bl Økafr dh rduhd ij fdlh ,d dk lef/dkj ughagAS nfq u;k eas dbZ NkVs s n's k tlS ]s cYxkfj;k vkjS xhz l us Hkh bl [kk| ilz La dj.kdh rduhd esa egkjr gkfly dh gSA ;g rduhd [kqys cktkj esa vklkuh lsmiyC/ gSA isIlh dEiuh ds }kjk izLrkfor djkj gekjs Hkkjr ds fgr esa ughagSA nqfu;k ds vR;Ur vfodflr ns'kkas esa rks isIlh izLrko dh dksbZ t:jr gksldrh gS] ysfdu Hkkjr esa bldh dksbZ t:jr ughaA isIlh dEiuh Hkkjr dsfdlkuksa dk cgqr uqdlku djsxh] D;ksafd isIlh tSlh lHkh vejhdh dEifu;ksadh vknr ,dkf/dkj ds lkFk O;kikj djus dh jgh gSA gekjs fdlku ,dfons'kh dEiuh ds jgeksdje ij fuHkZj gks tk;sa] ;g fcYdqy vPNk ugha gSAisIlh&dksyk dEiuh dk Hkkjr esa vkuk ,d xyr 'kq#vkr gS ftlls] vkusokys le; esa vU; vejhdh dEifu;ksa ds fy;s Hkh Hkkjr esa ,d jkLrk [kqy




tk;sxkA Hkkjr esa cgqr NksVs mn~ns';ksa vkSj vius LokFkZ ds fy;s dke djus okysjktuhfrKksa dks ;s fons'kh dEifu;k¡ vius fy;s ykWch cukus ds fy;s mi;ksxdjrh gSaA ;g ykWch Hkkjrh; uhfr;ksa dks tks le; fl¼ [kjh mrjha gSa] cnynsxh] ;g ns'k ds fy;s [krjukd gksxkA¸

isIlh dksyk dEiuh ds fojks/ esa tc bl rjg ds [kqys i=kiz/kueU=kh dks fy[ks tkus yxs] rks fiQj bl dEiuh us ,d u;k rjhdkviuk;kA bl dEiuh ds deZpkfj;ksa us iatkc ds dqN xkaoksa esa tkdj fdlkuksadks cgyk&iQqlykdj vius leFkZu eas ,d gLrk{kj vfHk;ku pyk;kA yxHkxbl rjg ls 20]000 gLrk{kj Hkkjr ljdkj dks lkSais x;sA Hkkjr ljdkj dslkeus ;g is'k fd;k x;k fd isIlh&dksyk dks Hkkjr esaa fdlku Hkh pkgrs gSaAijks{k:i ls Hkkjr ljdkj dks ;g /edh Hkh nh x;h fd ;fn ljdkj usisIlh&dksyk izkstsDV dks eatwjh ugha nh rks iatkc eas fdlkuksa dk oksV dkaxzslikVhZ (tks ml le; ljdkj esa Fkh) dks ugha feysxkA bl gLrk{kj vfHk;kuesa isIlh dksyk dEiuh ds vferkHk ik.Ms ,oa xksdqy iVuk;d uke ds cM+s&cM+svf/dkjh 'kkfey FksA

isIlh dEiuh us Hkkjr ljdkj ij ncko Mkyus ds fy;s rRdkyhuiatkc esa py jgs mxzokn&vkradokn dk Hkh Hkjiwj iz;ksx fd;kA isIlh dEiuhus viuh vksj ls ,d izpkj vfHk;ku pyk;k fd] ¶iatkc dh lHkhvkfFkZd&jktuSfrd leL;kvksa dk lek/ku isIlh izkstsDV ds LohÑr gks tkusesa gh gS¸A isIlh dEiuh us ;g Hkh izpkj v[kckjksa ds }kjk djk;k fd ¶;fnisIlh izkstDV dks tYn Lohdkj ugha fd;k x;k rks iatkc dh vkfFkZd leL;k;saHkh c<+saxh vkSj bu leL;kvksa ds c<+us ls vkradokn Hkh c<+sxkA¸ isIlh dh vksjls v[kckjkas eas ilS s nds j y[s k Niok;s x;s fd bl dEiuh ls Hkkjr ds 50]000yksxksa dks jkstxkj feysxkA

nwljh vksj isIlh dEiuh us Hkkjrh; 'khry is; dEiuh ikjys dsf[kykiQ ,d izpkj vfHk;ku 'kq: fd;kA ikjys ds fo:¼ isIlh us cM+s&cM+siksLVj ,oa i=kd cuk;s] v[kckjksa esa foKkiu fn;sA buesa dgk x;k fdisIlh&dksyk dEiuh ds Hkkjr esa vkus ij izfr;ksfxrk c<+sxh] yksxksa dks lLrhdher ij 'khry is; ihus dks feysxk] ikjys dEiuh dk ,dkf/dkj VwVsxkvkfnA ysfdu vkt isIlh&dksyk vkSj dksdk&dksyk tSlh vejhdh dEifu;ksads vkus ds ckn Hkkjrh; cktkj esa iwjk ,dkf/dkj bu nksuksa dEifu;ksa dk gh

gks x;k gSA Hkkjrh; dEiuh ^ikjys* cktkj ls xk;c gks x;hA igys yksxksa dks300 feyh] 'khry is; dh cksry 3-50 :- rd esa feyrh Fkh tks c<+rs&c<+rs10 :- izfr cksry rd igq¡p x;hA isIlh dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk dEifu;ksa usHkkjr dh dbZ NksVh&NksVh LFkkuh; ckWVfyax dEifu;ksa dks [kjhn fy;k] ;k"kM+;a=k djds can djk fn;kA isIlh dksyk dEiuh us ;g dke cgqr gh prqjkbZls fd;kA eè;izns'k ds ,d m|ksxifr ,oa ckWVfyax IykUV ds ekfyd ,e-ih-t;iqfj;k ds usr`Ro esa isIlh dksyk ds leFkZu ls ,d laxBu cuk;k x;kA bllaxBu esa NksVs&NksVs ckWVfyax IykUVksa ds ekfydksa dks 'kkfey djk;k x;k vkSjiSls ds nckc esa bu lHkh us isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dk nkeu idM+ fy;kA

isIlhdksyk dEiuh ds izkstsDV dks Hkkjr esa eatwjh feyus esa yxHkx2 lky yxsA bu iwjs 2 lkyksa rd vejhdh ljdkj dk nckc Hkkjr ljdkjij iM+rk jgkA vejhdh ljdkj ds rRdkyhu mijk"Vªifr tktZ cq'k (tks cknesa vejhdk ds jk"Vªifr Hkh cus] vkSj vkt vejhdh jktuhfr{ks=k esa mUgsalhfu;j c'q k dgk tkrk g]S vFkkrZ oreZ ku vejhdh jk"Viªfr tktZ c'q k ds firklhfu;j tktZ cq'k)] vejhdh ljdkj dh okf.kT; ea=kh dkykZ fgYl ,oa Hkkjreas vejhdh jktnrw dh vkjs ls Hkkjr ljdkj dks ncko Hkjs i=k vkjS lna 's k vkrsjgAs vejhdh ljdkj dh vkjs ls Hkkjr ljdkj dks liq j&301 vkjS Li's ky&301dkuwuksa ds izko/kuksa ds vk/kj ij dk;Zokgh djus dh /edh nh tkrh jghAisIlh dksyk dEiuh dk rRdkyhu eqf[k;k MksukYM dsaMy Hkkjr ljdkj vkSjvejhdh ljdkj ds chp esa fcpkSfy;s dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk jgkA Hkkjr ljdkjdks ckj&ckj ;g dgk x;k fd ;fn isIlh izkstsDV dks eatwjh ugha feyh rks fiQjHkkjr esa fons'kh iwath fuos'k :d tk;sxkA bUgha lkjs nckoksa esa rRdkyhuiz/kueU=kh jktho xka/h us isIlh izkstsDV dks eatwjh nhA

jktho xka/h ds eu esa isIlhdksyk izkstsDV dks ysdj ,d jktuSfrdHk; iSnk gks x;kA ,d vksj rks vejhdk dh ukjktxh dk Hk;] rks nwljh vksjviuh ikVhZ esa lkalnksa dk Hk; jktho xka/h dsk lrkus yxkA dkaxzsl ikVhZ easdbZ lkalnksa us vU; lkalnksa ds lkFk feydj jktho xka/h dks i=k fy[kus 'kq:dj fn;sA nwljh vksj laln ds vUnj gjhÑ".k 'kkL=kh (iwoZ iz/kueU=kh Jh ykycgknqj 'kkL=kh ds cM+s csVs) us 52 lkalnksa ds gLrk{kj ls ;qDr ,d Kkiu isIlhdksyk ds fojks/ esa jktho xka/h dks lkSaikA blds ckn isIlh dEiuh us vius,d vf/dkjh jes'k oaxy dks lkeus yk;kA jes'k oaxy us isIlh dksyk ds




leFkZu esa laln es vanj&ckgj ykWfcax djokuk 'kq: fd;kA iz/kueU=khdk;kZy; esa isIlh us vius ,stsUV fu;qDr djk;s] tks gj iQSlys dh tkudkjhisIlh ds Åij rd ds vf/dkfj;ksa dks igq¡pk;k djrs FksA bUgha ,stsUVksa dhenn ls mu lHkh lkalnksa dks isIlh dksyk ds i{k esa ykus dk dk;Z fd;k x;k]ftUgksaus isIlh dksyk ds fojks/ esa jktho xka/h dks Kkiu fn;k FkkA

gjhÑ".k 'kkL=kh ds NksVs HkkbZ vfuy 'kkL=kh (iwoZ iz/kueU=kh Jh ykycgknqj 'kkL=kh ds NksVs csVs) dks isIlh dEiuh ds vf/dkfj;ksa }kjk izHkkforfd;k x;k] ftUgksaus ckn esa vius cM+s HkkbZ gjhÑ".k'kkL=kh dks isIlhdksyk dsleFkZu ds fy;s rS;kj fd;kA /hjs&/hjs gjhÑ".k 'kkL=kh us isIlh dk fojks/djuk can dj fn;k] vkSj ckn esa ,dne 'kkar gksdj cSB x;sA 'kkL=kh ds csVslat; us Hkh blesa cM+h Hkwfedk fuHkk;hA lat; ml le; I;ksj fMªaDl dEiuhds fy, ckWVfyax dk dke djrs FksA ckn esa I;ksj fMªaDl dEiuh ds lHkhckWVfyax dk dke djus okys yksx ;k rks isIlh dksyk ds lkFk pys x;s ;kdksdk dksyk ds lkFk pys x;sA

isIlh dksyk dEiuh us vius fy;s lkalnksa dk leFkZu tqVkus ds fy;sVkVk xqzi dh dEiuh oksYVkl ds vf/dkjh tkfgn csx dk mi;ksx fd;kAtkfgn csx dk HkkbZ dksdk&dksyk dEiuh dk cM+k vf/dkjh FkkA tkfgn csxds ,d lg;ksxh Ñ".ku us nf{k.k Hkkjrh; lkalnksa dks isIlh ds leFkZu esatqVkuk 'kq: fd;kA isIlh dEiuh dh j.kuhfr Fkh fd nf{k.k Hkkjrh; lkalnksads gLrk{kj gh tqVk;s tk;as] D;ksafd isIlh ds fojks/ esa ftu lkalnksa us gLrk{kj;qDr Kkiu jktho xka/h dks fn;k Fkk] os vf/dka'k lkaln mRrj Hkkjr ds FksAblh j.kuhfr ds rgr nf{k.k Hkkjr ds lkaln Mk- jkts'oju dks lcls igyslEidZ fd;k x;kA isIlh dEiuh ds lHkh cM+s vf/dkjh jes'k oaxy] vferkHkik.Ms] tkfgj csx] Ñ".ku rFkk rRdkyhu dkaxzsl ikVhZ ds lfpo vfuy'kkL=khyxkrkj lkaln Mk- jkts'oju ds lEidZ esa jgsA Mk- jkts'oju rfeyukMq lslkaln Fks] tks fiQYeh nqfu;k ls jktuhfr esa vk;s FksA Mk- jkts'oju ds lg;ksxls fr:fpjkiYyh ds dkaxzsl lkaln vMSdyjkt dks isIlh ds leFkZu ds fy;srS;kj fd;k x;kA vMSdyjkt rfeyukMq ds cgqr cM+s 'kjkc m|ksxifr gqvkdjrs FksA

isIlh dEiuh us ^fMuj fMIykseslh* dk Hkjiwj bLrseky djuk 'kq:fd;kA vMSdyjkt us isIlh dEiuh ds lkFk lkSnsckth djuk 'kq: fd;kA isIlh

dEiuh us nf{k.k Hkkjr esa vMSdyjkt dks viuk ÚSapkblh cukus dk lkSnk djfy;kA cnys esa vMSdyjkt us nf{k.k Hkkjrh; lkalnksa ds gLrk{kj isIlh dsleFkZu esa tqVkuk 'kq: dj fn;kA bl izfØ;k esa dbZ ,sls lkalnksa ds gLrk{kjHkh isIlh dEiuh ds leFkZu esa fy;s x;s] ftUgksaus iwoZ esa isIlh dEiuh dsfojks/ esa gLrk{kj fd;s FksA rfeyukMq izns'k ds 48 lkalnksa ds gLrk{kj isIlhdEiuh ds leFkZu esa fy;s x;sA blesa ckn esa 8 vkSj ,sls lkalnksa us gLrk{kjfd;s] tks lHkh iwoZ esa isIlh dEiuh ds izkstsDV ds fojks/ esa gLrk{kj ;qDrKkiu jktho xka/h dks ns pqds FksA bl izdj.k ls ;g lkiQ gks tkrk gS fdgekjs lalnh; yksdrU=k dks bu LokFkhZ] vuSfrd] xSj ftEesnkj] vkSj Hkz"Vlkalnksa us ,d rjg ls oSpkfjd os';ko`fÙk cuk fn;k gSA bl rjg isIlhdksykds leFkZu esa 54 lkalnksa us gLrk{kj dj fn;sA 15 vxLr 1986 dks ;s lHkh54 lkalnksa ds gLrk{kj isIlh dEiuh dks lkSais x;sA ckn esa bu gLrk{kjksa dksjktho xka/h dks fn;k x;kA blh 15 vxLr 1986 dks isIlh dksyk dEiuh uslkaln vMSdyjkt ds lkFk ,d O;kikfjd le>kSrk fd;k (Franchise

Agreement), ftlds vk/kj ij nf{k.k Hkkjr esa isIlh dEiuh dk O;kikfjdlkezkT; LFkkfir gqvkA

isIlh dEiuh ds eq[; vf/dkjh jes'k oaxy us lkalnksa dks viusleFkuZ eas djus ds ckn fiQj dbZ jkT;kas ds e[q ;efa =k;kas dks vius iHz kko eas yus k'kq: fd;kA bl dM+h esa lcls igys tEew&d'ehj ds rRdkyhu eq[;ea=khiQk#[k vCcnqYyk rFkk fgekapy izns'k ds rRdkyhu eq[;ea=kh ohj Hknz flag dksizHkko eas fy;k x;kA bu nksuksa eq[;ea=kh;ksa dh vksj ls iz/kuea=kh jktho xka/hdks isIlh izkstsDV dks leFkZu djus okys i=k fy[ks x;sA iatkc ljdkj ds dbZvf/dkjh tks iIs lh&dkys k ds fojk/s eas Fk]s mUgas vejhdk dh ;k=kk djk;h x;hAvejhdk dh ;k=kk ls ykSVrs gh bu vf/dkfj;ksa dk iwjk fopkj ,oa gn;ifjorZu gks x;k vkSj ;s lHkh vf/dkjh tks iwoZ esa fojks/h Fks isIlhdksyk dsleFkZu esa vk x;sA dbZ ckj ,slk Hkh gqqvk fd isIlh dEiuh ds vf/dkjh jes'koaxy }kjk fy[ks x;s i=kksa ij gh lkalnksa us gLrk{kj dj fn;s vkSj fQj og i=kiz/kueU=kh jktho xka/h ds ikl Hkstk x;kA jktho xka/h dks ;g iRkk Hkh ughapyk gksxk fd] tks Kkiu ;k i=k vkfn lkalnksa dh vksj ls isIlh ds leFkZuesa mUgsa fn;s x;s] os okLro esa isIlh dEiuh ds eq[; vf/dkjh jes'k caxy }kjkgh fy[ks x;s FksA




19 flrEcj 1988 dks jktho xka/h us isIlh&dksyk ds izkstsDV dksvfUre :i ls eta jw h ns fn;kA gkykf¡d jktho xk/a h ds e[q ; lfpo xkis h vjkjs kus Hkh dkiQh fojks/ fd;kA mUgksaus jktho xka/h dks dkiQh le>kus dh dksf'k'kfd bl izkstsDV dks eatwjh nsus ds ifj.kke dkiQh [kjkc gksaxsA ysfdu jkthoxka/h us xksih vjksjk dh ckr dk Hkh è;ku ugha fn;kA ftl ea=kky; dh vksjls iIs lhdkys k ikz ts Ds V dks eta jw h nh x;h ,oa ?kk"s k.kk dh x;h og eU=kky; [kk|,oa izlaLdj.k ea=kky; FkkA blesa ml le; eU=kh gqvk djrs Fks] txnh'kVkbZVyjA 19 flrEcj 1988 dh 'kke 8 ctdj 40 feuV ij nwjn'kZulekpkjksa esa] ljdkj ds }kjk isIlh&dksyk dh ifj;kstuk eatwjh dk lekpkjvk;kA

Hkkjr ljdkj us isIlh&dksyk ifj;kstuk dks ftu 'krksZa ds vk/kj ijeatwjh nh os 'krsZa bl izdkj Fkh %

1) bl ifj;kstuk ls iwjs ns'k esa 50]000 yksxksa dks vkSj iatkc esa25]000 yksxksa dks jkstxkj feysxkA vFkkZr isIlh ifj;kstuk ls dqy feykdj75]000 yksxksa dks jkstxkj feysxkA

2) iatkc izns'k eas iSnk gksus okys dqy iQy vkSj lfCt;ksa dk 25%

izlaLdj.k bl ifj;kstuk }kjk gksxkA3) bl ifj;kstuk ls Hkkjr esa [kk| izlaLdj.k dh og rduhd yk;h

tk;sxh tks ns'k eas miyC/ ugha gSA bl rduhd dh enn ls Hkkjr dk fu;kZrc<xs+ kA

4) dqy ifj;kstuk ykxr dk 74% [kk| izlaLdj.k {ks=k esa ghyxk;k tk;xs kA

5) isIlh dEiuh ds dqy mRiknu dk 50% fu;kZr fd;k tk;sxkA6) isIlh dEiuh vius dqy mRiknu ewY; ds 25% ds gh 'khry

is; dk mRiknu dj ldsxhA7) bl ifj;kstuk ls 174 djksM+ :- dk vfrfjDr jktLo (VSDl)

izfro"kZ ljdkj dks feysxkA8) isIlh&dksyk dEiuh tc 5 Mkyj ewY; ds cjkcj dk Hkkjr ls

fu;kZr djsxh rc 1 Mkyj ds cjkcj ewY; dk vk;kr dj ldsxhA vFkkZr isIlhdks ftruk vk;kr djsxh] mldk ikap xqukfu;kZr djuk iM+sxkA

9) isIlh&dksyk dEiuh viuk lkÝV fMªad ('khry is;) dkdalUVªsV ('khris; cukus ds fy;s t:jh ?kksy) Hkkjr esa gh rS;kj djsxh] blsvejhdk ls vk;kr ugha fd;k tk;sxkA

10) isIlh&dksyk ifj;kstuk esa vf/dre iw¡th Hkkjrh; lg;ksxh tSlsoksYVkl ,oa iatkc ,xzks bUMLVªht dkjiksjs'ku ds ikl jgsxhA

11) isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dks vius fu;kZr ok;nksa dks 10 lky rdfuHkkuk iM+sxkA vFkkZr isIlh&dksyk ftruk ewY; dk mRiknudjsxh] mldk 50% yxkrkj 10 lkyksa rd fu;kZr djrh jgsxhA

12) isIlh&dksyk dEiuh equkQk dek dj vius ns'k vejhdk rHkhys tk ldsxh] tc fd og fu;kZr dh 'krkasZ dks iwjk djsA vFkkZr 5Mkyj dkfu;kZr djds gh ;g dEiuh 1 Mkyj Hkkjr ls ys tk ldsxhA

13) isIlh dEiuh dks tks dqN Hkh vk;kr djuk gksxk] og cgqrt:jh gkxs k rHkh gks ldxs kA vFkkrZ ~ dEiuh xjS t:jh vk;kr ugha dj ldxs hAvk;kr Hkh Hkkjr ljdkj dh uhfr;ksa ,oa dkuwuksa ds vk/kj ij gh gks ldsxkA

14) ifj;kstuk LohÑr gksus ds igys gh lky esa isIlh dEiuh dks20 djksM+ :- dk lkeku Hkkjr ls fu;kZr djuk iM+sxkA

15) isIlh dEiuh dks Hkkjr esa [kk| ,oa Ñf"k izlaLdj.k dk ,d'kks/ dsUnz [kksyuk iM+sxkA ;g 'kks/ dsUnz Hkkjrh; Ñf"k vuqla/ku dsUnz ,oaÑf"k fo'ofo|ky;] yqf/;kuk dh ns[k&js[k esa pysxkA

16) Hkkjr esa isIlh&dksyk dEiuh vius fdlh Hkh eky ij fons'kh(vejhdh) czkaM&uke bLrseky ugha djsxhA

bu lHkh 'krksZa ds vk/kj ij gh isIlh&dksyk ifj;kstuk dks LohÑrfd;k x;kA ysfdu vkt 15 lky iwjs gksus ds ckn Hkh isIlh dEiuh us ,dHkh 'krZ iwjh ugha dh gSA isIlh dEiuh us iQjojh 1989 esa gksf'k;kjiqj esa tgwjkuked LFkku ij ,d iQSDVjh cukbZ ftlesa VekVj dh pVuh vkSj lkWl cukusdh ckr dgh x;hA fiQj twu 1989 esa isIlh dEiuh us iatkc esa NUuks ukedLFkku ij ,d 'khry is; (lkÝV fMªad) dh iQSDVjh yxk;hA

tc iIs lh&dkys k dEiuh dh ifj;kts uk dks Hkkjr eas eta jw h nh tk jghFkh ml le; dksdk&dksyk dEiuh [kkeks'kh ds lkFk ;g lc ns[k jgh FkhA bldksdk&dksyk dks 1977 esa Hkkjr ls Hkxk;k x;k FkkA 1977 dh rRdkyhuturk ljdkj us dksdk&dksyk dEiuh dk ykbZlsal fujLr dj fn;k FkkA




ysfdu ;gh dksdk&dksyk Hkkjr esa fiQj ls vkus ds fy;s jkLrk [kkstus yxhAtSls gh isIlh ifj;kstuk dks izkFkfed eatwjh 1986 esa feyh] dksdk&dksykdEiuh us vius fo'ks"kKksa dh ,d Vhe dks Hkkjr Hkst fn;kA dksdk&dksyk dhVhe us Hkkjr vkdj isIlh&dksyk ds Hkkjr ljdkj ls gq;s djkj dk vè;;ufd;kA blh djkj dks è;ku esa j[kdj dksdk&dksyk us Hkh vius fy;s ,d u;kdjkj Hkkjr ljdkj ls djus dk r; fd;kA blds fy;s dksdk&dksyk dEiuhus Hkkjr ljdkj dh fo'ks"k fu;kZr {ks=k (Export Prousing Zone) cukus dhuhfr dk iQk;nk mBk;kA Hkkjr ljdkj us Hkkjr dk] fu;kZr vk/kfjr fodkldjus dk] iQSlyk fd;k FkkA blds fy;s fo'ks"k fu;kZr {ks=k cuk;s x;s] tgk¡ij yxus okyh vkS|ksfxd bZdkbZ;ksa dks 100% fu;kZr djus ds fy;s izksRlkgufn;k tkus yxkA bu fo'ks"k fu;kZr {ks=kksa dk ,d fu;e Fkk] fd ;gk¡ cuus okyhdksbZ Hkh oLrq Hkkjrh; cktkj esa ugha fcdsxhA ckn esa Hkkjr ljdkj us fons'khdEiuh dksdk&dksyk ds ncko esa bl uhfr dks FkksM+k cny fn;kA fiQj ,dubZ uhfr cuk;h x;h fd] fo'ks"k fu;kZr {ks=k esa bZdkbZ yxkus okyh dEiuh dksdqy mRikn dk 25% Hkkjrh; cktkj esa cspus dh NwV gksxhA

dksdk&dksyk us blh ljdkjh fu;kZr {ks=k dh ;kstuk ds vk/kj ijuks;Mk fu;kZr {ks=k esa ,d vkS|ksfxd bZdkbZ yxkus ds fy;s Hkkjr ljdkj dslkeus izzLrko j[kkA blesa 25% mRiknu Hkkjrh; cktkj esa cspus ds fy;sizLrkfor fd;k x;kA ftl rjg ls isIlh dksyk us jktuSfrd ncko Mkyus dsfy, lkalnksa dks vius leFkZu esa [kM+k djus dk] eq[;eaf=k;ksa dks viuh vksjfeykus dk dk;Z fd;k] Bhd mlh rjg ls dksdk&dksyk us Hkh djuk 'kq#fd;kA vkSj Hkkjrh; lalnh; yksdrU=k ds Hkz"Vkpkj] LokFkZokn vkSj oSpkfjdo's ;kofÙk ds pyrs dkds k&dkys k dks Hkh Hkkjr ea s eta jw h fey x;hA dkds k&dkys kdks ftl vk/kj ij eatwjh feyh] mlh dks vk/kj cukdj ,d vkSj izLrkoHkkjr ljdkj ds lkeus isIlh&dksyk dEiuh us is'k fd;kA

bl nwljs izLrko ds fy;s isIlh&dksyk dEiuh us rRdkyhu iatkc dsjkT;iky fl¼kFkZ 'kadj jk; dk lgkjk fy;kA fl¼kFkZ 'kadj jk; us lu~ 1977esa dksdk&dksyk ds ykbZlsasl jn~n djus dk cgqr fojks/ fd;k FkkA fl¼kFkZ'kadj jk; Hkkjrh; laln esa ges'kk ls fons'kh iw¡th vkSj fons'kh dEifu;ksa dsleFkZu djus ds fy;s e'kgwj jgsA dksdk&dksyk ds izLrko dks eatwjh okf.kT;ea=kky; ls feyh] ftleas ea=kh Fks fnus'k flagA ysfdu etsnkj ckr ;g gqbZ fd]

isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dk izLrko [kk| izlaLdj.k ea=kky; }kjk LohÑr fd;kx;k vkSj dksdk&dksyk dEiuh dk izLrko okf.kT; ea=kky; }kjk LohÑr fd;kx;kA ysfdu dksdk&dksyk dEiuh ds izLrko dh fojks/ [kk| izlaLdj.kea=kky; txnh'k VkbZVyj }kjk dkiQh fd;k x;k] tcfd bUgha ea=kh] txnh'kVkbZVyj vkSj muds ea=kky; us isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dk iwjh rkdr ls leFkZufd;kA bl lUnHkZ eas okf.kT; ea=kh fnus'k flag ,oa [kk| izlaLdj.k ea=khtxnh'k VkbZVyj ds chp i=kksa }kjk dkiQh fookn Hkh gqvkA

isIlh dksyk dEiuh }kjk Hkkjr ljdkj dks fn;s x;s /ks[ksisIlh dksyk dEiuh }kjk Hkkjr ljdkj dks fn;s x;s /ks[ksisIlh dksyk dEiuh }kjk Hkkjr ljdkj dks fn;s x;s /ks[ksisIlh dksyk dEiuh }kjk Hkkjr ljdkj dks fn;s x;s /ks[ksisIlh dksyk dEiuh }kjk Hkkjr ljdkj dks fn;s x;s /ks[ksiIs lh&dkys k dEiuh us viuh ifj;kts uk dh eta jw h ds rjq ra

ckn gh Hkkjr ljdkj dks /ks[ks nsus 'kq# fd;sA lcls igyk /ks[kk ifj;kstukykxr dks c<k+ dj fn;k x;kA tc ifj;kts uk LohÑr gbq Z Fkh] rc mldh ykxr22 djksM+ #i;s j[kh x;h Fkh] ysfdu isIlh us bls c<+kdj 75 djksM+ #i;s djfn;k] vkSj bl rjg Hkkjr ns'k ls 53 djksM+ #i;s vejhdk Hkst fn;k x;kAtc bl ckjs eas Hkkjr ljdkj }kjk iIs lh dEiuh ls iNw rkN dh x;h rks dEiuhus fnlEcj 1989 esa crk;k fd le; chrus ds lkFk ifj;kstuk dh ykxr Hkhc<+ xbZ gSA isIlh dEiuh us vejhdk ls yk;h x;h e'khujh dh dherksa dksvuki&'kuki c<+kdj gh bl ykxr dks c<+k;kA rduhdh Hkk"kk esa bldks¶vksoj buok;flax¸ dgk tkrk gSA vFkkZr vejhdk esa dksbZ e'khu dhokLrfod dher ;fn 1 djksM+ Mkyj gks rks mlss c<+kdj 3 djksM+ Mkyj dj fn;ktk; rks ml e'khu dks Hkkjr ykus esa 2 djksM+ Mkyj lh/s vejhdk dh isIlhdEiuh ds [kkrs esa ykHk ds :i esa tek gks tk;sxkA blh rjg isIlh&dksykdEiuh ls vk;kfrr e'khuksa dh dherksa dks c<+kdj 53 djksM+ :i;s Hkkjr dsisIlh&dksyk ds [kkrs ls vejhdk dh isIlh&dksyk dEiuh ds [kkrs esa Hkstfn;As iIs lh&dkys k dEiuh us lkekU; :i ls 200 ls 300 ifz r'kr rd ¶vkos jbuok;flax¸ fd;kA

isIlh dEiuh dks Hkkjrh; foRrh; laLFkkvksa us 43 djksM+ :i;s dkdtZ fn;kA è;ku nsus dh ckr gS fd iwjs 75 djksM+ :- dh ykxr okyhifj;kstuk dks Hkkjr esa gh 43 djksM+ :- dk dtkZ fey x;kA bl dtsZ dksfnyokus esa dkaxzsl ikVhZ ds rRdkyhu lfpo vfuy 'kkL=kh dh izeq[k HkwfedkjghA ;g dtkZ vkbZ-,iQ-lh-vkbZ- us fn;k FkkA ;g dtkZ isIlh&dksyk dEiuh




}kjk crk;h x;h lHa kkfor fcØh ds vk/kj ij fn;k x;k] tks vius vki eas cgrqgh gSjkuh dh ckr gSA okLrfodrk ;g jgh fd isIlh&dksyk us tks Hkh laHkkforfcØh crk;h og xyr lkfcr gqbZA isIlh dEiuh us vius [kk| inkFkksZa dhfcØh dh laHkkouk yxHkx 13 djksM+ #- crk;h Fkh og okLro eas 2 djksM+ #-dh gh gqbZA tcfd bl 2 djksM+ #- dh fcØh esa 1 djksM+ #- rks foKkiuckthesa gh [kpZ fd;s FksA blh rjg isIlh dEiuh us laHkkfor fcØh ds >wBs vk¡dMs+fn[kkdj Hkkjrh; cSadksa ,oa foRrh; laLFkkvksa ls dtkZ ysuk 'kq# fd;kA lu~1990 vkSj 1991 esa nksuksa gh o"kksZa esa isIlh&dksyk dEiuh us vius fu;kZr dh'krksZa dks iwjk ugha fd;kA vFkkZr nks o"kksZa rd yxkrkj bl dEiuh us ,d MkyjHkh Hkkjr ns'k dks dek dj ugha fn;kA igys lky isIlh ds laHkkfor fcØh ds13 djksM+ #- c<+dj nwljs lky ds fy;s 25 djksM+ #- gks x;sA

isIlh dksyk dEiuh dh bl /ks[kk/M+h ds ckjs esa laln esa dbZ ckjiz'u mBk;s x;sA [kkldj lh-ih-vkbZ- (,e-) ds lkaln nhisu ?kks"k us lclsvf/d loky bl ckjs esa fd;sA 52 lkalnksa ds gLrk{kj okyh ,d ;kfpdkljdkj ds lkeus is'k dh x;h] ftlesa isIlh dEiuh dh /ks[kk/M+h dh tk¡pdjus ds fy;s dgk x;k FkkA iatkc ds iwoZ eq[;eU=kh vkSj dkaxzzslh usrk njckjkflag us Hkh isIlh dh /ks[kk/M+h dh tk¡p djus ds fy;s ljdkj dks dgk]yssfdu dqN Hkh ugha gqvkA

75 djksM+ #i;s okyh ifj;kstuk esa isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dh 'kq#vkrhiw¡th (initial paidup Capital) Hkkx 10 djksM+ dh FkhA ysfdu igys gh lkyeas iIs lh dkys k dEiuh us 53 djkMs + #i;s vejhdk dks Hkts fn;As bl 75 djkMs +dh ifj;kstuk esa 43 djksM+ #- Hkkjrh; foRrh; laLFkkvksa ls dtZ ds :i esa fy;sx;sA ckdh ds cps gq;s esa oksYVkl dEiuh ,oa iatkc ,xzks b.MLVªht dkjiksjs'kudh fgLlsnkjh FkhA oksYVkl ds fgLls esa 6 djksM+ #- rFkk iatkc ,xzks ds fgLlsesa 8 djksM+ #- dk izkFkfed iwath fuos'k jgkA

iIs lh dEiuh us ,d vkjS /k[s kk/Mh+ e'khukas ds vk;kr djus eas fd;kAlkekU; :i ls Hkkjr eas ;g fu;e gS fd tc dksbZ dEiuh ckgj ds ns'kksa lse'khusa ;k lkeku vk;kr djrh gS] rks dtZ nsus okyh laLFkkvkssa dks lcdqNcrkuk iM+rk gSA fdl dEiuh ls] dgk¡ ls vkSj fdruk vk;kr fd;k tk jgkgS] blh fu;e ds rgr tc isIlh dEiuh us vkbZ-,iQ-lh-vkbZ- ls dtkZ fy;krks crk;k x;k fd isIlh&dksyk dEiuh Mykl (vejhdk) fLFkr dEiuh ¶Øap

cSjsy iQwM~l dkjiksjs'ku¸ ls lHkh e'khuksa dk vk;kr djsxhA ysfdu [kkst djusij irk pyk fd Mykl esa ¶Øap cSjsy iQwM~l dkjiksjs'ku¸ uke dh dksbZdEiuh gh ugha FkhA isIlh dEiuh dh vksj ls bl mijksÙkQ dEiuh dk tks irkvkSj iQksu uEcj crk;k x;k] og iwjh rjg ls cksxl fudykA bl isIlh&dksykdEiuh us okLro esa tks Hkh e'khusa vk;kr dh os lc viuh gh vejhdh isIlhdEiuh ls dhA blh ls ¶vksoj buok;flax¸ dk iQk;nk isIlh dEiuh dks gksrkjgkA ysfdu ;g Hkkjrh; dkuwu ,oa fu;eksa ds f[kykiQ gSA Hkkjr ljdkj dsizoZru funs'kky; us blds ckjs esa tk¡p dhA fiQj isIlh&dksyk dEiuh usLohdkj dj fy;k fd ¶Øap cSjsy¸ uke dh dksbZ dEiuh ugha gS cfYdisIlh&dksyk }kjk gh Hkkjr esa vk;kr djus ds fy;s ;g cuk;h x;h FkhA bruhcM+h /ks[kk/M+h isIlh dEiuh dh idM+h x;h] fiQj Hkh Hkkjr ljdkj us dqN Hkhugha fd;kA

isIlh&dksyk dEiuh us Hkkjr esa le>kSrk djrs le; Hkkjr ljdkjdks ok;nk fd;k Fkk fd iwjs ns'k eas 75]000 yksxksas dks jkstxkj isIlh dEiuhds dkj.k feysxkA blesa ls 25]000 yksxksa dks iatkc esa ,oa 50]000 yksxksa dksiatkc ds ckgj jkstxkj nsus dh ckr isIlh&dksyk ds le>kSrs esa dgh x;h FkhAysfdu vkt rd isIlh dEiuh us viuk ;g ok;nk iwjk ugha fd;kA vc rksisIlh dEiuh ds vf/dkjh ;g Lohdkj Hkh ugha djrs gSa] fd 75]000 yksxksadks jkstxkj nsus dk mUgksaus dksbZ ok;nk fd;k FkkA rRdkyhu [kk| izlaLdj.km|kxs ds eU=kh txnh'k VkbVZ yj us Hkh iIs lh ifj;kts uk dh ?kk"s k.kk djrs le;75]000 yksxksa dks jkstxkj feyus dh ckr dgh FkhA isIlh&dksyk dEiuh lstc Hkh bl ckjs esa iwNk x;k] rks tokc feyk fd dEiuh dh vksj ls dHkhHkh dqN ugha dgk x;kA dHkh&dHkh isIlh dh vksj ls ;g dg fn;k x;k] fdisIlh ds 'khry is; dh cksryksa dks cspus okyksa dks jkst+xkj rks fn;k gSAokLrfodrk ;g gS fd isIlh dh cksryksa dks cspusokys yksx ;k rks iku] ikuelkyk vkfn csprs gSa] ;k fiQj pk;] dkiQh vkfn csprs gSa] ftUgsa igys lspk;&dkiQh] iku&chMh+ vkfn cps us ls jkts xkj feyk gh gvq k gAS okLro eas iIs lhdEiuh dh vksj ls ,d Hkh u;k jkstxkj fdlh dks ugha fn;k x;k gSA

isIlh&dksyk }kjk jk;YVh fy;s tkus ,oa ml jk;YVh dks vejhdkHkstus ds ckjs esa ,d isIlh vf/kdkjh uhy pVthZ }kjk crk;k x;k fd]^^isIlh&dksyk dh ,d ØsV cksryksa (24 cksry) dks Hkjus esa 8 #- dk lkUnz




?kksy (dUlUVªsV& Concentrate) [kpZ gksrk gSA blesa 2 #- isIlh dEiuh dkstkus okyh jk;YVh gS rFkk 6 #-(dUlUVªsV& Concentrate) lkUnz ?kksy dhvlyh dher gS¸A è;ku jgs fd isIlh dEiuh blh 6 #- ds lkUnz ?kksy dhdher ij 24 izfr'kr mRikn dj (Exciseduty) Hkkjr ljdkj dks nsrh gSAvFkkZr ,d ØsV (24 cksrysa) tc isIlh dh cudj rS;kj gksrh gSa rks mu lHkh24 cksryksa ij 1 #- vkSj 44 iSls dk mRiknu dj yxkrk gSA vFkkZr~ ,d isIlhdh cksry ij 6 iSls ek=k gh mRiknu dj bl le; yx jgk gSA Hkkjr ns'kesa bl le; (lu~ 2003 esa) isIlh vkSj dksdkdksyk dh dqy fcØh 7000djksM+ #- izfro"kZ gSA bl le; vkSlru isIlh&dksdkdksyk dh ,d cksry 10#- dh csph tkrh gSA vFkkZr yxHkx 700 djksM+ cksry izfro"kZ isIlh odksdkdksyk dh Hkkjr esa fcd jgh gSA ,d cksry ij 6 iSls dk mRiknu djHkkjr ljdkj dks feyrk gS] rks 700 djksM+ cksryksa ij yxHkx 42 djksM+ #-Hkkjr ljdkj dks mRikndj ds :i esa feyrk gSA Hkkjr ns'k dh dbZ jkT;ljdkjksa us isIlh o dksdkdksyk ij fcØh dj esa 100 izfr'kr NwV nh gqbZ gSAtSls xqtjkr ljdkj] mM+hlk ljdkj] dukZVd ljdkj vkfn us iwjh rjg lsisIlh&dksd dks dj eqDr fd;k gqvk gSA vxj eku fy;k tk; fd isIlh odksdkdksyk dEifu;ksa dk O;oLFkk [kpZ] foKkiu [kpZ vkSj djksa dk [kPkZ dqyfcØh dk 40 ls 50 izfr'kr gks rks gj lky ;s nksuksa dEifu;k¡ 3500 djksM+#i;s Hkkjr ls equkiQs ds :i esa ywVdj vejhdk ys tk jgh gSaA isIlhdksykdEiuh ds ,d eq[; vf/dkjh jktho c['kh ds vuqlkj bu BaMs is;ksa ijfoKkiu dk dqy [kpkZ] dqy fcØh dk 12% ds vkl&ikl gksrk gSA vFkkZrBaMs is;kas dh dqy (isIlh o dksdkdksyk) fcØh 7000 djksM+ #- rks foKkiu[kpZ gqvk 850 djksM+ #-A vFkkZr izR;sd cksry ij foKkiu [kpZ yxHkx 1-20#-(1 #i;s]20 iSls) cSBrk gSA vc ;fn isIlh ;k dksdkdksyk dh ,d cksrydks cukus dk [kpkZ fudkyk tk; rks fglkc dqN bl izdkj cSBrk gS ,dcksry dks cukus esa lkUnz ?kksy (dUlUVªsV& Concentrate) 30 iSls dk] ,dcksry ij mRikndj 6 iSls dk] ,d cksry ij foKkiu [kpkZ 1-20 #-] cspusokys nqdkunkj dks equkiQk yxHkx 1 #-] dqy [kpkZ gqvk] 2-56 #- (2 # 56iSls)A vc ;fn dqN jkT;ksa esa fcØh dj vkfn dk [kpkZ tksM+ ysa rks yxHkx,d cksry ij dEiuh dh vksj ls [kpkZ gksrk gS 3 #-A vkSj ;g cksry fcdrhgS yxHkx 10 #- dh bl rjg ,d ckrs y ij dEiuh dks 7 #- dk euq kiQk gkrs k gAS

isIlh&dksyk dEiuh us iatkc ds fdlkuksa lss VekVj] vke] phdwvkfn iQyksa dks gtkjksa Vu esa [kjhnus dk tks ok;nk fd;k Fkk] og Hkh dHkhugha fuHkk;kA blds fy;s isIlh dEiuh dk eq[; vf/dkjh jes'k caxy dgrkjgk fd] paM+hx<+ ls cEcbZ ds chp iQyksa dks ykus ds fy;s [kpkZ] iQyksa dhdher ls vf/d gksrk gS] blfy;s ge iatkc ds fdlkuksa ls iQy ugha [kjhndjrs gSaSA isIlh dksyk ds lkFk gq;s Hkkjr ljdkj ds le>kSrs esa ;g Li"V dgkx;k fd rc rd isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dks vkS|ksfxd ykbZlsal (Industrial

Licence) ugha feysxk\A ysfdu viQlksl dh ckr ;g gS fd vkt rd HkhisIlh&dksyk dEiuh us vius le>kSrs dh ,d Hkh 'krZ dks iwjk ugha fd;k vkSjbl dEiuh dks vkS|ksfxd ykbZlsUl Hkh fey x;kA tc Hkkjr esa pUnz'ks[kjljdkj vk;h Fkh] ml le; iIs lh&dkys k dks vkn's k fn;k x;k Fkk fd og vius'khry is; dk mRiknu vf/d ugha c<+k;sA ysfdu isIlh dEiuh us bl vkns'kdk Hkh mYya?ku fd;k vkSj vius BaMs is; dk mRiknu yxkrkj c<+k;kA iwoZ iz/kueU=kh pUnz'ks[kj us bl ij ,d tk¡p djk;hA blds fy;s rhu lnL;h; ,dlfefr cuk;h x;hA bl lfefr }kjk iwNs tkus ij Hkh isIlh dEiuh dh vksjls dgk x;k ^^tc gekjk 'khry is; Hkkjr esaa bruk vf/d fcd jgk gS] rksge blh ij è;ku dsfUnzr djsaxsa] uk fd fdlh vkSj O;olk; ijA yksd lHkkls ,d lnL; nhisu ?kks"k us bl ij dM+h vkifRr tkfgj dh vkSj lEcfU/rea=kh txnh'k VkbZVyj dks Hkh dbZ i=k fy[ks vkSj yksdlHkk eas iz'u mBk;s]ysfdu dqN ugha gqvkA bl rjg isIlh&dksyk dEiuh us Hkkjr ljdkj ds lkFkfd;s x;s le>kSrs dh ,d Hkh 'krZ dks dHkh iwjk ugha fd;kA fu;kZr djus dsiz'u ij ges'kk gh isIlh us fdlh vU; dEiuh ;k O;fDr }kjk fd;s x;s fu;kZrdks viuk fu;kZr crk;k] vkSj ljdkj dks /ks[kk fn;kA Hkkjr ds fdlkuksa lsvke] phdw] VekVj] ve:n] lsc vkfn [kjhndj fiQj izlaLdj.k djds mUgsafu;kZr djus dk tks ok;nk isIlh dk Fkk] mls Hkh dHkh iwjk ugha fd;k x;kAtc VkbZEl Vh-oh- }kjk isIlh&dksyk dh xfrfof/;ksa ij ,d iQhpj rS;kj fd;kx;k o ;g iwNk x;k fd os lc iQSDVfj;k¡ dgk¡ ij gSa tgka ls iQyksa dkizlaLdj.k djds fu;kZr fd;k tkrk gS] rks dEiuh ds vf/dkfj;ksa us dksbZ Hkhtokc ugha fn;kA

tc Hkkjr ljdkj vkSj ehfM;k dh vksj ls isIlh&dksyk dEiuh ijncko Mkyk x;k rks ,d fnu vpkud isIlh&dksyk dEiuh us tqykbZ 1991 esa




fnYyh esa ,d fo'ks"k i=kdkj ifj"kn~ dk vk;kstu fd;k ftlesa dEiuh dh vksjls dgk x;k fd] isIlh dEiuh }kjk 9-62 djksM+ #- dk fu;kZr fd;k x;k gSAysfdu ;g fu;kZr Fkk pk;] pkoy] dkWVu ds rkSfy;s tSlh oLrqvksa dk uk fdisIlh }kjk mRiknu dh x;h oLrqvksa dkA ysfdu ljdkj }kjk ;g lc dqNtkuus ij Hkh dksbZ dB+ksj dk;Zokgh ugha dh x;hA Hkkjr ljdkj ds [kk|izlaLdj.k ea=kky; ds lfpo vkj-ds-jFk }kjk tqykbZ 1991 esa ,d dM+k i=kokf.kT; ea=kky; dks fy[kk x;kA ml i=k esa isIlh dEiuh dh lkjh iksy [kksyhx;hA isIlh }kjk ljdkj dks /ks[kk fn;s tkus ds ckjs esa Hkh foLrkj ls fy[kkx;k vkSj isIlh dEiuh ds f[kykiQ dkuwuh dk;Zokgh djus ds fy;s dgk x;kAysfdu bl ij Hkh dqN ugha gqvkA

nf{k.k Hkkjr esa isIlh us vius iSj tekus ds fy;s rRdkyhu lkalnvMSdyjkt dk Hkjiwj iz;ksx fd;kA blh lkaln vMSdyjkt us laln esa HkhisIlh&dksyk ds leFkZu esa lkalnksa ds gLrk{kj ysus dk Hkh dke fd;kAvMSdyjkt rfeyukMq eas 'kjkc cukus okyksa esa lcls Åij ekuk tkrk jgkAysfdu dbZ ?kksVkyksa esa lh-ch-vkbZ- us mls fyIr ik;k FkkA dsjy ds ,d O;kikjh,e-lh-tSdc ds lkFk feydj vMSdyjkt us ,d lgdkjh lfefr LFkkfirfd;kA bl lgdkjh lfefr ds uke ij ,d djksM+ #- dk dtkZ ,d cSad lsfy;k x;kA vMSdyjkt bl lgdkjh lfefr dk funs'kd cukA lh-ch-vkbZ- ustc tk¡p fd;k rks ik;k fd ;g lgdkjh lfefr cksxl FkhA bl rjg ml cSaddk ,d djksM+ #- Mwc x;kA isIlh us blh ?kksVkysckt vMSdyjkt dks nf{k.kHkkjr dh ftEesnkjh lkSaihA vMSdyjkt us ;g lkjk dk;Z] isIlh dks rfeyukMqrFkk vU; nf{k.k jkT;ksa esa iQSykus dk] vius csVs foUlsUV tkslsiQ ds uke ijfd;kA vMSdyjkt us blh vfHk;ku ds rgr 2-5 djksM #- ,df=kr fd;kA;g /u mu yksxksa ls fy;k x;k] ftUgsa isIlh dksyk dEiuh dk forj.kdrkZcuk;k tkuk FkkA ckn esa vMSdyjkt us vfuoklh Hkkjrh;ksa ls Hkh blh rjg /u,df=kr djuk 'kq# fd;kA ;g lkjk /u ml le; ,df=kr fd;k tk jgk Fkk]tc isIlh dEiuh dk fof/or dk;Z Hkh Hkkjr esa 'kq# ugha gqvk FkkA vfuoklhHkkjrh;ksa ls fons'kh eqnzk ds dkuwuksa dk mYy?kau djds 1-5 djksM+ Mkyj ,df=krfd;s x;sA

isIlh&dksyk dEiuh ds 'khry is;ksa dks cksry esa Hkjus ds fy;s tkse'khuksa dh t:jr gq;h] os lHkh vejhdk ls ea¡xk;h x;haA ysfdu bu e'khuksa

dks e¡xkus esaa Hkh dkiQh ?kksVkyk gqvkA bu e'khuksa dks rkts iQyksa dk jlfudkyus okyh e'khuksa ds vk/kj ij vk;kr fd;k x;k] tcfd ;s lHkh e'khusa'khry is; (lkÝV fMªad) ds fy;s gh FkhaA bu e'khuksa dks iQyksa ds jl okyhe'khu dgdj] vk;kr dj esa NwV yh x;hA Hkkjr ljdkj dh vk;kr uhfrds vuqlkj ckgj ds ns'kksa ls iQyksa dk jl fudkyus okyh e'khuksa dks vk;krdjus ij vk;kr dj cgqr gh de yxrk gSA bl rjg ds vk;kr esa rRdkyhuiQsjk dkuwuksa dk cM+s iSekus ij mYya?ku fd;k x;kA

isIlh&dksyk dh Hkzked foKkiuckthisIlh&dksyk dh Hkzked foKkiuckthisIlh&dksyk dh Hkzked foKkiuckthisIlh&dksyk dh Hkzked foKkiuckthisIlh&dksyk dh Hkzked foKkiuckth

vejhdk esa dksyk dEifu;ksa dh liQyrk dk lcls cM+k dkj.k gSva/k/aq/ foKkiuckthA ges'kk u;s&u;s rjhdksa ls foKkiu cukdj yksxksa dksvkdf"kZr djuk] isIlh&dksyk dEiuh djrh jgh gSA Hkkjr esa vkdj Hkh bldEiuh us ;gh fd;kA Hkkjr esa isIlh dksyk dEiuh ds foKkiu dk [kpkZ bldEiuh ds 'kks/ dk;Z ds [kpZs ls dbZ xquk vf/d gSA Hkkjr esa bl isIlhdEiuh us foKkiukas ds ekè;e ls ;qok oxZ dks vf/d ls vf/d iQ¡lkus dkdk;Z fd;k gSA blds fy;s isIlh dEiuh us ekbdy tSDlu] eSMksuk] Vhuk VuZjtSls vejhdh lqij LVkjksa dks djksM+kas Mkyj nsdj vuqcaf/r fd;kA Hkkjr ljdkjls g;q s djkj ds vulq kj iIs lh&dkys k dEiuh vius ckz Ma uke dk bLres ky Hkkjreas ugha dj ldrh Fkh] yfs du iIs lh dEiuh us djkj dh bl 'krZ dks Hkh rkMs k+ Ablds fy;s dEiuh us vius czkaM uke ds vkxs ^ygj* 'kCn yxkdj bLrsekydjuk 'kq: fd;kA tSls& ^ygj isIlh*] ^ygj lsou vi*] ^ygj fefjUMk*]^ygj Lykbl* vkfn yxk;kA bu foKkiuksa dk lcls vf/d iz;ksx isIlhdEiuh us Hkkjr ds Lora=krk fnol ,oa x.kra=k fnolksa ij fd;kA VsyhfotupSuyksa ij yksdfiz; /kjkokfgdksa ds 'kq# gksus ds iwoZ bu foKkiuksa dks lclsvf/d fn[kk;k tkrk jgkA dbZ fgUnh fiQYeksa dk Hkh isIlh dEiuh us viusizpkj ds fy;s iz;ksx fd;kA mnkgj.k ds fy;s fouksn ik.M+s dh fiQYe ^ifjank*dks 60 yk[k :- nsdj isIlh us vius fy;s bLrseky fd;kA Hkkjrh; flusek dsdykdkjksa twghpkoyk] jseksiQukZUMhl dks isIlh&dksyk dEiuh us foKkiu dsfy;s lcls igys vuqcaf/r fd;kA




Hkkjrh; dEiuh ikjys dk 'khry is; FkElvi dk foKkiu Hkhyxkrkj c<+us yxkA isIlh&dksyk vkSj ikjys esa fcØh ikjys dEiuh ds FkElvidh gh vf/d jgrh FkhA blh rjg cktkj esa ,d vkSj Hkkjrh; dEiuh dk'khry is; dSEik dksyk miyC/ Fkk ftldh dkiQh fcØh gqvk djrh FkhA ;slHkh 'khry is; 3 #- ;k 3-50 #- ds vkl&ikl dh dher ij fcdrs FksA nksuksagh Hkkjrh; 'khry i;s dES ik dkys k ,oa FkEl vi dh fcØh ygj iIs lh ls dkiQhvf/d FkhA fiQj isIlh&dksyk dEiuh us fØdsV f[kykM+h dfiynso dksfoKkiu ds fy;s vuqcaf/r fd;kA dfiynso us bl dEiuh ds izpkj ds fy;s?kj&?kj tkuk 'kq: fd;k yksxksa dks dgk x;k fd os vius ?kjksa ds vUnj isIlhdh cksryksa dks j[ksa fiQj dfiynso fdlh ds ?kj vpkud igq¡pdj isIlhdksykdks ih;saxsaA ets dh ckr ;g Fkh fd dfiynso us FkksM+s fnuksa iwoZ rd Hkkjrh;dEiuh ikjys ds BaMs is; ^FkEl vi* dk foKkiu fd;k FkkA bl ij fookngqvk vkSj isIlh dksyk vkSj ikjys ds chp esa eqdnesckth Hkh gq;hA bleqdnesckth dk ifj.kke ikjys dEiuh ds i{k esa vk;kA

Hkkjrh; dEiuh ikjys us isIlh&dksyk dh rqyuk esa viuh cksryksa esavf/d 'khry is; nsuk 'kq: fd;kA 6 #- eas 500 feyh- dh FkEl vi dhcksry cktkj esa feyuh 'kq: gq;h] tcfd mu fnukas esa isIlh&dksyk dh 250feyh- dh cksry 4 #- esa feyk djrh FkhA isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dk 90 lsdsUMdk foKkiu 60 yk[k #- esa cuk;k x;k Fkk] tcfd Hkkjrh; dEiuh ikjys dkFkEl vi foKkiu ek=k 4 yk[k #- eas cuk;k x;kA isIlh dksyk dEiuh us 700ls 750 fdeh- ds ifjo`r esa vius is; inkFkksZa dks cspus ds fy;s 15 dkj[kkusyxk;s] rFkk dbZ vU; Hkkjrh; dkj[kkuksa dks vius fy;s iz;ksx djuk 'kq#fd;kA

cktkj esaa vius 'khry is; dh [kir dks c<+kus ds fy;s isIlh&dksykdEiuh us vferkHk cPpu] lfpu rsanqydj] foosd vkscsjk;] ,s'o;Z jk; (iwoZfo'o lUq q njh) tlS s e'kgjw ykxs ka s dk yxkrkj bLres ky fd;k] vHkh Hkh dj jgh gAS

dksdk&dksyk dk Hkkjr esa izos'kdksdk&dksyk dk Hkkjr esa izos'kdksdk&dksyk dk Hkkjr esa izos'kdksdk&dksyk dk Hkkjr esa izos'kdksdk&dksyk dk Hkkjr esa izos'klcls igys lu~ 1966&67 eas bfUnjk xka/h ds izFke ckj iz/kueU=kh

cuus ds le; dksdk&dksyk dEiuh us Hkkjr esa izos'k fd;k FkkA bfUnjk xka/h us viuh lRrk dks cjdjkj cuk;s j[kus ds fy;s iztkrU=k dk xyk ?kksaVdj

1975 eas vkikrdky ykxw dj fn;kA bfUnjk xka/h ds bl yksdrU=k fojks/hdk;Z dk fojks/ djus ds fy;s izfl¼ xka/hoknh ,oa loksZn; usrk Jh t;izdk'kukjk;.k us lEiw.kZ ØkfUr vkUnksyu 'kq# fd;kA bl vkUnksyu dks HkkjhliQyrk feyuk 'kq# gqbZ] tc yk[kksa ;qodksa us vius dSfj;j NksM+dj blvkUnksyu esa 'kkfey gksuk 'kq: fd;kA bfUnjk xka/h dks Jh t;izdk'k ukjk;.kds bl lEiw.kZ ØkfUr vkUnksyu ls viuh lRrk ds fy;s [krjk eglwl gqvkAblfy;s Jh t;izdk'k ukjk;.k dks fxjÝrkj djds tsy esa Mky fn;k x;k] vkSjvkikrdkyhu fLFkfr dh ?kks"k.kk ns'k esa dj nh x;hA blesa yksxksa ls lHkhekSfyd laaoS/kfud vf/dkj Nhu fy;s x;sA bfUnjk xka/h ds bl dne dkiwjs ns'k esa fojks/ gqvkA vUrr% 1977 ea s vkikrdky dks okil fy;k x;k vkjSpuq ko g;q As bu puq koka s ea s Jh t;idz k'k ukjk;.k ds urs Ro ea s cuh turk ikVhZ dksHkkjh cgeq r feyk vkjS turk ikVhZ dh ljdkj cuhA bl ljdkj ea as i/z kueU=kh Jhekjs kjth nls kb]Z m|kxs eU=kh tktZ iQukUZ Mhl] fon's k eU=kh vVy fcgkjh okti;s h]LokLF; eU=kh jktukjk;.k vkfn&vkfn ykxs 'kkfey g;q As blh turk ikVhZ ljdkjus dkds k&dkys k dEiuh dk ykblUs l jnn~ djds Hkkjr ls ckgj fudkyus dk dk;Zfd;kA mlh dkds kdkys k dEiuh us iIs lh&dkys k ds ihN&s ihNs Hkkjr ea s fiQj ls ioz 's kdj fy;kA

dksdk&dksyk dEiuh us Hkkjr esa izos'k djus ds fy;s ogh jkLrkviuk;k tks isIlh&dksyk us viuk;k FkkA dksdk&dksyk us Hkh Hkkjr vkus dsfy;s vius dqy mRiknu dk 75% fu;kZr djus ,oa 25% dks Hkkjrh; cktkjesa gh cspus dh ckr djuk 'kq# dj fn;kA blds fy;s dksdk&dksyk us viuh,d fo'ks"k dEiuh dks cukus dk ,syku Hkh fd;kA dksdk&dksyk us lcls igysfczVkfu;k dEiuh ds jktu fiYybZ ds lkFk feydj le>kSrk fd;kA mldsckn viuk izLrko Hkkjr ljdkj ds ikl Hkst fn;kA jktu fiYybZ vkSjdkds k&dkys k us feydj ,d vkiQ'kkjs dEiuh t-s ,e-vkj-ih- ds uke ls cuk;kAbl dEiuh dk eq[; dk;kZy; gkaxdkax esa fn[kk;k x;kA bl dEiuh esa jktufiYybZ ds 60% 'ks;j ,oa dksdk dksyk ds 40% 'ks;j j[ks x;sA ckn esa ts-,e-vkj-ih- dEiuh vkSj fczVkfu;k bUMLVªht dh vksj ls la;qDr dEiuh fczVdksiQwM~l izkbosV fyfeVsM* uke ls LFkkfir dh x;hA bl fczVdks dEiuh esa ts-,e-vkj-ih- dk fgLlk 66% ,oa fczVkfu;k bUMLVªht dk fgLlk 24% j[kkx;kA ckdh 10% fgLlk fdlh ljdkjh dEiuh ds fy;s NksM+ fn;k x;kA




jktu fiYybZ ,oa dksdk dksyk us 2 djksM+ Mkyj yxkdj bl /U/s dks 'kq# fd;kA ujflagjko dh ljdkj dh mnkjhdj.k dh uhfr dk ykHkmBkdj dksdk&dksyk dks vkWVkseSfVd ykblsUl feykA dksdk&dksyk o jktufiYybZ us Hkkjr ljdkj dks 10 lky esa 1002 djksM+ #- dk fu;kZr djus dkok;nk fd;kA yxHkx 26-85 djksM+ #- dh ifj;kstuk dksdk&dksyk ,oa jktufiYybZ }kjk Hkkjr esa 'kq# dh x;hA Hkkjr ljdkj dks fn;s x;s izLrko esadkds k&dkys k dEiuh us 10 lky eas 280 djkMs + #- fMCckcna Hkkts u (LudS iQMw )vk;kr djus ,oa 151 djksM+ #- lkUnz ?kksy (Concentrate) vk;kr djus rFkk66 djksM+ #- ykHkka'k ds :i esa ys tkus dk mYys[k fd;kA vFkkZr dqyfeykdj 497 djksM+ #- Hkkjr ls ckgj tkus dh ckr bl izLrko esa dgh x;hA

lHkh fon's kh dEifu;k¡ fodkl'khy n's kka s dh yVw djus ds fy;s cnuke jghagAaS bu dEifu;ka s dk lcls cMk+ mnn~ 's ; /u dekdj viu&s vius n's kka s ea s ys tkusdk gh jgrk gAS /u dks ys tkus ds fy;s dbZ ?kkfs "kr&v?kkfs "kr jkLrs gvq k djrsgAaS dNq dkuuw h vkjS dNq xjS dkuuw h jkLrka s ls ;g /u ys tk;k tkrk gAS dkuuw h,oa ?kkfs "kr jkLrk /u ys tkus dk ykHkk'a k ds :i ea s ;k 'k¼q euq kiQs ds :i ea s gkrs kgAS yfs du xjS dkuuw h vkjS v?kkfs "kr jkLrk Vkªla iQj ikz bflxa (Transfer pricing) dkgkrs k gAS lHkh fon's kh dEifu;k¡ vk;kr vkjS fu;krZ dk O;kikj viuh gh dEifu;kas(Parents Companies) ds lkFk djrh gAaS tc Hkh dkbs Z fon's kh dEiuh] vk;krdjrh gS rks ge's kk cktkj ds eYw ; ls cgrq Åp¡ s Hkko ij] viuh gh lg;kxs h dEiuhls djrh gAS blh rjg tc Hkh dkbs Z fon's kh dEiuh fu;krZ djrh gS rks viuh ghlg;kxs h dEiuh dks cktkj Hkko ls de eYw ; ij nrs h gAS bl rjg nkus ka s gh jkLrkasls /u dks ys tkus dk dk;Z fd;k tkrk gAS fon's kh dEifu;k¡ ftl n's k ea s tkrhg]aS ogk¡ dh LFkkuh; Lon's kh dEifu;ka s ds lkeus ifz rLi/kZ ea as djkMs k+ s a #- dk udq lkumBkdj Hkh lLrh dher ij eky cps ldrh gSaA isIlh&dksyk us lu~ 1990&91esa ;gh fd;k vkSj yxHkx 24 djksM+ #- dk ?kkVk mBk;kA

isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk dEifu;ks a }kjkisIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk dEifu;ks a }kjkisIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk dEifu;ks a }kjkisIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk dEifu;ks a }kjkisIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk dEifu;ks a }kjkjktuSfrd gLr{ksijktuSfrd gLr{ksijktuSfrd gLr{ksijktuSfrd gLr{ksijktuSfrd gLr{ksi

isIlh&dksyk dEiuh o vejhdh tklwlh laLFkk lh-vkbZ-,- (lsUVªybUVsyhtsUl ,tsUlh) ds ?kksf"kr lEcU/ jgs gSaA bl dEiuh us vius O;kikfjdfgrksa dh j{kk djus ds fy;s lh-vkbZ-,- ds jktuSfrd izHkko dk Hkjiwj bLrseky

fd;k gSA ySfVu vejhdh ns'k fpyh esa ,d pquh gq;h lYoknksj vysUns ukeds jk"Vªifr dh ljdkj dk r[rk iyV isIlh&dksyk dEiuh us lh-vkbZ-,- dhenn ls djk;kA vejhdh i=kdkj&y[s kd ckcW oMq oMZ us viuh iLq rd ¶ lhØVsokj vkiQ lh-vkbZ ,-¸ esa bl luluh[kst rF; dk mn~?kkVu fd;k FkkA ;giqLrd lu~ 1981 ls 1987 ds chp esa lh-vkbZ-,- }kjk nwljs ns'kksa esa fd;s x;sjktuSfrd gLr{ksi dks mtkxj djrh gSA ftl le; isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dkHkkjr esa izos'k gqvk ml le; bl dEiuh dk eq[; vf/dkjh MksukYM dSaMygksrk FkkA bl MksukYM dSaMy dh iwoZ vejhdh jk"Vªifr fjpMZ fuDlu ls dkiQhxgjh nksLrh jghA ftl le; lYoknksj vysUns dh ljdkj dk fpyh esa r[rkiyV fn;k x;k vkSj fiQj lYoknksj vysUns dh gR;k dh x;h] rc vejhdk esafjpMZ fuDlu jk"Vªifr Fkk] vkSj MksukYM dSaMy isIlh dEiuh dk eq[; vf/dkjh FkkA vejhdh jk"Vªifr fjpMZ fuDlu us rRdkyhu lh-vkbZ-,- ds funs'kdvkj- gsYe dks vkns'k fn;k Fkk] fd fdlh Hkh dher ij fpyh dk jk"VªifrlYoknksj vysUns ugha jguk pkfg,A ftl le; fpyh esa lYoknksj vysUnsjk"Vªifr cuk] ml le; isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dk fpyh esa eq[; O;kikjhvkWxLVhu ,MokMZ FkkA lYoknksj vysUns vR;f/d ns'kHkDr ,oa Lons'kh leFkZdFkkA og vius ns'k fpyh dh ywV cUn djkus ds fy;s vejhdh dEifu;ksa ijf'kdatk dl jgk FkkA tc lYoknksj vysUns vius ns'k dks vejhdh dEifu;ksads 'kks"k.k ls eqDr djkus ds iz;kl esa yxk gqvk Fkk] mlh le; vkWxLVhu,MoMZ vejhdk x;k vkSj vejhdk ds fons'k eU=kh gsujh fdflaxj dks feykAgus jh fdflxa j ls mldh eyq kdkr ds ckn og lh-vkb-Z ,- ds fun's kd vkj- gYs edks feykA ;s nksuksa gh eqykdkrsa isIlhdksyk dEiuh ds eq[; vf/dkjh MksukYMdSaMy us djk;hA MksukYM dSaMy ebZ 1991 rd isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dk eq[;vf/dkjh jgkA lu~ 1970 esa lYoknksj vysUns fpyh dk jk"Vªifr cuk vkSj lu~1973 eas mldh gR;k dj nh x;hA gR;k ds iow Z vejhdk eas rRdkyhu jk"ViªfrfjpMZ fuDlu us] laln esa dgk fd ¶fpyh dk orZeku jk"Vªifr lYoknksjvysUns vejhdh fgrksa ds fo:¼ gS¸A ;gh ckr lh-vkbZ-,- funs'kd vkj- gsYe}kjk ,oa isIlh dEiuh ds eqf[k;k MksukYM dSaMy }kjk Hkh dgh x;hA ftudsnLrkost vkt Hkh miyC/ gSaA vejhdk dh lHkh dEifu;k¡] vejhdhlkezkT;okn dks nqfu;k ds reke ns'kksa esa iQSykus ds fy, dke djrh jgha gSaAisIlh ,oa dksdk&dksyk dks vejhdh lkezkT;okn ds nks gkFk ekuk tkrk gSA




isIlh&dksyk dEiuh }kjk dbZ ckj ;g dgk x;k gS fd ¶tc rd dksbZ O;kikjhgekjs fgrkssa dh iwfrZ djrk jgsxk] rHkh rd og O;kikj djrk jgsxk vkSjle`f¼'kkyh gksrk jgsxk¸A

Hkkjrh; laln esa Hkh isIlh&dksyk dEiuh ,oa lh-vkbZ-,- ds vkilhlEcU/kas ij dkiQh dqN dgk x;kA 21 ls 27 tqykbZ 1991 ds lkIrkfgdv[kckj ¶lUMs vkWCtcZj¸ (Sunday observer) esa foLrkj ls bl ij fy[kkx;kA blh vad esa ;g Hkh dgk x;k fd Hkkjr ds dqN usrkvksa ,oa 17 vf/dkfj;ksa us isIlh&dksyk ifj;kstuk dks Hkkjr esa ykus esa fj'or yh gSA

Hkkjrh; jktuhfr esa Hkh iwoZ iz/kueU=kh jktho xka/h us vejhdkfojk/s h :[k viuk;k FkkA tc [kkMh+ ;¼q gks jgk Fkk] rks jktho xk/a h us vejhdhgokbZ tgktksa esa rsy Hkjus ls badkj djk;k FkkA isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dks jksdusdh Hkjiwj dksf'k'k dh Fkh ysfdu dqN lkalnksa ds ncko eas vkdj isIlh&dksykdks eatwjh nhA D;wck ds jk"Vªifr iQhMsydkL=kks ,oa fiQfyLrhuh usrk ;kljvjkiQkr us ml le; jktho xka/h dks lko/ku jgus ds fy;s lans'k Hksts FksAD;ksafd bu nksuksa usrkvksa dks jktho xka/h dh gR;k fd;s tkus dk vans'kk gksx;k FkkA 21 ebZ 1991 dks ftl fnu jktho xka/h dh gR;k gq;h] mlh fnuVkbEl vkWiQ bfUM;k lekpkj i=k dks fn;s x;s vius lk{kkRdkj esa jktho xka/h us dgk fd ¶,d egk'kfDr Hkkjr dks fLFkj gksrs ns[kuk ugha pkgrh g¸Atc jktho xka/h dks iwNk x;k fd og egk'kfDr dkSu gS\ rks mUgksaus tokcfn;k fd ¶og egk'kfDr lksfo;r&:l rks ugha gh gS¸A vFkkZr~ og egk'kfDrvejhdk gSA mlh nkSjku ^lUMs* (Sunday) uked lekpkj i=k esa Hkh jkthoxka/h dk ,d lk{kkRdkj izdkf'kr gqvk Fkk] ftlesa mUgksaus isIlh&dksykdEiuh dh dM+h vkykspuk dh FkhA mlesa dgk x;k fd ¶ftl vk/kj ijisIlhdksyk dEiuh dks Hkkjr esa ykblsal fn;k x;k] mlesa rks [kk| izlaLdj.kdk {ks=k eq[; Fkk vkSj mlesa 50]000 yksxksa dks jkstxkj nsus dh ckr egRoiw.kZFkhA ysfdu isIlh dEiuh us bldk ikyu ugha fd;k gSA jktho xka/h us oh-ih-flag ljdkj dh vkykspuk djrs gq;s dgk fd ;g ljdkj isIlh&dksykdEiuh ds f[kykiQ dksbZ Hkh dk;Zokgh ugha dj jgh gS] cfYd isIlh dEiuhdks cpkus dh dksf'k'k dj jgh gSA

jktho xka/h dh gR;k Jhyadk eas fgalkoknh laxBu fycjs'ku VkbxlZvkiQ rfey bZye (LTTE) us fd;kA bl laxBu dks izf'k{k.k nsus dk dk;Z

btjk;yh laLFkk ekslkn djrh jgh gSA ekslkn ds vejhdh xqIrpj laLFkk lh-vkbZ-,- ds lkFk utnhdh lEcU/ gSaA isIlh&dksyk dks nf{k.k Hkkjr esa iQSykusokys vMSdyjkt dh lgkuqHkwfr (LTTE) ds lkFk jgh gSA ;fn bl utfj;s lsjktho xka/h gR;kdkaM dh [kkstchu dh tk;s rks dqN vkSj lPpkbZ lkeusvk ldrh gSA

lksfo;r la?k eas tks Hkh dqN xr 10&15 o"kksZa esas jktuSfrd :i ls?kfVr gqvk] og isIlh&dksyk ds lksfo;r la?k eas tkus ds ckn gh gqvkA blhrjg phu esa Hkh jktuSfrd mFky&iqFky isIlh&dksyk ds igq¡pus ds ckngh gq;hA

Hkkjrh; lekpkj&i=kks a ,oa if=kdkvks a eas isIlh&dksyk dsHkkjrh; lekpkj&i=kks a ,oa if=kdkvks a eas isIlh&dksyk dsHkkjrh; lekpkj&i=kks a ,oa if=kdkvks a eas isIlh&dksyk dsHkkjrh; lekpkj&i=kks a ,oa if=kdkvks a eas isIlh&dksyk dsHkkjrh; lekpkj&i=kks a ,oa if=kdkvks a eas isIlh&dksyk dsckjs s esa mn~?kkfVr lR;ckjs s esa mn~?kkfVr lR;ckjs s esa mn~?kkfVr lR;ckjs s esa mn~?kkfVr lR;ckjs s esa mn~?kkfVr lR;

9 vxLr 1986] dks ¶djaV¸ (Current) if=kdk esa izdkf'kr%&¶Hkkjrh; laln ds bfrgkl esa dbZ o"kksZa eas igyh ckj lRrk i{k ,oa foi{k dslkalnkas esa] isIlh&dksyk ds iz'u ij bruh ,drk fn[kk;h ns jgh gSA¸

3 flrEcj 1989 dks ¶fCyVt~ (BLITZ) ea s idz kf'kr%& ¶iIs lh&dkys kds vejhdh xqIrpj laLFkk lh-vkbZ-,- ds lkFk lEcU/ksa ds vfrfjDr vU; dbZegRoiw.kZ eqn~ns gSa] ftu ij fopkj djus dh t:jr gSA isIlh&dksyk dks Hkkjrds cktkj esa ywVus dh [kqyh NwV ns nh x;h gS¸A

& ¶;g vk'p;Z dh ckr gS fd lRrk i{k ds vUnj gh isIlh&dksykdk fojks/ djus okys vf/d gSa ysfdu fiQj Hkh bl dEiuh dh ifj;kstuk dkseatwjh feyh gSa¸A

& ¶Hkkjr esa vkyw dk fpIl cukus vkSj BaMs is; dh iwjh rduhdmiyC/ gS] fiQj Hkh ,d fons'kh vejhdh dEiuh dks Hkkjr esa yk;k x;k gSA'kk;n gh dHkh ;g dEiuh vius fu;kZr ok;nksa dks iwjk djsxhA ,d ckj bldEiuh dk mRiknu dk;Z 'kq# gks x;k rks fiQj Hkkjr ljdkj Hkh ncko Mkyuseas vleFkZ gkxs hA vUrr% vius fu;krZ ok;nkas dks ijw k djus ds fy;s ;g dEiuhigys ls fu;kZr gks jgs lkekuksa dk fu;kZr vius uke ls [kjhn dj] dj ysxhA¸

6 ebZ 1989 iQkbusfU'k;y ,Dlizsl eas izdkf'kr%& ^^ftu vejhdhdEifu;ksa ds O;kikfjd fgr Hkkjr ds cktkj esa gSa] os lHkh Hkkjr ds fo#¼yxk;s tkus okys lqij&301] Lis'ky&301 ds izko/kuksa ds fojks/ esa gSaA bl




lUnHkZ esa isIlh dEiuh ds eqf[k;k MksukYM dSaMy us vejhdh O;kikj izfrfuf/dks Hkh i=k fy[kk gS vkSj mUgsa lq>ko fn;k gS fd Hkkjr ij lqij&301 ds rgrdk;Zokgh ugha djsa¸A 3 uoEcj 1988 dks ¶n fgUn¸ esa izdkf'kr%& ^^Hkkjrds dbZ fgLlksa esa ;g vk'kadk O;Dr dh tk jgh gS fd [kk| izlaLdj.k ds {ks=kesa ,d fons'kh dEiuh dk vkuk Hkkjr ds fy;s vPNk ugha gksxkA bl dEiuhdh Hkkjr dks dksbZ t:jr ugha gSA vPNk gksrk fd Lons'kh dEifu;ksa ,oaLons'kh rduhd dks bl {ks=k esa c<+kok fn;k x;k gksrk¸A

3 uoEcj 1988 dks ^n fgUnLq rku VkbEl¸ ea s idz kf'kr%& îIs lh&dkys kds le>kSrs ds fy;s dbZ fu;eksa dk mYya?ku gqvk gS¸A

23 vDVwcj 1988 dks ^^n fgUnqLrku VkbEl¸ esa izdkf'kr%&^îsIlh&dksyk dEiuh }kjk de ls de 50]000 yksxksa dks jkstxkj fn;ktk;xs k¸A

27 flrEcj 1988 dks ^^VkbEl vkiQ bf.M;k¸ esa izdkf'kr%&^îatkc ds fdlkuksa dh ,d gsDVs;j Hkwfe ls yxHkx 7000 #- dh vkenuhgks jgh gS tks cgqr de gSA isIlh&dksyk dh ifj;kstuk vkus ds ckn iatkcds fdlkuksa dh vkSlru vkenuh yxHkx 15000 #- izfrgsDVs;j ls 25]000#- izfr gsDVs;j rd c<+ tk;sxhA isIlh&dksyk dh ifj;kstuk esa iwjs iatkc esaiSnk gksus okys iQyksa dk 25% fgLlk [kir gksxk¸A

isIlh&dksyk dEiuh us iatkc ds fdlkuksa dks VekVj iSnk djus dsfy;s ,d fo'ks"k izdkj dk cht fn;k bl cht dks iatkc ds dbZ fdlkuksa uscks;kA bl cht ds pyrs tks Hkh VekVj iSnk gqvk og gjs jax dk cuk jgk vkSjyky ugha gqvkA ckn esa bl VekVj dks isIlh&dksyk dEiuh us ugha [kjhnk vkSjfQj fdlkuksa us cgqr gh lLrs nke ij ;g VekVj cktkj esa cspkA blesa fdlkuksadk ykxr [kpkZ Hkh ugha fudy ik;kA ykxr [kpsZ dh ,d pkSFkkbZ dher ij;g VekVj fcdkA

27 flrEcj 1988 ^bdkus kfW ed VkbEl¸ ea s idz kf'kr%& îIs lh&dkys kdEiuh ds cktkj esa vkus ls izfr;ksfxrk c<+sxh ,oa xzkgdksas dks de dher ij'khry is; ihus dks feysxk¸A

21 flrEcj 1988 ^^n fctusl LVS.MMZ¸ esa izdkf'kr%&^^ rRdkyhuturk ny usrk tktZ iQukZUMhl us oh-ih-flag- dks ,d i=k fy[kk tks mi;qDrlekpkj i=k esa izdkf'kr gqvk¸A

& ^îsIlh&dksyk ifj;kstuk dks eatwjh nsdj jktho xka/h ljdkjus Hkkjh xyrh dh gSA vr% isIlh&dksyk ds fojks/ dk eqn~nk pquko dk eqn~nkcuk;k tkuk pkfg,A ljdkjh nkoksa ds vuqlkj bl ifj;kstuk ds dkj.k50]000 yksxksa dks jkstxkj feysxkA ysfdu okLro esa 500 yksxksa dks Hkh bllsjkstxkj ugha feysxkA iwjs ns'k esa bl eqn~ns dks vkUnksyu dk vk/kj cukukpkfg,A¸

19 flrEcj 1988 ^n fgUnqLrku VkbEl¸ esa izdkf'kr%&^^ turkny usrk tktZ iQukZUMhl us ,syku fd;k gS fd jktho xka/h ljdkj }kjk tksisIlh&dksyk dEiuh dks eatwjh nh x;h gS] og lekIr dj nh tk;sxh] ;fnturk ny dh ljdkj cu tk;xs hA tktZ iQukUZ Mhl ds vulq kj bl iIs lh&dkys kifj;kstuk esa cgqr vf/d fj'or ysus&nsus dk dke gqvk gSA de ls de 5djksM+ #i;s rks fj'or ds :i esaa Hkkjr ds usrkvksa ,oa vf/dkfj;ksa dks fn;s ghx;s gSa¸A

egRoi.w kZ ckr ;g gS fd jktho xk/a h dh ljdkj tkus ds ckn turkny rFkk vU; ikfVZ;ksa dh feyh&tqyh ljdkj Hkkjr esa cuhA bl ljdkj esatktZ iQukZUMhl Lo;a ea=kh Fks] ysfdu bl turk ny ljdkj us Hkh isIlh&dksykdEiuh ds fo#¼ dqN ugha fd;kA turk ny ljdkj ds le; esa isIlh&dksykdh ifj;kstuk ykxr 22 djksM+ #- ls c<+dj 75 djksM+ #i;s gks x;hA iwjhifj;kstuk dh mRiknu {kerk ugha c<+us ds ckn Hkh ifj;kstuk dh ykxr 75djksM+ #i;s gks x;hA ysfdu dHkh Hkh turk ny ljdkj us isIlh&dksyk dsf[kykiQ dqN ugha fd;kA bl ifj;kstuk ykxr [kpZ c<+us esa Hkh fj'or dkysu&nsu gqvk gksxk] rHkh rks ljdkj us isIlh dEiuh dks dqN Hkh ugha dgkA

7 vxLr 1986 dks ^^n VkbEl vkiQ bf.M;k¸ esa izdkf'kr%&^îIs lh&dkys k dEiuh dh eta jw h ds ckn vc] Hkkjr n's k eas iIs lh&dkys k ds eywczkaM uke ds vk/kj ij uk rks 'khry is; cspk tk;sxk vkSj uk gh dksbZ nwljkmRiknd bl ewy czkaM uke ds vk/kj ij mRiknu dj ldsxkA tks Hkh lkUnz?kksy dh t:jr iMsxh] 'khry is; cukus ds fy;s og Hkkjr esaa gh rS;kj fd;ktk;sxkA cgqr gh t:jh dqN jlk;u vk;kr fd;s tk;saxs tks Hkkjr esa miyC/ugh gksaxs¸A

13 iQjojh 1988 dks ^^n VkbEl vkiQ bf.M;k¸ esa izdkf'kr%&^îsIlh&dksyk dEiuh vejhdh lkezkT;okn dk izrhd gSA ;g dEiuh nqfu;k




Hkj esa jktuSfrd gR;k;sa djkus vkSj mFky&iqFky djkus ds fy;s cnuke jghgSA ySfVu vejhdh ns'k fpyh vksj is: blds thrs&tkxrs mnkgj.k gSaA Hkkjrljdkj dks ,slh dEiuh ds ckjs esa iwjh xaHkhjrk ls lksp&le>dj gh dksbZvfUre iQSlyk djuk pkfg,A D;k Hkkjr tSls ns'k dks fons'kh 'khry is; dht:jr gS\ vkSj og Hkh viuh lqj{kk O;oLFkk dks [krjs easa Mkydj] fons'khdEiuh dks cqykuk cgqr eagxk iM+ ldrk gS\¸

11 iQjojh 1988 dks ^^n fgUnqLrku VkbEl¸ esa izdkf'kr%& ^^Hkkjrljdkj us Lons'kh vkSj Lokoyacu ds jkLrs dks NksM+ dj isIlh&dksyk dEiuhdks Hkkjr esa vkus dh vuqefr nh gS tks ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy;s ?kkrdfl¼ gkxs k¸A ;g c;ku iow Z i/z kueU=kh pUn'z k[s kj us fn;k FkkA tc 1990&1991esa pkj ekg ds fy;s pUnz'ks[kj ns'k ds iz/kueU=kh cus rks mUgksaus isIlh&dksykdEiuh ds ?kksVkyksa vkSj ok;nk f[kykiQh ds ckjs esa tk¡p djk;h vkSj dEiuhdks uksfVl fn;k x;kA lkFk gh lkFk pUnz'ks[kj ljdkj us isIlh&dksyk }kjkijke'kZ 'kYq d (Consultancy Fees) ds uke ij Hkkjr ls /u vejhdkys tkus ij ikcUnh yxk fn;kA lHkh dj olwyus okys foHkkxksa tSls mRikndjfuns'kky; ,oa vk;dj o dEiuhdj funs'kky;ksa dks isIlh&dksyk dss f[kykiQl[rh cjrus ds vkns'k fn;s x;sA ysfdu bu lHkh dk;Zokgh ij dksbZ BksliQSlyk ljdkj ys ikrh] mlds iwoZ gh pUnz'ks[kj ljdkj fxj x;hA iatkc ds,d usrk cyoar flag jkewokfy;k us rRdkyhy iz/kueU=kh pUnz'ks[kj dks ,dyEck i=k fy[kk FkkA bl i=k eas isIlh&dksyk dh /ks[kk/M+h ds ckjs esa foLrkjls fy[kk x;k FkkA

14) 1 vDVwcj 1988 dks ¶djaV¸ (Current) if=kdk esaidz kf'kr%& ^jktho xk/a h ljdkj ds ckjs eas tks Hkh viQokgas mM+ jgh g]aS /hj&s /hjs os lc lp gksrh tk jgh gSaA vHkh gky gh esa jktho xka/h dh vejhdk(okf'kxaVu) ;k=kk gq;h gSA bl ;k=kk ls ykSVus ds ckn gh Hkkjr ljdkj dsm|ksx ea=kh ts- osaxyjko us isIlh&dksyk ifj;kstuk dks vPNk dguk 'kq# fd;kgS] tcfd 'kq# esa os isIlh&dksyk dk fojks/ djrs jgsA ;g dSlk iQSlyk gS fdisIlh ifj;kstuk dks eatwjh nsus ds fy;s ,d u;k ea=kky; [kk| ,oa izlaLdj.kds uke ls [kksyk x;k gSA okLro esa rks ;g ifj;kstuk m|ksx ea=kky; ds }kjkgh LohÑr gks ldrh FkhA ysfdu vyx ls u;k ea=kky; [kksyuk 'kd iSnkdjrk gSA txnh'k VkbZVyj tSls fons'kh dEifu;ksa ds leFkZd dks bl u;s

[kk| ,oa izlaLdj.k ea=kky; dk ea=kh cuk;k tkuk Hkh 'kd iSnk djrk gSA pw¡fd'kq# eas m|ksxeU=kh ts-oasxyjko us bl isIlh ifj;kstuk dks udkj fn;k Fkk]blfy;s u;k eU=kky; cukdj isIlh&dkssyk dks eatwjh nh x;h gSA m|ksx lfpovksfrek cksjfn;k Hkh bl isIlh ifj;kstuk ds f[kykiQ jgs gSaA ysfdu m|ksxea=kky; ds jkT;ea=kh v#.kkpye isIlh&dksyk ds leFkZu esa jgsA D;kssafdrfeyukMq ds gh v#.kkpye ds vMSdyjkt ds lkFk vPNs lEcU/ gaS¸A(nf{k.k Hkkjr eas isIlh&dksyk dks iQSykus esa vMSdyjkt dh eq[; HkwfedkjghA)

15) 21 flrEcj 1988 dks ¶n bfUM;u iksLV¸ esa izdkf'kr%&^^okeiaFkh ikfVZ;k¡ lh-ih-vkbZ- (,e-) vkSj lh-ih-vkbZ- nksukas us gh Hkkjr ljdkjls ek¡x dh gS fd isIlh&dksyk dks fn;k x;k ykbZlsal jn~n fd;k tk;A jkthoxka/h ljdkj dh mnkjhdj.k dh uhfr ds rgr bl isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dksHkkjr esa vuqefr nsuk nqHkkZX;iw.kZ gSA ;g dne Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dks fons'khdEifu;ksa ds gkFkksa fxjoh j[kus tSlk gSA Hkkjr ljdkj fo'o cSad vkSj eqnzkdks"kds funsZ'kksa ij dke dj jgh gS] vkSj Hkkjr dks fons'kh dEifu;ksa dh ywV dsfy;s [kksy fn;k x;k gSA¸

16) 21 flrEcj 1986 dks ¶vkxuZ kbtj¸ ea s idz kf'kr%& ^iIs lh&dkys kdEiuh dks Hkkjr esa vkus nsuk fcYdqy Hkh le>nkjh dk iQSlyk ugha gSAisIlh&dksyk dEiuh dk 'khry is; ,slh [kkl pht ugha gS vkSj uk gh bldEiuh dk vkyw fpIl ,slk [kkl gSA 1977 esa Hkkjr ls dksdk&dksyk dEiuhdks Hkxk;k x;k Fkk] D;ksafd og dEiuh vius 'khry is; dk iQkewZyk crkus dksrS;kj ugha FkhA vkyw dk fpIl vkSj VekVj dh pVuh Hkkjr ds ?kj&?kj esa]xk¡o&xk¡o esa curk gSA vr% fpIl vkSj pVuh cukus ds fy;s vejhdh dEiuhdks ykus dk dksbZ vkSfpR; ugha gSA oSls rks isIlh&dksyk dEiuh us iwoZ esa dHkhHkh vkyw dk fpIl vkSj VekVj dh pVuh cukus dk dk;Z ugha fd;k gS] vkSjuk gh [kk| izlaLdj.k dk dksbZ vuqHko bl dEiuh ds ikl gSA jktho xka/h ljdkj us bl isIlh ifj;kstuk dks tks eatwjh nh gS] mldk ,d Hkh vk/kj Bksl ugha gSA¸ ;g c;ku Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ ds usrk t; dk gS] tks ikVhZdh vkfFkZd uhfr cukus okys lewg ds izeq[k jgsA bl c;ku ds yxHkx 10lky ckn Hkkjrh; turk ikVhZ ds usr`Ro esa ,d ljdkj cuh tks vHkh rdvDVwcj&2003 rd py jgh gSA ysfdu vHkh rd bl ljdkj us Hkh




isIlh&dksyk dEiuh ds f[kykiQ dksbZ dk;Zokgh ugha fd;k gSA

Hkkjrh; laln esa isIlh&dksyk ds ckjs esa iwNs x;sHkkjrh; laln esa isIlh&dksyk ds ckjs esa iwNs x;sHkkjrh; laln esa isIlh&dksyk ds ckjs esa iwNs x;sHkkjrh; laln esa isIlh&dksyk ds ckjs esa iwNs x;sHkkjrh; laln esa isIlh&dksyk ds ckjs esa iwNs x;siz'u ,oa ljdkj ds eaf=k;ks a }kjk fn;s x;s mRrjiz'u ,oa ljdkj ds eaf=k;ks a }kjk fn;s x;s mRrjiz'u ,oa ljdkj ds eaf=k;ks a }kjk fn;s x;s mRrjiz'u ,oa ljdkj ds eaf=k;ks a }kjk fn;s x;s mRrjiz'u ,oa ljdkj ds eaf=k;ks a }kjk fn;s x;s mRrj

tc ls isIlh&dksyk dEiuh Hkkjr esa vk;h] rHkh ls ysdjvkt rd yxHkx 500 iz'u fofHkUu lkalnksa }kjk laln esa iwNs x;sA ftuessals dqN izeq[k iz'uksa dks uhps fn;k tk jgk gSA

lkaln nhisu ?kks"k }kjk iwNk x;k iz'u & 29 vxLr 1991%&lkaln nhisu ?kks"k }kjk iwNk x;k iz'u & 29 vxLr 1991%&lkaln nhisu ?kks"k }kjk iwNk x;k iz'u & 29 vxLr 1991%&lkaln nhisu ?kks"k }kjk iwNk x;k iz'u & 29 vxLr 1991%&lkaln nhisu ?kks"k }kjk iwNk x;k iz'u & 29 vxLr 1991%&

iz'u%& eSa ljdkj ls ;g tkuuk pkgrk gw¡ fd isIlh&dksyk dEiuhdks LohÑr] ysVj vkiQ bUVsUV (Letter of Intent) esa tks 'kCn ^VuZ vksoj*fy[kk x;k gS] mldk vFkZ D;k gS\ dkuwu ea=kky; dks bl 'kCn VuZ vksoj(Turn Over) dh O;k[;k djus ds fy;s D;ksa dgk x;k gS\

iz'u%& yksdlHkk vè;{k egksn;] ea=kh egksn; txnh'k VkbZVyj uslaln esa ckj&ckj dgk gS fd isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dks Hkkjr esa 'khry is;vius czkaM uke ls mRiknu djus ,oa cspus dh vuqefr ugha nh tk;sxhA bldEiuh dks fliQZ [kk| izlaLdj.k ds {ks=k esa gh vuqefr gksxhA ysfdu eq>syxrk gS fd ;g vejhdh dEiuh] Hkkjr ljdkj dh fdlh Hkh ckr ;k funsZ'kksadks ugha ekusxhA ;g dEiuh le; vkus ij 'khry is; dk mRiknu vkSj fcØhnksuksa gh vius uke ls djsxhA xr 20 tqykbZ 1989 dks [kk| izlaLdj.k ea=khtxnh'k VkbZVyj }kjk laln esa vk'oklu fn;k x;k Fkk fd isIlh&dksykdEiuh dks Hkkjr esa 'khry is; mRiknu djus dh vuqefr rc rd ugha nhtk;sxh tc rd og dEiuh vius djkj dh lHkh 'krksZa dks iwjk ugha djsxhAysfdu vHkh&vHkh ljdkj dh vksj ls lwpuk nh x;h gS fd isIlh&dksykdEiuh us vius dqy VuZ vksoj dk 25% 'khry is; mRiknu 'kq: dj fn;kgSA ,slh fLFkfr esa ljdkj bl dEiuh dks jksdus ds fy;s dksbZ dk;Zokgh D;ksaugha djrh gS\ ljdkj dks bl dEiuh dh ok;nkf[kykiQh ds fo#¼ dk;Zokghdjus ls dkSu jksd jgk gS\

ea=kh fxfj/j xksekax }kjk fn;k x;k mRrj%&ea=kh fxfj/j xksekax }kjk fn;k x;k mRrj%&ea=kh fxfj/j xksekax }kjk fn;k x;k mRrj%&ea=kh fxfj/j xksekax }kjk fn;k x;k mRrj%&ea=kh fxfj/j xksekax }kjk fn;k x;k mRrj%&^^gekjs ikl dksbZ fuxjkuh djus okyk ra=k ugha gSA gekjs ea=kky; dks

isIlh dEiuh }kjk ekfld Lrjij tks tkudkjh nh tkrh gS] mlh ds vk/kjij ge dk;Z djrs gSa¸A

blh cgl eas Hkkx yrs s g;q s lkla n gkjoUs nz flga gla iky }kjk fn;k x;kc;ku%& êq>s irk pyk gS fd ;g dEiuh dqN leqnzh oLrqvksa dk fu;kZr djjgh gS] ftldk iatkc ds fdlkuksa ds lkFk dqN ysuk&nsuk ugha gSA eq>s yxrkgS fd ;g isIlh&dksyk dEiuh ljdkj ds lkFk feydj iatkc ds yksxksa dks/ks[kk ns jgh gSA eq>s ea=kh egksn; ls ;g vk'oklu pkfg, fd os bl dEiuhdh /ks[kk/M+h dks jksdsaxs¸A

yksdlHkk vè;{k dh fVIi.kh%& ^êa=khth] lkaln dk iz'u fcYdqylh/k gSA dEiuh dh vksj ls ok;nk fd;k x;k Fkk fd iatkc ds fdlkuksa dksykHk gksxkA ysfdu vHkhrd ,slk dksbZ ykHk iatkc ds fdlkuksa dks ugha gqvkgSA D;k vHkhrd isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dh vksj ls iatkc esa ,slh dksbZ iQSDVjhyxkbZ x;h g]S ftleas iQy ,oa lfCt;kas dk ilz La dj.k djds dkbs Z mRikn cuk;ktk jgk gS\

lkaln gkjosUnz flag galiky dk oDrO;%& ^îsIlh&dksyk dEiuh dslkFk fd;s x;s djkj dh ;g 'krZ gS fd igys [kk| izlaLdj.k ds {ks=k esadEiuh dkj[kkus yxkdj mRiknu dk;Z djxs hA mlds ckn gh 'khry i;s cktkjeas yk ldsxh¸A

yksdlHkk vè;{k dh izfrfØ;k%& ^^ysfdu D;k vHkh rd bldEiuh us ,slh dksbZ iQSDVjh [kk| izlaLdj.k ds fy;s ugha yxk;h gS D;k\¸

lkaln gkjosUnz flag dk mRrj %& ¶ugha¸AyksdlHkk vè;{k dh fVIi.kh%& ^êU=kh th vkidks bl lEcU/ esa

tYnh vkSj dM+h dk;Zokgh djus dh t:jr gSA ftldk dksbZ ifj.kke fudylds A

lkaln nhisu ?kks"k dh fVIi.kh%& ^^;k rks isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dksdjkj dh lHkh 'krksZa dks iwjk djuk pkfg, ;k fiQj bl dEiuh dks Hkkjr lsckgj fudky nsuk pkfg,¸A fxfj/j xksekaxks dk c;ku%& ^^tc isIlh&dksykdEiuh dh Vhe Hkkjr vk;h Fkh] rc ,d ;wfuV dh dher 1200 #- crk;hx;h FkhA ysfdu vc ;g dher c<+kdj 8058 #- izfr ;wfuV dj nh x;h gSA




geus bl lEcU/ esa isIlh dksyk dEiuh dks 19 vizSy 1991 dks dkj.k crkvksuksfVl tkjh dj fn;k gS vkSj dEiuh ls tckc ryc fd;k gS¸A

yksdlHkk vè;{k dk oDrO;%& ^êa=khth] lkaln egksn; vkils ;gtkuuk pkgrs gSa fd vki isIlh dEiuh dh ok;nk f[kykiQh ds ckjs essa dksbZdk;Zokgh tYnh djus tk jgs gSa ;k ugha\¸

ea=kh fxfj/j xksekaaxks dk c;ku%& ^îsIlh&dksyk dEiuh us tks Hkhdjkj Hkkjr ljdkj ls fd;k gS] mldh lHkh 'krksZa dk ikyu djuk gh gksxk¸A

t;iky jsM~Mh dk c;ku%& ^^vè;{k egksn;] isIlh&dksyk dEiuh usHkkjr esa ftl rjg dk dke fd;k gS] og cgqr vkifRrtud gSA tc bldEiuh ds lkFk djkj fd;k x;k Fkk] ml le; laln ds nksuksas gh lnuksa esacgl gq;h FkhA djkj dh 'krksZa ij Hkh ppkZ gq;h FkhA ysfdu bl fons'kh dEiuhus vius lkFk gq;s djkj dh ,d Hkh 'krZ dks ugha ekuk gSA ljdkj us Hkh djkjHkax ds vk/kj ij dksbZ dk;Zokgh ugha dh gSA

yksdlHkk vè;{k dh fVIi.kh%& ^^vkius tks Hkh dgk og lHkh dqNlkfcr gks pqdk gSA¸

t;iky jsM~Mh dk c;ku%& ^êa=kh egksn; us vius tokc esa ;gLohdkj fd;k gS] fd dEiuh ds }kjk crkbZ x;h dherksa esa gsjkiQsjh gq;h gSAbl ckr dks mRiknu dj foHkkx us Hkh Lohdkj fd;k gS¸A23 ekpZ 1990 dks laln (yksdlHkk) esa gq;h cgl%&

lnq 'kuZ jk; pk/S kjh (lkla n)%& îta kc ljdkj ,oa ita kc ds ykxs ksa dksisIlh dEiuh us /ks[kk fn;k gSA u fliQZ iatkc cfYd iwjs ns'k dks Hkh /ks[kkgqvk gSA gfjr Økafr] iQy Økafr vkfn dh lHkh ckrsa [kks[kyh lkfcr gq;h gSaAisIlh&dksyk dEiuh dk vlyh mn~ns'; 'khry is; vkSj vkyw fpIl cspus dkgh Fkk] fdlkuksa dk Hkyk djus dk dksbZ] mn~ns'; ugha Fkk¸A

lq/hj fxjh (lkaln dk c;ku)%& ^îsIlh dEiuh us cgqr lkjs ok;nsfd;s Fks] ftlesa ls ,d Hkh ok;nk iwjk ugha fd;k¸A

Mk- jkepUnz Mkse (lkaln) dk c;ku%& ^îsIlh dEiuh us iatkc dsfdlkuksa esa ,d vk'kk iSnk dh Fkh] fd nwljh gfjr Økafr iatkc esa fiQj gksxhAisIlh ifj;kstuk ls 50]000 yksxksa dks jkstxkj feyus okyk FkkA ysfdu vktokLrfodrk D;k gS\ laln esa ;g Hkh dgk x;k fd bl dEiuh dk vejhdhxqIrpj laLFkk lh-vkbZ-,- ds lkFk Hkh lEcU/ gSA lc tkurs gSa fd bl isIlh

dEiuh us lh-vkbZ-,- ds lkFk feydj fpyh ns'k dh vysUns ljdkj dk r[rkiyV djk;k FkkA eq>s Mj gS fd ;g dEiuh Hkkjr esa Hkh ,slk gh jktuSfrdgLr{ksi dj ldrh gSA¸

6 fnlEcj] 1988 dks laln esa gq;h cgl %&6 fnlEcj] 1988 dks laln esa gq;h cgl %&6 fnlEcj] 1988 dks laln esa gq;h cgl %&6 fnlEcj] 1988 dks laln esa gq;h cgl %&6 fnlEcj] 1988 dks laln esa gq;h cgl %&t;iky jsM~Mh (lkaln) dk c;ku%& ^^bruh cM+h fons'kh dEiuh

isIlh&dksyk] nl lky rd fcuk 'kq¼ equkiQs ds Hkh O;kikj dj ldrh gSAD;ksafd bl dEiuh ds ikl vusdksa jkLrs gSa ftuds }kjk Hkkjr ls /u vejhdkys tk;k tk ldrk gSA blesa ,d jkLrk ¶vksoj bUok;flax¸ (Overinvoicing) dk gSA egRo dh ckr ;g gS fd vkyw fpIl ,oa ikidkuZ dksrks fu;kZr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA rks ;s oLrq,a Hkkjrh; cktkj esa gh csphtk;saxhA ea=kh egksn; D;k vkius bu ckrksa ij xEHkhjrk ls fopkj fd;k gS\ea=kh egksn; vki gels dg jgs gSa fd isIlh dEiuh vius dqy mRiknu dk25% gh 'khry is; cukdj cspsxhA ysfdu vkius vuqeku yxk;k gS fd ;gfdruk [krjukd gks ldrk gS\ ;fn isIlh dEiuh dk O;kikj LFkkfir gks x;krks ihNs&ihNs dksdk&dksyk dEiuh Hkh pyh vk;sxhA dksdk&dksyk dEiuhHkkjr esa 100 izfr'kr fu;kZr djus ds cgkus ls izos'k djus tk jgh gSA ukeds fy;s rks 100 izfr'kr fu;kZr fd;s tkus dh ckr gS] ysfdu mRiknu dk25% Hkkjrh; cktkj esa gh cspk tk;sxkA Hkkjr ds cktkjksa esa fiQj dksyk ;q¼'kq# gksxkA tks vkfFkZd :i ls 'khr ;q¼ ls Hkh Hk;adj gksxkA ;fn ljdkjpkgrh gS fd ns'k esa fLFkjrk ,oa le`f¼ cuh jgs rks isIlh vkSj dksdk&dksykdEifu;ksa dks dHkh Hkh Hkkjr esa O;kikj dh vuqefr ugha nh tkuh pkfg,A¸

txnh'k VkbZVyj (ea=kh) dk c;ku%& îsIlh&dksyk dEiuh us Hkkjrljdkj dks cSad xkjaVh vkSj dkuwuh xkjaVh nh gSA ;g dEiuh vius lHkh fu;kZrok;nksa dks iwjk djsxh] ;g ge ns[ksaxsA ;g dEiuh iatkc esa iSnk gksus okysiQy&lfCt;ksa dk 25% fu;kZr djsxh] ;g cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ gSA¸3 uoEcj 1988 dks laln esa gqbZ cgl%&

,u- bZ- cyjke (lkaln) dk c;ku%& ^^vki isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dksvuqefr nsus tk jgs gSaA bl dEiuh ds }kjk fu;kZr djus ls lEcfU/r lHkhckrsa okLrfodrk ls cgqr nwj gSaA vki ea=kh egksn; lnu dks xqejkg ugha djsaAvki tkurs gSa fd bl dEiuh dk bfrgkl cgqr gh dkyk ,oa [kjkc jgk gSA;g cgqr gh dq[;kr ,oa cnuke dEiuh gSA bfrgkl dk gjsd fo|kFkhZ tkurk




gS fd blh isIlh&dksyk dEiuh us fpyh dh lYoknksj vysUns ljdkj dkr[rk iyV fn;k FkkA¸

nhisu?kks"k (lkaln) dk c;ku%& ^D;k ea=kh egksn; nqfu;k esa ,d Hkh,sls dkj[kkus dk irk crk ldrs gSa tgk¡ isIlh&dksyk dEiuh iQyksa dk jlrS;kj djkrh gks] ,oa mldk fu;kZr djrh gks\¸

txnh'k VkbZVyj (ea=kh) dk c;ku%& ^îsIlh&dksyk }kjk fn;s x;srF;ks ls irk pyrk gS fd bl dEiuh dk 60% O;kikj iQy mRiknksa ls tqM+kgqvk gSA¸

nhisu ?kks"k (lkaln) dk c;ku%& ^^vki ea=kh th xyr cksy jgs gSavkSj vkidks xyr tkudkjh nh x;h gSA isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dk iwjh nqfu;kesaa 'khry is;ksa dk gh O;kikj gS¸A

;'koar flUgk (lkaln jkT;lHkk) dk c;ku%& ^^vè;{k egksn;]isIlh&dksyk dk ekeyk cgqr gh laosnu'khy gSA bl iwjs ekeys esa vk¡dM+ksa dhckthxjh dh x;h gSA isIlh&dksyk dEiuh us ljdkj dks ,oa ns'k dks xqejkgfd;k gSA ;g dEiuh ns'k ds yksxksa dh ywV djus tk jgh gSA bl dEiuh usvius djkj dh lHkh 'krksZa dk mYya?ku fd;k gSA bl le; ekuuh; iz/kuea=khlnu esa cSBs gq;s gSaA eSa ;g tkuuk pkgrk gw¡ fd ljdkj bl dEiuh dsf[kykiQ D;k dkuwuh ,oa iz'kklfud dk;Zokgh djus tk jgh gS\ ;fn ea=khegksn; esjs iz'u dk mRrj ugha ns ldrs rks ekuuh; iz/kueU=kh bl iz'u dkmRrj nsa¸A

Mk- ;sykekapyh f'kokth (lkaln)%& ^vè;{k egksn;] iwjs ns'k esa yksxksads chp ;g ppkZ gS fd Hkkjr ljdkj us isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dks eatwjh nsusds fy;s gh ,d u;s ea=kky; ^[kk| izlaLdj.k* dk xBu fd;k gSA D;k vcisIlh ifj;kstuk dks eatwjh ds ckn bl ea=kky; dks lekIr dj fn;k tkukpkfg,\¸

2 ebZ 1990 dks laln esa gq;h cgl%&2 ebZ 1990 dks laln esa gq;h cgl%&2 ebZ 1990 dks laln esa gq;h cgl%&2 ebZ 1990 dks laln esa gq;h cgl%&2 ebZ 1990 dks laln esa gq;h cgl%&dey ekjs kjdk (lkla n)%& ^vè;{k egkns ;] ea S iIs lh&dkys k ifj;kts uk

ds vkfFkZd i{k ls lEcfU/r dqN xaHkhj vkifRr lnu ds lkeus j[kuk pkgrkgw¡A 'kq# esa tc bl ifj;kstuk dks ljdkj ds lkeus eatwjh ds fy;s j[kk x;kFkk] rc bldh ykxr 22 djksM+ #i;s FkhA vc bl ifj;kstuk dh ykxrc<+dj 75 djksM+ #- gks x;h gSA bl dher ds c<+us dk dksbZ Hkh dkj.k

isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dh vksj ls ugha fn;k x;k gSA dEiuh dh vksj ls blckjs esa >wB cksyk tk jgk gSA¸

nhius ?kk"s k (lkla n) dk c;ku%& êaS oreZ ku ljdkj ls vihy djrkgw¡ fd isIlh&dksyk dEiuh dks Hkkjr essa vuqefr ugha nh tkuh pkfg,A D;ksafd;g dEiuh vius fdlh Hkh ok;ns dks iwjk ugha dj jgh gSA bl dEiuh dhHkkjr dks dksbZ t:jr ugha gSA bl dEiuh us ySfVu vejhdh ns'k fpyh esaHk;adj mRikr fd;k Fkk¸A

27 ekpZ 1990 dks laln esa gq;h cgl%&27 ekpZ 1990 dks laln esa gq;h cgl%&27 ekpZ 1990 dks laln esa gq;h cgl%&27 ekpZ 1990 dks laln esa gq;h cgl%&27 ekpZ 1990 dks laln esa gq;h cgl%&[ksepUnz lksekHkkbZ pkoM+k (lkaln)%& ^îsIlh vejhdk dh cgqr cM+h

cgqjk"Vªh; dEiuh gSA bl dEiuh us Hkkjr esa vkdj lHkh fu;eksa dk mYya?kufd;k gSA bl dEiuh us ok;nk fd;k Fkk fd 50]000 yksxksa dks jkstxkj fn;ktk;sxk ysfdu ek=k 400 yksxksa dks gh vHkh rd jkstxkj fn;k x;k gSA dEiuhus dgk Fkk fd iQyksa dk izlaLdj.k djds fu;kZr fd;k tk;sxk] ysfdu vHkhrd dqN Hkh fu;kZr ugha fd;k tk jgk gSA ;g dEiuh /ks[ksckt dEiuh gSA

isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk ds 'khry is;ks a esaisIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk ds 'khry is;ks a esaisIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk ds 'khry is;ks a esaisIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk ds 'khry is;ks a esaisIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk ds 'khry is;ks a esadhVuk'kddhVuk'kddhVuk'kddhVuk'kddhVuk'kd

5 vxLr] 2003 dks ^lsUVj iQkj lk;Ul ,UM ,uok;jesUV* laLFkkdh iz;ksx'kkyk }kjk tkjh dh x;h fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj isIlh&dksyk ,oadksdk&dksyk ds 'khry is;ksa esas] fu/kZfjr ek=kk ls dbZ xquk vf/d dhVuk'kdik;s x;sA bl laLFkk ds rhu oSKkfudkssa izks- (Mk-) ,p-ch-ekFkqj] Mk- liuktkWulu] ,oa vfouk'k dqekj us isIlh ,oa dksdk&dksyk ds 'khry is;ksa ds lHkhczkaM ukeksa ls fcdus okys is;ksa dk oSKkfud ijh{k.k fd;kA bl ijh{k.k esa ygjisIlh] ygj lsou vi] ygj fefjUMk] dksdk&dksyk] FkElvi] fyEdk] flVªktSls djhc 12 czkaMks dks fy;k x;kA vkt dh izpfyr vUrjjk"Vªh; ijh{k.krduhd] xlS Økes Vs kxs kz iQh dks byDS Vkªu dIS pj fMVDs Vj (Electron Capture

Detector) ,oa ukbVªkstu iQkWLiQksjl fMVsDVj (Nitrogen Phosphorus De-

tector) dh enn ls ;s ijh{k.k fd;s x;sA bu ijh{k.kksa ls Kkr gqvk fd isIlhvkSj dksdk&dksyk }kjk tks ikuh bLrseky fd;k tk jgk gS& 'khry is; cukus




ds fy;s& ml ikuh esa gh dhVuk'kdksa dh ek=kk cgqr vf/d gSA nqfu;k dhfofHkUu laLFkkvksa tSls fo'o LokLF; laxBu] [kk| ,oa Ñf"k laxBu (,iQ- ,-vks-) vejhdh i;kZoj.k laj{k.k laLFkk (USEPA) [kk| ,oa vkS"kf/ iz'kklu(F.D.A.) us dhVuk'kdksa dh [kk| ,oa is; inkFkksZa essa mifLFkfr ds fy;s dqNekun.M r; fd;s gq;s gSaA ;wjksih; vkfFkZd vk;ksx (E.E.C) us ihus ds ikuhesa vf/dre dhVuk'kdksa dh ek=kk 0-0001 feyhxzke izfr yhVj r; dh gSAvFkkZr ,d yhVj ikuh esa vf/d ls vf/kd 0-0001 feyhxzke dhVuk'kd dhmifLFkfr gks ldrh gS tks euq"; dh lsgr ds fy;s T;knk [krjukd ugha ekuhtkrh gSA vHkh ;wjksi ds lHkh ns'kksa esa 25 fnlEcj 2003 ls u;s ekud r;fd;s tk jgs gSaA ftuds vuqlkj ihus ds ikuh esa ,d yhVj esa vf/dre 0-00003 feyhxzke gh dhVuk'kd gks ldsaxsA bl ek=kk dks lqjf{kr ekuk tkrkgSA lsUVj iQkj lk;Ul ,.M ,uok;jesUV ds oSKkfudksa us ;wjksi ds bUghaekun.Mksas dks vk/kj cukdj] Hkkjr esa fcdus okys isIlh&dksdk&dksyk ds BaMsis;ksa dh tk¡p dhA bl tkap esa fyUMsu] DyksjksikbjhiQkl] Mh-Mh-Vh-] eSykfFk;kutSls [krjukd dhVuk'kd isIlh o dksdk&dksyk ds 'khry is;ksa esa ik;s x;sAbl dk;Z ds fy;s isIlh vkSj dksdk&dksyk ds czkaM dh 36 cksrysa fnYyh dsfofHkUu cktkjksa ls [kjhnh x;haA ebZ 2003 esa budk ijh{k.k fd;k x;kA bldsvfrfjDr vejhdk ls Hkh isIlh&dksdk dksyk ds BaMs is;ksa ds uewus Hkh ijh{k.kfd;s x;sA fnYyh ds cktkjksa ls izkIr 'khry is;ksa esa tks Hkh [krjukddhVuk'kd] tgjhys jlk;u ik;s x;s mudh lwph vkSj ek=kk uhps nh x;h gS&

'khry is; dhVuk'kdksa dh;wjksih; ns'kksa esa ;wjksih; ns'kksa dhdk czkaM uke ek=kk izfryhVj esadhVuk'kdksa dh rqyuk esa Hkkjr esa Hkkjr esa ek=kk izfryhVj esa] fdrus xquk vf/d

dhVuk'kd isIlh 0-0187 fe-xzk- 0-0005 fe-xzk- 37 xquk vf/d ekM.Vsu M&;w 0-0141 fe-xzzk- 0-0005 AA 28 xquk vf/d MkbV isIlh 0-0071 fe-xzk- 0-0005 AA 14 xquk vf/d fefj.Mk vkjsUt 0-0196 fe-xzk- 0-0005 AA 39 xquk vf/d

fefjUMk yseu 0-0352 fe-xzk- 0-0005 AA 70 xquk vf/d Cyw isIlh 0-0142 fe-xzk- 0-0005 AA 29 xquk vf/d lsou&vi 0-0166 fe-xzk- 0-0005 AA 33 xquk vf/d dksdkdksyk 0-0223 fe-xzk- 0-0005 AA 45 xquk vf/d iQSUVk 0-0214 fe-xzk- 0-0005 AA 43 xquk vf/d fyEdk 0-0148 fe-xzk- 0-0005 AA 30 xquk vf/d LizkbV 0-0055 fe-xzk- 0-0005 AA 11 xquk vf/d FkEl&vi 0-0111 fe-xkz - 0-0005 AA 22 xquk vf/d

Hkkjr eas fcdus okys (Åij nh x;h rkfydk ds vulq kj) iIs lh&dkys kesa dhVuk'kdksa dh ek=kk ;wjksih; isIlh&dksyk esa dhVuk'kdksa dh ek=kk ls 37xuq k vf/d gAS blh rjg Hkkjr eas fcdus okys dkds k&dkys k eas ;jw kis h; ekudkasdh rqyuk esa 45 xquk vf/d dhVuk'kd tgj gSA blh rjg Hkkjr esa fcdusokys FkEl vi esa ;wjksih; ekudksa dh rqyuk esa 22 xquk vf/d dhVuk'kdtgj gSA Hkkjr esa fcdus okys lsou vi esa rks ;wjksih; ekudksa dh rqyuk esa70 xquk vf/d dhVuk'kd tgj gSA Hkkjrh; fyEdk esa ;wjksih; ekudkssa dhrqyuk esa 30 xquk vf/d dhVuk'kd tgj gSA blh rjg isIlh ,oadksdk&dksyk ds vU; lHkh czkUMksa esa dbZ xquk vf/d dhVuk'kd tgj ik;kx;k gSA

isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk esa feys gq;sisIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk esa feys gq;sisIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk esa feys gq;sisIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk esa feys gq;sisIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk esa feys gq;sdhVuk'kdks a dk 'kjhj o LokLF; ij nq"izHkkodhVuk'kdks a dk 'kjhj o LokLF; ij nq"izHkkodhVuk'kdks a dk 'kjhj o LokLF; ij nq"izHkkodhVuk'kdks a dk 'kjhj o LokLF; ij nq"izHkkodhVuk'kdks a dk 'kjhj o LokLF; ij nq"izHkko

isIlh&dksyk vkSj dksdk&dksyk ds 'khry is;ksa esa pkj izdkj dsdhVuk'kd fyUMsu] DyksjksikbjhiQkl] Mh-Mh-Vh-] ,oa eSykfFk;ku ik;s x;sA budhVuk'kdksa dk 'kjhj ds LokLF; ij cgqr gh [kjkc vlj gksrk gSA fyUMsu ukedk tgjhyk dhVuk'kd 'kjhj ds ikpurU=k ,oa 'olu rU=k }kjk 'kjhj dsÅrdksas esa (Fattissues) tek gksrk jgrk gSA ;g fyUMsu yhoj] fdMuh rFkk'kjhj dh izfrjks/d rU=k dks cgqr uqdlku igq¡pkrk gSA fyUMsu ukeddhVuk'kd tgj] dSalj vkSj tUetkr 'kkjhfjd foÑfr;ksa ds fy;s HkhftEesnkj gksrk gSA 'kjhj dh ,UMksØkbu xzfUFk dks Hkh fyUMsu Hkkjh uqdlku




igq¡pkrk gSAfyUMsu dh 40 feyhxzke ek=kk fdlh Hkh O;fDr dh (efgyk ;k

iq:"k) dh iztuu {kerk dks lekIr dj ldrh gSA iq:"kkssa ds o`"k.k rU=k(Testienlar system) dks cgqr cqjh rjg ls fyUMsu izHkkfor djrk gSAefgykvksa ds fu;fer ekfldpØ dks Hkh fyUMsu izHkkfor djrk gSA efgykvksads 'kjhj esas cuus okys ,LVªkstksu ,oa izkstsLVªksu gkeksZUl dh ek=kk dks fyUMsudkiQh de dj nsrk gSA pwgksa ij fd;s x;s ijh{k.kksa ls ;g fl¼ gqvk gS fdfyUMsu ls yhoj dSUlj gksrk gSA fyUMsu fdlh Hkh O;fDr ds rfU=kdk rU=kdks Hkh cqjh rjg ls izHkkfor djrk gSA gn; dks jDr igq¡pkus okyh ufydkvksadks Hkh fyUMsu dkiQh {kfr igq¡pkrk gSA

isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk esa fyUMsu ds ckn nwljk [krjukdtgjhyk dhVuk'kd Mh-Mh-Vh- (Dichloro diphenyl trichlo roethane) ik;kx;kA ;g Mh-Mh-Vh- euq"; ds oh;Z esa 'kqØk.kqvksa dh la[;k de djus dk dk;Z,oa fL=k;ksa esas o{k dSUlj fodflr djus ds fy;s ftEesnkj ekuk tkrk gSAfL=k;ksa ds 'kjhj ds fy;s lcls egRoiw.kZ ,LVªkstu uked gkeksZu dks Mh-Mh-Vh-de dj nsrk gSA bl dkj.k ls efgykvksa eas fcuk fdlh dkj.k xHkZikr gksusvkSj o{kLFky ds dSUlj gksus dk [krjk iSnk gks tkrk gSA yEcs le; rd cgqrvYi ek=kk eas Hkh Mh-Mh-Vh- 'kjhj eas tk;s rks yhoj dUS lj gkus s dh lEHkkouk jgrhgAS

isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdks&dksyk esa rhljk [krjukd dhVuk'kd tgjDyksjksikbjhiQkWl (Chloropyrifos) feykA ;g dhVuk'kh tgj euq"; 'kjhj dsefLr"d ,oa rfU=kdk rU=k (Nervous system) dks cqjh rjg ls izHkkfordjrk gSA DyksjksikbjhiQkWl efLr"d dh dksf'kdkvksa dks cqjh rjg ls u"V djnrs k gAS yxkrkj Dykjs kis kbjZ hiQklW eu"q ; 'kjhj eas cgrq gh vYi ek=kk eas Hkh tk,rks fnekxh fodkl dks jksd nsrk gSA 'kjhj dh ekalisf'k;ksa dks Hkh detksj djusdk dke DyksjksikbZjhiQkWl djrk gSA DyksjksikbjhiQkWl ls 'kjhj dk fodkl Hkh#drk gS vkSj euq"; LoHkko esa Hkh foÑfr;k¡ vk tkrh gaSA

isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk esa pkSFkk dhVuk'kh tgj eSykfFk;ku(Malathiyan) ik;k x;kA ;g tgj Hk;da j dlaS jdkjd gAS ;g dhVuk'kh tgj'kjhj ds rfU=kdk rU=k ij Hkh cgqr cqjk izHkko djrk gSA efgykvksa eaas LrudlaS j Hkh fodflr djus dk dk;Z ;g eyS kfFk;ku djrk gAS tUetkr 'kkjhfjd

fodykaxrk dks Hkh iSnk djus dk dk;Z eSykfFk;ku djrk gSA ;g dhVuk'khtgj i{kk?kkr dk Hkh dkj.k cu ldrk gSA

egRoiw.kZ ckr ;g gS fd isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk ds Hkkjr esafcdus okys 'khry is;ksa esa gh ;s dhVuk'kh tgj eSykfFk;ku] DyksjksikbZjhiQkWl]Mh-Mh-Vh-] ,oa fyUMsu ik;k x;kA ysfdu tc isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk dsvejhdk esa fcdus okys 'khry is;ksa dk ijh{k.k fd;k x;k rks dksbZ HkhdhVuk'kh tgj muesa ugha ik;k x;kA

ekmaVsu M~;w esa dSiQhu Hkh gn ls T;knk % lh,lbZekmaVsu M~;w esa dSiQhu Hkh gn ls T;knk % lh,lbZekmaVsu M~;w esa dSiQhu Hkh gn ls T;knk % lh,lbZekmaVsu M~;w esa dSiQhu Hkh gn ls T;knk % lh,lbZekmaVsu M~;w esa dSiQhu Hkh gn ls T;knk % lh,lbZcgqjk"Vªh; daiuh isfIldks ds ns'k esa fcdus okys lkÝV fMªad

^ekmaVsu M~;w* esa dSiQhu dh ek=kk varjjk"Vªh; ekud ls cgqr T;knk gSA ;g[kqyklk lasVj vkWiQ lkbal ,aM buok;juesaV (lh,lbZ) dh vè;{kk lquhrkukjk;.k us fd;k gSA lqJh ukjk;.k ds eqrkfcd phu] dukMk] vkLVªsfy;k]nf{k.k vÚhdk] gkySaM] Lisu vkfn ns'kksa esa dsoy dksyk is; esa dSiQhu feykusdh NwV gS] og Hkh izfr yhVj ek=k 150 feyhxzkeA Hkkjr esa lHkh rjg dslkÝV fMªad esa izfr yhVj 200 feyh xzke rd dSiQhu feykus dh NwV gSA blhdk iQk;nk mBkdj 'khry is; daifu;k¡ dSiQhu feyk jgh gSaA

isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk D;k gSa\isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk D;k gSa\isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk D;k gSa\isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk D;k gSa\isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk D;k gSa\

lkÝV fMªad ,sls is; inkFkksZa dks dgk tkrk gS tks ikuh easdkcuZ MkbvkDW lkbM xlS rFkk vU; jklk;fud noz kas tlS s ,fs lM vkjS ehBk cukusokys jlk;uksa dks feykdj cuk;s tkrs gSaA ysfdu buesa 'kjkc ;k ,Ydksgy ughagksrh gSA blfy;s bUgsa lkÝV fMªad dgk tkrk gSA bu lkÝV fMªaDl esa iQyksadk jl ugha gksrk gSA

isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk dksyk&tSls BaMs is;ksa esa 86 ls 90% rdikuh gksrk gSA blesa Lokn dks lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy;s dSiQhu feyk;k tkrk gSAbldks ehBk cukus ds fy;s lSØhu dk ;k ,LijVse uked jlk;u dk iz;ksxfd;k tkrk gSA blesa nzo :i esa dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM xSl dks feyk;k tkrkgSA ;g xSl ikuh esa thok.kqvksa dks iuius ls jkssdrh gSA bl xSl dh mifLFkfrls gh lkÝV fMªaDl ihus ij eq¡g esa okLrfodrk ls vf/d BaMk gksus dk ,glkl




gksrk gSAisIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk esa eq[; :i ls iQkWLiQksfjd ,sflM Hkh

feyk;k tkrk gSA blds vfrfjDr flfVªd ,sflM ,oa eSfyd ,sflM Hkh feyk;stkrs gSaA bu vEyksa (Acids) dks feykus ls I;kl cq>us dk ,glkl gksrk gSAlkÝV fMªaDl esaa feyk;s x;s jlk;uksa dh vkil esa fØ;kvksa dks jksdus ds fy;s,Ldkjfcd ,sflM Hkh feyk;k tkrk gSA isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk esa jaxnsus ds fy;s dSjkesy (Caramel) uked jlk;u dk iz;kssx fd;k tkrk gSAisIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk dks yEcs le; rd lqjf{kr j[kus ds fy;siksVsf'k;e lkWjcsV uked jlk;u feyk;k tkrk gSA blds lkFk gh lksfM;ecsUtks,V (Sodium Bengoate) Hkh feyk;k tkrk gSA blds vfrfjDrisfDVu] ,YxhusV (Alginate) tSls vU; jlk;u dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk esa ikuh ds vfrfjDr tks Hkh jlk;uiz;ksx fd;s tkrs gSa mudh lwph bl izdkj gSA 1) dSiQhu 2) ,sLijVse (lSØhuls 200 xquk vf/d ehBk) 3) dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM (nzo :i esa) 4)iQkWLiQksfjd ,sflM 5) dSjkesy (Caramel) 6) lksfM;e csUtks,V 7) iksVsf'k;elkWjcsV 8) isfDVu 9) ,YxhusV 10) eSfyd ,flM cukus dh fof/

lkÝV fMªaDl cukus ds fy;s lcls igys ikuh vkSj ehBk cukus okysjlk;u ,LijVse ;k lSØhu dks feykdj ?kksy cuk;k tkrk gSA fiQj blesaisIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk dEifu;ksa dk fo'ks"k :i ls rS;kj lkUnz ?kksy(Concentrate) feyk;k tkrk gSA mlds ckn vEyksa dks feykus dh fØ;klEiUu gksrh gS ftlesa iQkWLiQksfjd ,flM tSls vEy feyk;s tkrs gSaA bl fØ;kls lhji tSlk cu tkrk gSA

blds ckn ikuh dks vkDlhtu eqDr cuk;k tkrk gSA mlds cknmPp nkc (High Pressure) ij ikuh esa dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM (nzo :i)feyk;k tkrk gSA bl izfØ;k esa ikuh eas ls gok iwjh rjg fudy tkrh gSA vcbl ikuh esa gh mi;qDr rjhds ls rS;kj lhji dks ,d fuf'pr ek=kk esafeykdj cksryksa esa Hkjdj fcØh ds fy;s Hkst fn;k tkrk gSA

isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk esa feyk;s tkus okysisIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk esa feyk;s tkus okysisIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk esa feyk;s tkus okysisIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk esa feyk;s tkus okysisIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk esa feyk;s tkus okysjklk;fud inkFkks Z a dk 'kjhj o LokLF; ij nq"izHkkojklk;fud inkFkks Z a dk 'kjhj o LokLF; ij nq"izHkkojklk;fud inkFkks Z a dk 'kjhj o LokLF; ij nq"izHkkojklk;fud inkFkks Z a dk 'kjhj o LokLF; ij nq"izHkkojklk;fud inkFkks Z a dk 'kjhj o LokLF; ij nq"izHkko

isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk esa feyk;s tkus okys lHkh jlk;ukssa dk

'kjhj ij cgqr vf/d nq"izHkko gksrk gSA nqfu;k Hkj ds vusd ns'kksa esa fd;s x;s'kks/ ds vuqlkj isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk ihus ls eksVkik] e/qesg(Diabetes), nar {k; (Tooth Decay)] gfM~M;ksa dk {k; (osteoporosis)]

gn; jksx (Heart Disease)] ,oa dbZ ekufld jksx gksrs gSaA isIlh&dksyk ,oadksdk&dksyk tSls 'khry is;ksa esa iQkWLiQksfjd ,sflM] flfVªd ,sflM] eSfyd,sflM tSls dbZ vEy gksus ds dkj.k bls ihus ls 'kjhj esa vEyksa dh ek=kk c<+tkrh g]S ftlds dkj.k ,flfMVh dh chekjh gkrs h gAS iVs eas dbZ vU; chekfj;k¡Hkh bl vEyrk ds c<+us ls gks tkrh gSaA vXuk'k; esa vEy vkSj {kkj dk ,dfuf'pr vkSj fu;fer vuqikr jgrk gS] ;g vuqikr ,sflM (vEy) dh ek=kkc<+us ls fcxM+ tkrk gSA bl dkj.k isV esa tyu] [kV~Vh Mdkjsa] isV nnZ] isVesa vYlj tSlh chekfj;k¡ iSnk gksrh gSaA vXuk'k; esa o ikpufØ;k esa Hkh [kjkchvkrh gS ftlls vipu vkSj xSl dh leL;k Hkh gksrh gSA

dkcZu MkbZvkWDlkbM ,d fo"kSyh xSl gksrh gS] ftls gekjk 'kjhj ,dcsdkj inkFkZ ;k vuqi;ksxh ekudj ckgj fudkyrk jgrk gSA ysfdu tc blhxSl dks 'khry is;ksa ds ek/;e ls ge 'kjhj esa Mkyrs gSa rks gekjs iQsiQM+ksa ijbldk cqjk vlj gksrk gSA dkcZu MkbZvkWDlkbM ,oa iQkWLiQksfjd ,sflM rFkk,LijVse dks lkFk feykdj tc 'khry is; ds :i esa fi;k tkrk gS] rks ;g'kjhj dh gfM~M;ks ds fy;s t:jh iks"kd rRoksa dh deh djrk gS] blds dkj.ktYnh gh gfM~M;ksa ds VwV tkus dh laHkkouk gksrh gSA blh chekjh dksvkWfLV;ksiksjksfll dgrs gSaA bl chekjh esa gfM~M;ksa ds vUnj ekStwn dSfY'k;e,oa iQkWLiQksjl dk larqyu VwV tkrk gSA bl chekjh esa dSfY'k;e dh ek=kkgfM~M;ksa esa cgqr gh de gks tkrh gSA

gekjs nkWrksa ds Åij ,usey dh iVy gh nkWrksa dh lqj{kk dk dk;Zdjrh gSA fdlh 'khry is; esa ekStwn ,sflM ds dkj.k nkWrksa dh j{kk djus okyh;g iVy detksj gksrh tkrh gSA bl rjg nar{k; 'kq# gks tkrk gSAyDs Vkcs lS hyl (Lactobacilius) ,oa ,DVhukes kblls (Actinomyces) uke dsnks cSDVhfj;k eq¡g ds vUnj cgqr rsth ls iSnk gksdj c<+rs gSa] tc lkÝV fMªaDlfi;k tkrk gSA bu nksuks gh cSDVhfj;k ds fy;s vEyrk (,sflfMd) ,oa ehBkokrkoj.k cgqr gh vuqdwy gksrk gSA ;s nksuksa cSDVhfj;k nar{k; rFkk vU; eq¡gsds jksxksa ds fy;s Hkh ftEesnkj gksrs gSaA eq¡g ds vUnj 'khry is;ksa ls ,d vkSjcSDVhfj;k E;wVsUl LVªsIVkslh (Mutans streptocci) iSnk gksrk gSA ;g cSDVhfj;k




lkÝV fMªaDl esa feyk;s tkus okys ,LijVse (ehBk cukus ds fy;s) ds dkj.kiSnk gksrk gSA ;g Hkh nar{k; dks cgqr c<+kok nsrk gSA

isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk tSls 'khry is;ksa esa dSiQhu Hkh feyk;ktkrk gSA ;g dSiQhu gekjs 'kjhj ds dsUnzh; raf=kdk ra=k (Central Nervous

System) dks cqjh rjg ls fcxkM+ ldrk gSA ;fn 'kjhj esa dSiQhu dh ek=kkvf/d gks tk;s rks vfunzk] fpM+fpMk+iu] vR;f/d fpark] volkn tSlh xaHkhjchekfj;k¡ iSnk gks tkrh gSaA dSiQhu ds dkj.k is'kkc esa tkus okys dSfY'k;e dhek=kk cgqr vf/d c<+ tkrh gS] bl dkj.k Hkh vkLVh;ksiksjksfll chekjh gkstkrh gSA fdlh efgyk dks xHkkZoLFkk ds nkSjku ;fn isIlh&dksyk ;kdksdk&dksyk tSls is; fiyk;s tk;sa rks xaHkhj :i ls xHkZikr dk [krjk rFkkxHkZLFk f'k'kq dh 'kkjhfjd lajpuk esa foÑfr dk [krjk c<+ tkrk gSA vf/dek=kk esa dSiQhu uiqaldrk Hkh iSnk djrh gSA lHkh 'khry is;ksa esa [kkldj isIlhvkSj dksdk&dksyk esa xgjk yky jax nsus ds fy;s dSjkesy (Caramel) dkiz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tks vR;f/d dSaljdkjd gSA blh rjg isIlh vkSjdksdk&dksyk esa bLrseky gksus okys iksVsf'k;e lkWjcsV ,oa lkssfM;e csUtks,V HkhdSaljdkjd gSaA ;s nksuksa jlk;u euq"; dh vkuqoaf'kd lajpuk eas Hkh HkkjhfoÑfr iSnk dj nsrs gSaSA isIlh vkSj dksdk&dksyk esa uk rks izksVhu uk gh dksbZfoVkfeu gksrs gSaA

vejhdk ls izdkf'kr ¶Dyhfudy fjlpZ U;wt ysVj¸ ukedoSKkfud if=kdk esa Mk- tkWMuZ fØLVsUlu }kjk fy[ks x;s ,d ys[k esa crk;kx;k gS] fd ¶dksYM fMaªDl¸ esa dqN Hkh iks"kdrk ugha gksrh gSA ;s dksYM fMªaDlnkWrksa dks lcls vf/d uqdlku igq¡pkrs gSaA bu 'khry is;ksa ls nk¡rksa esa xM~Ms(Cavity) vkSj nk¡rks esa lM+u iSnk gksrh gSA fo[;kr esMhdy tuZy ySUlsV dsvulq kj dkYs M fMDaª l ls ikz Ñfrd Hk[w k yxus ds rU=k eas vfu;ferrk inS k gkrs hgSA blls {kf.kd ,oa Ñf=ke Hkw[k yxrh gS vkSj isIlh&dksd ihus okys dqNuk dqN [kkrs jgrs gSaA ftlds dkj.k eksVkik c<+us yxrk gSA tSls gh gedqN [kkrs gSa rks isV ls fnekx dks ,d lans'k igq¡p tkrk gS fd bruk HkkstuisV esa vk pqdk gSA fiQj fnekx ls 'kjhj ds nwljs fgLlksa dks Hkkstu larqf"Vdk lans'k igq¡prk gSA ysfdu dksYM fMªaDl ds :i esa ge tks Hkh ysrs gSa ogrjy gksus ds dkj.k isV ls tYnh gh lekIr gks tkrh gS vkSj larqf"V dkvuqHko ugha jgrk] blls fiQj Hkw[k yxus yxrh gS vkSj fiQj [kkuk [kkrs gSaA

bl rjg eksVkik c<+us yxrk gSA vejhdk esa vkt 70% yksx eksVkis dsf'kdkj gSa mldk dkj.k isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk dksyk gh gSaaA

blh efs Mdy tuyZ yUS lVs ds vulq kj ^iIs lh&dkys k ,oa dkds k&dkys kesa feyk;k tkus okyk jlk;u ,LijVse ew=kuyh dk dSUlj Hkh dj nsrk gSA bljlk;u ds dkj.k czsu gsejst Hkh gks ldrk gSA isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksykesa Mkyk x;k dSiQhu ,d mRrstd jlk;u gSA ;g 'kjhj dks FkksM+h nsj ds fy;smRrsftr dj nsrk gSA fny dh /M+du dks c<+k nsrk gSA blls FkksM+s le; dsfy;s 'kjhj esa jDr lapkj rst gks tkrk gS vkSj ge FkksM+h nsj ds fy;s rjksrktkeglwl djus yxrs gSaA ysfdu ckj&ckj ,slk gkssus ij 'kjhj dh thouh 'kfDrde gksus yxrh gSA dSQhu gekjh vk¡rksa dks rFkk vek'kk; dh nhokjksa dks Hkhuqdlku igq¡pkrk gS] ftlds dkj.k vYlj gks tkrk gSA¸

dbZ oSKkfudksa us ;g fl¼ fd;k gS fd dSalj dh dksf'kdk;savkDlhtu dh mifLFkfr esa FkksM+s gh le; ftUnk jgrh gSa] tcfd ;gh dSaljdksf'kdk;sa dkcZu Mkb&vkWDlkbZM dh mifLFkfr esa Hkjiwj o`f¼ djrh gSaA bldsvykok vf/d vEyrk dh fLFkfr Hkh dSalj dksf'kdkvksa dh o`f¼ ds fy;svuqdwy gksrh gSA vr% dkcZu MkbZ&vkWDlkbM ,oa iQkWLiQksfjd vEy nksuksa dhmifLFkfr dSalj dksf'kdkvksa dh o`f¼ djus esa lgk;d gksrh gSA vf/d ek=kkesa isIlh&dksyk ,ao dksdk&dksyk dk lsou lsfjczy iQkYlh uke dh [krjukdchekjh dks tUe nsrk gSA bl chekjh esa ekufld viaxrk iSnk gks tkrh gSAfnekx dh raf=kdk;sa Hkh bl chekjh esa u"V gks tkrh gSaA isIlh&dksd ds vf/d los u ls yhoj&fljkfs ll Hkh gks tkrk gAS lkekU; :i ls ;g yhoj&fljkfs llchekjh mu yksxksa dks gh gksrh gS tks 'kjkc dk lsou vf/d djrs gSaA

isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk dh vEyh;rk (,sflfMVh)isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk dh vEyh;rk (,sflfMVh)isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk dh vEyh;rk (,sflfMVh)isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk dh vEyh;rk (,sflfMVh)isIlh&dksyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk dh vEyh;rk (,sflfMVh)5 vxLr 2003 dks tkjh dh x;h lsUVj iQkj lk;Ul ,.M

,uok;jesUV dh fjiksVZ esa isIlh&dkssyk ,oa dksdk&dksyk dh vEyh;rk(Acidity) dh tkap fjiksVZ Hkh nh x;h gSA mi;qDr laLFkk ds oSKkfudksa usisIlh&dksyk rFkk dksdk&dksyk ds lHkh 12 czkaMksa dh 3&3 cksryksa dk ijh{k.kfd;k FkkA vFkkZr~ dqy 36 cksryksa dk ijh{k.k fd;k x;k FkkA buesas izR;sdcksry esa fdruk tgjhyk dhVuk'kd (fyUMsu] Mh-Mh-Vh] DyksjksikbjhiQkWl]




eSykfFk;ku) ik;k x;k vkSj izR;sd cksry dh vEyh;rk (Acidity) fdruhFkh] og foLrkj ds lkFk uhps dh lkfj.kh esa fn;k x;k gSA 'kq¼ ihus ds ikuhdh vEyh;rk 7 (7PH) gkrs h gAS 7 ls de PH eku dks vEy rFkk 7 Phls vf/d eku dks {kkj dgk tkrk gSA vEy ftruk vf/d rhoz gksrk gSmldk Ph eku 7 ls mruk gh de gksrk gSA 7 Ph ls de eku 6] 5] 4]3] 2] 1] Ph gksus ls vEyh;rk rhoz gksrh tkrh gSA vr% 6 Ph dk vEy]5 Ph dk mlls vf/d vEy] 4 Ph dk vkSj Hkh vf/d vEy] 3 Phdk vkSj Hkh vf/d vEyA tSls&tSls Ph eku ?kVrk tkrk gS] vEyh;rk(vEy dh ek=kk) vf/d ls vf/d c<+rh tkrh gSA

gfM~M;ks a ls dSfY'k;e lks[k ysrs gS a 'khry is;gfM~M;ks a ls dSfY'k;e lks[k ysrs gS a 'khry is;gfM~M;ks a ls dSfY'k;e lks[k ysrs gS a 'khry is;gfM~M;ks a ls dSfY'k;e lks[k ysrs gS a 'khry is;gfM~M;ks a ls dSfY'k;e lks[k ysrs gS a 'khry is; ubZ fnYyh (,tsafl;ka)AubZ fnYyh (,tsafl;ka)AubZ fnYyh (,tsafl;ka)AubZ fnYyh (,tsafl;ka)AubZ fnYyh (,tsafl;ka)A 'khry is;ksa esa dhVuk'kdksa dh

ekStwnxh ds oSKkfud izek.k feyus ds ckn vc u, vè;;uksa us 'khry is;ds vf/d miHkksx ls gksus okys [krjs ds ckjs esa Hkh psrkouh nh gSA

fo'ks"kKksa dk dguk gS fd cPpksa ds eu essa dSfY'k;e lsHkjiwj nw/ ds izfr oSjkX; txkus eas 'khry is;ksa dk lcls cM+k gkFk gSA ;s 'khryis; 'kjhj esa gfM~M;ksa ls dSfY'k;e dh ek=kk dks lks[k ysrs gSaA lksMk esa mifLFkriQkLiQksfjd ,flM 'kjhj esa dSfY'k;e ls fey tkrk gS vkSj gfM~M;ksa dks dSfY'k;eugha fey ikrkA blds vykok dksyk esa mifLFkr dSiQhu ew=ko¼Zd dh HkwfedkfuHkkrk gS ftlls 'kjhj ls vkSj T;knk ek=kk esa dSfY'k;e ckgj fudy tkrkgSA ;gk¡ fLFkr th- ,e- eksnh vLirky ds ofj"B vfLFk 'kY; fpfdRld Mk-eukst efyd ds vuqlkj vkWfLV;ksiksjksfll ls 'kjhj esa dSfY'k;e dh deh dsdkj.k gfM~M;ksa dk ?kuRo ,oa vkfLFk eTtk cgqr de gks tkrk gSA lkFk ghgfM~M;kas dh cukoV Hkh [kjkc gks tkrh gS ftlls gfM~M;ka vR;ar HkqjHkqjh vkSjvfr loa ns u'khy gks tkrh gAaS bl dkj.k gfMM~ ;kas ij gYdk ncko iMu+ s ;k gYdhpksV yxus ij Hkh os VwV tkrh gSaA

vksfLV;ksiksjksfll dks [kkeks'k chekjh Hkh dgk tkrk gSD;ksafd blds xaHkhj :i ysus vkSj gfM~M;ksa ds vpkud iQSDpj gksus ls igysbldk rfud Hkh vkHkkl ugha gksrkA vesfjdh esfMdy ,lksfl,'ku dsvè;;u esa ik;k x;k fd fiNys dqN o"kksZa ds nkSjku dSfY'k;e dh deh dsdkj.k dwYgksa vkSj dykb;ksa esa iQSDpj ds ekeys yM+dksa esa 32 izfr'kr vkSjyM+fd;ksa esa 56 izfr'kr rd c<+ x, gSaA cksu ds;j iQkmaMs'ku vkWiQ bafM;k ds

vè;{k Mk- lqHkk"k 'kY;k dk dguk gS fd de O;k;ke] nw/ dk de lsou vkSjlksMk dk vf/d lsou djus ls ;g fcekjh gksrh gSaØaekd czkaM uke isIlh cSp uEcj vEyh;rk dhVuk'kdksa dh

vkSj dksdk&dksyk PH eku ek=kk fe-xzk- izfr(Acidity)

yhVj esa 1 isIlh&1 PN-99 2-32 0-0209 2 IksIlh&2 P-03-76-06%06 2-37 0-0170 3 isIlh&3 P-03-54-01%50 2-33 0-0181 4 ekMUVsu M;w&1 MO.03-19-10%00 2-82 0-0134 5 ekMUVsu M;w&2 MO.03-13-15%02 2-81 0-0093 6 ekMUVsu M;w&3 MO.03-26-17%12 2-79 0-0195 7 MkbV isIlh&1 OP.03-11-18%21 2-47 0-0082 8 MkbV isIlh&2 OP-09-9-14%25 2-50 0-0056 9 MkbV isIlh&3 OP-03-11-20%21 2-50 0-0074 10 fefj.Mk vksjsUt&1 MO-03-24-22%08 2-49 0-0246 11 fefj.Mk vksjsUt&2MO-03-27-15%22 2-58 0-015 12 fefj.Mk vksjsUt&3 L3 2-58 0-0189 13 fefj.Mk yseu&1 ML-03-9-21%21 2-47 0-0373 14 fefj.Mk yseu&2 ML-03-07-15%23 2-41 0-0311 15 fefj.Mk yseu&3 ML-03-13-17%43 2-38 0-0372 16 Cyw isIlh&1 PB-03-19-13%57 2-55 0-0117 17 Cyw isIlh&2 PB-03-18-21%20 2-58 0-0187 18 Cyw isIlh&3 PB-03-19-21%28 2-62 0-0138 19 lsou vi&1 S-03-02-19%06 3-15 0-0163 20 lsou vi&2 S-03-02-00%43 3-20 0-0178 21 lsou vi&3 S-03-02-20%24 3-10 0-0156 22 dksdk dksyk&1 BN-724 2-30 0-0223 23 dksdk dksyk&2 BN-512 2-29 0-0174 24 dksdk dksyk&3 BN-738 2-39 0-027 25 iQSUVk&1 BN-780 2-58 0-0303




26 iQSUVk&2 BN-776 2-57 0-0187 27 iQSUVk&3 BN-537 2-53 0-0152 28 fyEdk&1 BN-747 2-65 0-0142 29 fyEdk&2 BN-757 2-63 0-0157 30 fyEdk&3 BN-753 2-55 0-0146 31 LizkbV&1 BN-787 3-10 0-0044 32 LizkbV&2 BN-796 3-00 0-0051 33 LizkbV&3 BN-791 3-00 0-0070 34 FkEl vi&1 BN-720 2-38 0-0110 35 FkEl vi&2 BN-727 2-28 0-0107 36 FkEl vi&3 BN-525 2-46 0-0118

ikcanh D;ks a ugha \ikcanh D;ks a ugha \ikcanh D;ks a ugha \ikcanh D;ks a ugha \ikcanh D;ks a ugha \varr% lkfcr gks x;k fd isIlh vkSj dksdkdksyk Hkkjr esa

yksxksa dh tku ls [ksy jgs gSaA 'kjn iokj dh vè;{krk okyh la;qDr lalnh;lfefr us lsaVj iQkWj lkbal ,aM ,Uok;jesaV (lh- ,l- bZ-) dh jiV dks lghekukA lp ;gh gS fd cgqjk"Vªh daifu;k¡ vU; ns'kksa esa ftl xq.koÙkk dk ekycsprh gSa] Hkkjr esa oSlk ugha csprhaA Hkjiwj dhVuk'kd feykrh gSa vkSj tjk Hkh,glkl ugha djrha fd Hkkjrh;ksa dh ftanxh Hkh mruh gh dherh gS ftruhvU; ns'kksa dhA mudk utfj;k ;gh gS fd Hkkjr xjhc yksxksa dk ns'k gS blfy,mls varjjk"Vªh; lqj{kk ekudksa dks ikus dk gd ugha gS] laln dh dSaVhu esabu cksrycan ,oa fMCckcan 'khry is;ksa dh vkiwfrZ ij jksd mlh fnu yxk nhxbZ Fkh tc lh-,l-bZ us BaMs esa tgj dk inkZiQk'k fd;k FkkA ysfdu rc lsvc rd eghuksa chrus ds ckn Hkh laln Hkou ds ckgj ns'k esa vke turkds fy, bldh fcØh ij dksbZ ikcanh ugha yxkbZ xbZA tsihlh dh jiV esa Hkhikcanh dh dksbZ ckr ugha gSaA dsoy ;g dgk x;k gS fd cksryksa esa dhVuk'kdksadh ek=kk vra jjk"Vhª; Lrj ls cgrq T;knk g]S vkjS ;g vkifÙktud gAS dia fu;kasdks ekud lq/kjuk gksxkA jk"Vªh; Lrj ij u, ekud cuk, tk,axs] mUgsa eatwjhfeysxh] os ?kksf"kr gksaxs] mlds ckn gh ykxw gksaxsA eghuksa dk ekeyk gS] ;k'kk;n lky yx tk,] D;ksafd tsihlh jiV esa gh eghuksa yxs gSaA pquko dkfcxqy ugha ctrk rks 'kk;n blesa vkSj foyac gks ldrk FkkA brus fnuksa rd

isIlh] dksdkdksyk fcdrs gh jgs] vkxs Hkh fcdrs jgsaxsA yksxksa esa vius LokLF;ds izfr dqN tkx:drk iSnk gqbZ gS] ftlds dkj.k BaMs dh fcØh ?kVh gS] canugha gqbZ gSA tsihlh jiV ds ckn dqN vkSj yksx Mj dj ihuk can dj ldrsgSa] ysfdu ;g Hkh gks ldrk gS fd ;s daifu;k¡ vius tcjnLr izpkjra=k dscwrs yksxksa dks ;g Hkjkslk fnyk nsa fd os vc varjjk"Vªh; Lrj dk gh BaMk ;gk¡Hkh csp jgs gSaA blfy, Mjus dh dksbZ ckr ugha gSA nksuksa gkykrksa esa ljdkjhekudksa ds ykxw gksus rd vkSj yk[kksa cksrysa ns'kokfl;ksa ds daB ls uhps mrjtk,axhA tsihlh u, ekudksa ds ykxw gksus rd budh fcØh ij ikcanh dhfliQkfj'k Hkh dj ldrh FkhA ysfdu mlus ,slk ugha fd;kA cgqjk"Vªh;daifu;ksa dks rks fliQZ equkiQs ls eryc gS] ysfdu tsihlh ds lnL; rksHkkjrh;ksa ds tuizfrfuf/ gSaA mUgksaus ns'kokfl;ksa ds LokLF; dh fpark dh] cM+hvPNh ckr gS] ysfdu ;g fpark v/wjh gSA vc tc ;g jiV ljdkj dks is'kgks pqdh gS] mls pkfg, fd u, ekudksa ds ykxw gksus rd bu 'khry is;ksa dhfcØh ij izfrca/ ykxw dj nsA og tgk¡ gj fnu yksxksa ds Hkys ds fy, ?kks"k.kk,adj jgh gS] ;g t:jh ?kks"k.kk Hkh dj ldrh gSA

ysfdu] lansg dh dkyh Nk;k ;gk¡ Hkh ekStwn gSA tsihlhfjiksVZ LokLF; ea=kh lq"kek Lojkt }kjk laln esa isIlh ,oa dksd tSlh daifu;ksadks nh xbZ DyhufpV ls Hkh esy ugha [kkrhA Jherh Lojkt us lh- ,l- bZ-fjiksVZ ij eps coky ds chp laln dks ;g tkudkjh nh Fkh fd ljdkj us tkstk¡p djkbZ gS] mlesa bu is;ksa esa dhVuk'kd dh ek=kk lh-,l-bZ- }kjk crk, x,Lrj ls dkiQh de gS vkSj ;s ekU; gSaA vc tsihlh fjiksVZ ls lq"kek LojktdV?kjs esa gSa] ysfdu tkfgj gS fd ljdkj mudk cpko ;g dgdj gh ldrhgS fd mlus gh tsihlh tk¡p djokbZA laHkor% tk¡p lfefr us Hkh bl ckrdk è;ku j[kk vkSj viuh fjiksVZ dh fn'kk cny nhA lfefr ds ,d lnL;,oa f'kolsuk lkaln lat; fu#ie us dgk Hkh fd lh-,l-bZ- fjiksVZ lgh gS ;kxyr ;g eqík ugha gS] eqík ;g gS fd 'khry is;ksa esa dhVuk'kd ekStwn gSaA'kk;n ;g etcwjh dk Hkh ekeyk gSA dhVuk'kdksa dh ekStwnxh bruh T;knk gSfd fNikbZ ugha tk ldrh] blfy, eku yh xbZ] ysfdu ;g dcwyh lh-,l-bZ- fjiksVZ ds cjkcj ugha gSA tsihlh us lh-,l-bZ- dh bl [kkst jiV ds fy,rks iz'kalk dh] ysfdu mls fo'oluh;rk cuk, j[kus dh lh[k Hkh nh] [kkldjdhVuk'kdksa dh ek=kk ds ekeys esaA tsihlh us viuh fjiksVZ esa dgk gS fd lh-




,l-bZ- dks viuh fjiksVZ tkjh djus ls igys fdlh iz;ksx'kkyk ls iqf"V djkuhpkfg, Fkh] D;ksafd dhVuk'kdksa dh ek=kk mruh ugha feyh ftruh mlus dghFkhA okLro esa ftu ik¡p iz;ksx'kkykvksa esa vyx&vyx ijh{k.k djk, x,]muesa dhVuk'kdksa dh ek=kk ds ckjs esa vyx&vyx Lrj gSaA fdlh Hkh nksfjiksVZ esa dhVuk'kd dh crkbZ xbZ ek=kk leku ugha gSA gkyk¡fd bldk ,deq[; dkj.k rks ijh{k.k ds le; dk rkieku ,oa vyx&vyx txgksa ls fy;sx, uewuksa dks crk;k tk jgk gSA oSls Hkh tgk¡ cksrycan is; j[ks gksaxs] ogk¡ dsok;qe.My dk izHkko rks ml ij iM+rk gh gSA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa dguk dfBugS fd vjcksa #i, ds bl /a/s dks can djus dh ckr gksxhA

tsihlh }kjk 300 i`"Bksa esa izLrqr fjiksVZ dk eq[; tksj blckr ij gS fd cksrycan is;ksa ,oa [kk| inkFkksZa ds fy, mi;qDr lqj{kk ekudr; gksuk pkfg,A njvly] lfefr us viuh fjiksVZ esa vke vkneh ds LokLF;dks vk/kj cukdj ;g dgk gS fd LokLF; ds lkFk fdlh izdkj dk f[kyokM+ugha gksuk pkfg,A 'kjn iokj dh vè;{krk esa xfBr la;qDr lfefr dh 16flracj 2003 dh igyh cSBd esa gh bldk nk;jk c<+k fn;k x;k Fkk ,oa blesalHkh izdkj ds cksrycan is; inkFkZ 'kkfey dj fy, x, FksA bl lanHkZ esalfefr dk fu"d"kZ gS fd ekud r; ugha gksus ls gh lkjh leL;k,¡ [kM+h gqbZgSa vkSj NksVh cM+h lHkh daifu;k¡ bldk ykHk mBkrh gSaA rks isIlh vkSj dksdkdksyk dks Hkkjr esa izfrcaf/r fd, tkus dk rks dksbZ loky ugha gS] ysfdumu ij vadq'k rks yx gh ldrk gSA mUgsa equkiQk[kksjh eas euekuh ls rks jksdkgh tk ldrk gSA tsihlh us ns'k esa ,d ^vfuok;Z iQwM fjdky* iz.kkyh LFkkfirdjus dh fgek;r dh gS] rkfd ?kfV;k vkSj tksf[ke okys mRiknksa dks u fliQZcktkj ls okil ysus dh O;oLFkk gks] cfYd mUgsa lac¼ vf/dkfj;ksa dhekStwnxh esa u"V Hkh fd;k tk,A lfefr dk ekuuk gS fd [kk| inkFkksZa dsekeys esa miHkksDrkvksa ds fy, fo'okl Hkjs mik; fd, tkus pkfg, vkSj bldsfy, t:jh gS fd izR;sd mRikn ij ,d ,slk ^yksxks* yxk gks] ftlesa mRikndh lqj{kk ds laca/ esa ?kks"k.kk dh xbZ gks] lfefr dk lq>ko gS fd ;g ^yksxks*reke [kk| inkFkksZa ij gksuk pkfg,] fiQj pkgs og rktk gks ;k izlaLÑr vkSjbl ^yksxks* dks mRikn fuekZrk dh xkjaVh ds rkSj ij ns[kk tkuk pkfg,A ;sfliQkfj'ksa Lokxr ;ksX; gSaA iQkLV iQwM ds bl nkSj esa ,slh lko/kfu;k¡ csgnt:jh gks xbZ gSaA laikndh;] yksder lekpkjlaikndh;] yksder lekpkjlaikndh;] yksder lekpkjlaikndh;] yksder lekpkjlaikndh;] yksder lekpkj

6 iQjojh 20046 iQjojh 20046 iQjojh 20046 iQjojh 20046 iQjojh 2004




cgqjkvªh; deifu;kssa dk vlyh psgjk - rajiv...

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