cetaceans of são paulo, southeastern brazil

Cetaceans of Säo Paulo, Southeastern Brazil

byP. MARTUSCELLI1, F. OLMOS2, R. SILVA E SILVA3, LP. MAZZARELLA4,

F.V. PINO4 and E.N. RADUAN4

' C.P. 194 - Peruibe, SP, 11750-970, Brazil2 Instituto Florestal de Säo Paulo l Segäo de Animais Silvestres,

Caixa Postal 1322, Säo Paulo, SP, 01059-970, Brazil3 Rua Säo Jose 48/31, Santos, SP, JJ040-200, Brazil

4 Projeto Salvamar, Caixa Postal 6608, Säo Paulo, SP, 01000-000, Brazil

Summary. - Twenty-two species of cetaceans have been recorded from the 550 km-longcoast of Säo Paulo state, southeastern Brazil. The area receives both the influence of the warmBrazil current and the cold Malvinas current, the later prevailing during the austral winter. Bothtropical and subantarctic species have been recorded, most of them migratory, like the baleenwhales. The distribution of most species seems tied to the seasonal shifts of the sea currents andto the distribution of mangroves, although there are scanty information on some of them. SäoPaulo is the source of the sole Brazilian records of Lissodelphis peronii and Berardius arnuxii,and also harbors the southernmost Atlantic population of Stenella longirostris.

Resume. - Vingt-deux especes de Cetaces ont ete signalees sur les 550 km de long de lacöte de l'Etat de Säo-Paulo, dans le sud-est du Bresil. La region est ä la fois sous l'influence ducourant chaud du Bresil et du courant froid des Malouines, ce dernier predominant au cours de1'hiver austral. On a recense ä la fois des especes tropicales et subantarctiques, la plupart d'entreelles migratrices comme les baleines. La repartition de la plupart des especes semble liee auxchangements des courants marins et ä la repartition des mangroves, mais il y a peu d'informationsur certaines d'entre elles. La region de Säo-Paulo est la source des seules mentions de Lissodel-phis peronii et Berardius arnuxii, et eile heberge aussi la population atlantique la plus meridio-nale de Stenella longirostris.

INTRODUCTION

The marine mammals occuring along the coast of Säo Paulo, southeastern Brazilfrom 23°20' to 25°17'S (Figure 1), are poorly known, except for the population of Sota-lia fluviatilis from the southern coast (Geise 1989, Schimiegelow 1990; Monteiro-Filho 1991, 1992). Most of the available records come from strandings and occasionalobservations on the sea (for a throughout revision of Brazilian records see Pinedo et al.1992, Hetzel and Lodi 1993, also Simoes-Lopes and Ximenez 1993).

In this paper we bring together the available information on the cetaceans recor-ded from Säo Paulo, including data on distribution, seasonality and interactions withfisheries.

Mammalia, t. 60, n° 1,1996 :125-139.

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126 MAMMALIA

STUDY REGION

The 550-km shoreline is very heterogeneous, with rocky shores and bays predomi-nating from 23°20'S to 24°00'W, where the Serra do Mar massif comes very close tothe sea, and long sandy beaches from there to the south. Islands are much more nume-rous in the north coast than in the south (Ängelo et al. 1989, Figure 1). Two large man-grove systems, one centered around the cities of Santos and Cubatäo (around 23°56'S,46°20'W), the other stretching from the Ribeira de Iguape river mouth (around 24°38'S,47°25'W) south to the border with Parana state add further diversity to the region.

.2'• 20

1 ILHA CASTILHO2 ILHA BOM A8RIGO3 ILHA CARDOSO4 ILHA COMPRIOA5 H.HA CANANEIA6 IGUAPE7 JUREIA

PERuieE9 ITANHAEM10 MONGAGUA1 1 PRAIA GRANDE12 SAO VICENTE13 SANTOS14 GUARUJAOLHA SANTO AM ARO)15 LAGE DE SANTOS16 AROUIPCLAGO DOS AUCATRAZES17 BERTIOGA18 SAO SEBASTIÄO19 ILHA BELA20 ILHA DOS BÜZIOS21 ILHA VI TORI A22 ILHA ANCHIETA23 CARAGUATATUBA24 UBATUBA25 ILHA DAS COVJVES

Figure 1. - Profile of the coast of Säo-Paulo stste showing the localities refered to the text.

The main oceanographic features influencing the area are the warm, southwardBrazil Current, with surface temperatures above 22°C, and the cold, northward Malvi-nas Current, with surface temperatures around 16-18°C at these latitudes. Both meet atthe Subtropical Front, around 35-30°S, where the colder, denser waters of the MalvinasCurrent sink below the Brazil Current (Lino 1985, Lino and Mascarenhas-Junior 1985,


CETACEANS OF SAO PAULO 127

Stech et al. 1994). Generally, during the winter (June-September), southern currentsand winds predominate and the cold, nutrient-rich waters of the Malvinas Current maysurface along the shelf, driving the warm waters of the Brazil Current offshore andoccupying the stretch along the coast up to 24°S (Lino 1985, Gallo 1988). This pheno-menon seems to be strongest during El Nino years (Stech et al. 1994). Also, during thisseason, strong south-east wind spells commonly happen, after which many strandedmaterial is found on the beaches. A noteworthy feature is the fact that the continentalshelf of Brazil is broadest off southern Säo Paulo.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We present systematic observations made since 1989 by Instituto Florestal staffboth at the sea and from strandings recorded at the several state parks and reserves,information retrieved from local newspapers and supported by identifiable photographs,and from available literature. Besides these informations, some others come from adecade-long rescue program for stranded marine mammals, Projeto Salvamar, whichhas being carried mostly along the central and southern coast of the state.

Specimens housed at the Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Säo Paulo(MZUSP), Museu de Pesca de Santos (MP), and Museu do Mar de Santos (FMM)were also examined and reported.

SPECIES ACCOUNT

Franciscana, Pontoporia blainvilleiThe Franciscana dolphin has been recorded year-round along the entire coast of

Säo Paulo, but was said to be more common during the winter (Schimiegelow 1990),something our data do not support. Small groups of two to four dolphins were com-monly seen each winter-spring in Säo Vicente and Santos bays (c. 23°56'S, 46°20'W)until the early 80's, records from this area becoming sparse thereafter. At Säo VicenteBay two dolphins were observed belly to belly with their rostra off water in May, pro-bably copulating.

Three records of stranded neonates (Table 1) indicate that this species is a latespring-summer breeder in Säo Paulo, agreeing with observations made in other areas ofthe Brazilian and Uruguayan coast (Monzon and Corcuera 1991).

Rough-thooted Dolphin, Steno bredanensis

There are few records of this species from Säo Paulo (and in fact from Brazil),and its presence has been ignored in the recent literature. A skull collected by J.M.M.Schimiegelow at Ilha Comprida on 22 October 1987 (MZUSP 27625) came from a2.54 in individual, and apparently is the first record of the species for the state. On 7June 1994 a blind dolphin of this species was observed along the entire day swimmingin circles in the channel between Ilha Bela and the continent (close to 23°52'S,46°08'W). Apparently this is the individual reported by Santos and Siciliano (1994).Later, in the same area, but a few miles to the south, a group of over 20 individualswas filmed by a TV crew in January 1993, a few hundred meters from the beach.


128 MAMMALIA

TABLE 1. - Original records of Cetaceans of Säo Paulo.

SPECIESPontoDOna blamvillei

Steno oredanen&s

Solatia fiuviatilis

DATA13 June 199423 January 19S3

20 November 199405 October 1985December 1985December 1986December 1985July 197030 December 198814 January 198920 July 199401 August 199402 November 199403 December 1994

10 June 199202 July 199305 August 199107 September 199123 December 199208 October 199428 October 1994January 1990

June 199121 February 199103 September 199108 December 199519 November 199510 January 199327 November 1993January 1990July 199103 July 199520 June 199401 September 198323 December 1986January 198717 August 199409 September 199327 November 199320 August 199415 September 199415 September 199528 October 1994January. 1990February 1990August 199003 September 1991

PLACESäo SebasdäoBertoga

Santos BayPraia GrandePraia GrandePraia GrandeItanhaemPeruibePeruibePeruibePeruibePeruibePeruibePeruibe

Mha Compndallha CompndaUna Compndallha CompndaUna Compndallha Compndallha Compridallha do Cardoso

Mha do Cardosollha do Cardosollha do CardosoPeruibellha Compridallha do Cardosollha Compridallha do Cardosollha do Cardoso26°30'S. 46°00'WCaraguatatubaSantosSantosSantosItanhaemllha Compridallha Compridallha Compridallha Compridallha Compridallha Compridallha do Cardosollha do Cardosollha do Cardosollha do Cardoso

NUMBER0103

010101010210010101010101

0301010101010201

01010201010101020102010101020101010301010301010102

SEX AGE LENGTHyoung female. 110m long03. including a male calf anda pregnant femalenewborn female calf7 1 10 m longfemalefemalefemale and newborn calfadults7 1m. 50kgfemalemale (adult "> )subadultfemale, newoornvery young calf

adultsmale, adult7

7

female adult7 1mone adult, one immatureadult

male, adultfemale. 1 madults ?female. 1 5 mimmature. 0 90 m?. 1 10m77

73m7 2 5 and 1 9 m713m7 1 8 m7 1 3 m7 one a 1 3 m male7

7 1 5 mmale. 1.8mone male over 1 5 m7 1.7m7 1 8 m?. adults over 1 5 m7

9

7

7 1 6 and 1 8 m

TYPE OF RECORDstranded, drowned by netcaptured by net. clubbed to death and left on '.hebeachstrandedstranded, with net marksstranded, with net marksstranded, with net markscaught in net . calf stranded alivecaptured m mullet net. 8 released alivestranded with net marksstranded with net marksstrandedstranded, skull m the MZUSPstrandedstruggling among the waves, released behind thebreakersstandingsstranded, with net marksskeleton on the beachskeleton on the beachstrandedstranded with net marksstrandedskeleton on the beach

strandedstrandedstrandeddecomposed carcass stranded on the beachstrandedstrandedskull found on the beach (MZUSP)skulls found on the beach (MZUSP)skeleton on the beachresting by the side of the observer's vesselstranded with net marksstranded with net marksstranded wtth net marksstranded with net marksskull found on the beachstrandedstrandedstrandedstrandeddecomposed carcass found in the beachstrandedskulls found on the beachskulls found on the beachparcial decomposed carcass found on the Deachstranded



Tursicops gephyreus

Steneilla trcn'aiis

10 October 199121 February 199217 March 199203 August 199210 January 199323 August 1990July 1988October 198522 December 199412 July 198608 January 199503 November 199108 October 199327 November 199327 September 1994TONovemoer 198930ApnM99217 May 199214 July 1990

16 August 199011 May 199309 December! 993

Una do CardosoUna do CardosoUna do CardosoUna do Cardosollha do CardosoSäo SebstiaoUbatubaPra^a GrandePeruibePeruibePeruibeUna Compndallha Compndallha CompndaIfha Compnoauna do Cardosollha do Cardosollha do Cardosollha do Castilho

llha do Castilhollhabelallhabela

010101010101050101010101010101010101over 5

810overS

ttt

male. 1.7 mfemale. 1 8 m7 .2m·>

7.2m7.32m7

7 .29m7.25m7 . 2 7 mmale. 2.5 mmale. 35mt

7.2mmale. 2 8 m

a few spotted adultsa few spotted adults

partial skeletonskullskullstrandedstrandedstranded with harpoon marksshot by vandals, later found strandedstrandedstrandedpartial skeleton (at MZUSP)skeleton (at MZUSP)strandedstrandedstrandedstranded (skull at MZUSP)skull on the beachstrandedstrandedchasing a shoal with a group of So/a//a and alsobow ridingobserved while bow-ridingswimming a few hundred m from shorefishing in association to a flock of Brown BoobiesSuia leucogaster

27 December 1993 llhabela over 20 a few spotted adults

23 July 1994 llhabela c 50 several spotted individuals

31 July 1994 llnabela 01 male. 1.7m

16 July 1994 Buzios Island over 200

10 December 1992 Alcatrazes Island over 10 almost all with well definedspots

-.2 December 1992 Alcatrazes Island 01 spotted individual over 2 m08 July 1993 Alcatrazes Island 03 very spotted, over 2 5 m19 October 1986 Guarujä 01 unspotted male. 12 m

02 October 1987 Guarujä26 July 1994 GuarujaIB Snplurnbnr 1904 Gunru|.n

01 7, unspotted 1 54 m01 unspotted female. 1 37 m01 unspotted fomalo. 151m

Delphunus delphis

08-13 August 1994 25 VS. 45e04'W over 20 mostly unspotted individuals

31 June 1995 25'22'S. 45°53'W over 30 mostly unspotted individuals02 July 1995 25°30'S. 46°02^ over 30 mostly unspotted individuals14 November 1994 Laje de Santos c 30

swimming about 500 m from shore in the channelbetween the island and the mainlandobserved at the north-east coast chasing a shoalwith a few Solatia among themstranded on the west coast of the island.(skul) atMZUSP)a huge group, together with Stenella longirostns,chasing a shoal close to the island and goingwest at top speedswimming south of the island.

briefly bow-riding the observer's boatbriefly bow-riding the observer's boatstranded (skeleton at the Museu do Mar inSantos)stranded at Pitangueiras beachstranded with net marksstranded with net marks, stomach full ofdaggerfish Tnchiurus lepturus 30-40 cm long anda few squid Lo/»go sanpaulensidbow-riding and following the fishing activities ofthe research vessel Orion, videotaped by crew.bow-riding the observer's vessel several times.bow-riding the vessel, same group as the above ?bow-riding trie observer's vessel.


130 MAMMALIA

15 July 199429 September 199419 September 1995

Orcinus orca ! 1 990

October 1992

30 July 1992

08 August 1994

02 February 1995

^hysefer 1 7 August 1 99 1macrocep/ia/us

16 May 1967July 199121 September 199305 October 199110 November 1995April 1986

Kogia brevpes 1 5 September 1 995Euöa/aena austral* August 1988

PeruibePeruibellha CompndaUbatuba

Ubatuba

Praia Grande

Itanhaem

Peruibe

Säo Sebastiao

Praia GrandePra>a GrandePraia GrandePeruibePeruibeIguape

llha compndaUbatuba

0101

0105

01

02

01

05

01

010201010101

0102

male. 2 8 m"> c 2 mmale. 3 0 m

young. 3 m

female with newborn calf

female with worn upper teethand some broken ones. 5 7 m

two adult males, two femalesand a 2 5 m youngstermale. 14m

7 12mfemale-calf pairs7 10madult male. 16 m7 12mmale. 12m

female. 3 4 mfemale-calf pair

stranded at Grajauna beachstranded, very decomposed (skull at MZUSP)stranded on the beachreported by crew of the research vessel of theOceanographic Institute of Säo Paulofloating carcass with net marks, reported by LuizM Numa, biologist at llha Anchieta State Parkobserved from the beach at a sheltered area.remaining of the pod observed in the nearbystranded on the beach, no marks or stomachcontentsobserved from the beach The following day thesame pod was observed 250 km to the southstranded at Jureia beach and buned on the spot

strandeoobserved unexpectedly close to the beachstrandedstranded, buried in the city dumpdecomposed carcass found in the beacnstranded near the mouth of the Ribeira de Iguaperiverstranded in the beachobserved dose to the beach

Euoaiaena austrahs August 988 female-calf pair

21 June 1994May 1985

December 1984

August 199011 August 1992December 1986August 199321 September 198405 November 1992October 198914 August 990September 193703 February 199516 September 199526 August 199503 November 1993

Balaenoptera December 1988acuturostrata

llha BelaBertioga

GuarujaMonguaguaSantosPraia GrandePraia GrandeItanhaemItanhaemPeruibePraia GrandeSantosPeruibePeruibePoruibellha CompndaBertioga

0202

020201020402010201010102020201

female-calf pairfemale-calf pair

female-calf pairfemale-calf pair?female-calf pairfemale-calf pairsfemale-calf pair?female -calf pair?

7

7 12-13 mfemale-calf pairfemale-calf pairfemale-calf pairmale. 8-9 m

23 November 1993 Bertioga

13 September 1995 Peruibe

female 9 m and male

observed close to the beach

observed between Sao Sebastiao channelyoung calf reportedly born in the area close to thebeachobserved close to the beachobserved during one day closed to the beachentered the bay to the estuary leaving unharmedsighted from the beachobserved during two days closed to the beachsighted from the beachfound dead on the beachobeorvod closed to the beacha lone individual with a entangled around itclosed to the beachswimming just off the breakers at beachobserved close to the beachobserved close to the beachobserved close to the beachstranded on the beach

female live-stranded to the beach Three dayslatter the decomposed carcass of a male strandedat the same pointdecomposed carcass found in the beach



Tucuxi, Sotalia fluviatilisThis is one of the most commonly recorded species, probably due to its coastal

habits. The species occurs year-round in the mangrove-bordered estuarine system of thesouth coast, where it has been studied. In this area there is an estimated population ofaround 2,000 individuals, and groups of 3-8 dolphins are seen daily (Geise 1989, Schi-miegelow 1990, Borobia et al. 1991, 62 specimens at the MZUSP, pers. obs.). The spe-cies used to occur in Santos and Säo Vicente bays and adjacent mangroves, but disap-peared in the late 70's, probably due to increased pollution levels, being an occasionalvisitor today (two specimens at the MZUSP, see Table 1).

It is also recorded from the north coast (Ilhabela, Castello and Pinedo 1979 ;Maresias beach, Säo Sebastiäo, Geise and Gomes 1988), where it has been seen asso-ciated to Atlantic Spotted Dolphins (Table 1), and is commonly seen year-round closeto the beach at Caraguatatuba.

Sotalia is observed year-round in the southern coast of the state, being safe toassume it is resident. Further north its population is smaller and the dolphins range fora wider area, probably in response to prey availability. Anedoctal observations suggestthis species was most common in Santos and Säo Vicente bays during the winter, whenmullet Mugil spp. shoals entered the bays. The same is said by fishermen about Tur-siops gephyreus in the southern coast, although the species is found there year-round.

Bottlenose Dolphin, Tursiops gephyreusThe Tursiops dolphins of the southwestern Atlantic have received the specific

name gephyreus based on osteological differences when compared to « truncatus » (seePilleri and Gihr 1972), a scheme that has been generally accepted in South Americaand adopted here pending a revision of the group. Widespread in the state, this specieshas apparently undergone a population decline around Santos, after the disappearanceof the resident population that occurred there. Those dolphins were common in thelocal mangrove system (Luederwaldt 1919) and used to follow the boats entering theport until the late 1950's. Today, the species is commonly recorded in the southerncoast, including the mangrove system, being said by local fishermen to be most com-mon when shoals of mullet Mugil spp. enter the area (Schimiegelow 1990, pers. obs.).Groups of 2-10 (usually couples) have been recorded year-round since 1982 along thebeaches of Peruibe, especially near the mouth of the Guarau river. It is also occasio-nally observed near the coast between Bertioga and Säo Sebastiäo.

An interesting instance of a free-living dolphin interacting with humans was obser-ved at the north coast. At Säo Sebastiäo port, a lone 2,5 individual was seen on analmost daily basis following the ferry boat between the port and Ilha de Ilhabela fromMarch to August 1994. Apparently it took advantage of the disturbance produced by thepropellers to catch fish. The same individual was also observed on the south, followingboats. After August 1994 it began to associate with swimmers at Martim de Sä beach,Caraguatatuba, playing with them. Nevertheless the dolphin reacted aggressively torough playing and, after more than 15 instances where people were harmed, on 08December 1994 it killed a man with a blow of its rostrum at his belly. A few minuteslater another man, who was swimming alone hundreds of meters from the spot, wasalso attacked, having a broken rib (details in A Tribuna newspaper, 09 December 1994).

Atlantic Spotted Dolphin, Stenella frontalisThe presence of the Atlantic Spotted Dolphin in Säo Paulo was first recorded by

Schmiegelow (1990) based in three strandings at Ilha Comprida and Ilha do Cardoso


132 MAMMALIA

(skulls at the MZUSP), and later around Alcatrazes Archipel (Praderi 199la, Hetzeland Lodi 1993, Weil and Hetzel 1994), where it is commonly observed in groups of up100 individuals. This species has been recorded along the area from Una dos Buziossouth, coming closer to shore only in the channel between Ilhabela and the continentand near Guarujä. It has been observed bow-riding, sometimes for a long time, and alsotogether with other cetaceans. Off Ilhabela it has been recorded with Sotalia guianensisand Stenella longirostris. The individuals from Säo Paulo have well-marked spots anda distinct blaze from the flipper to the dorsal fin, except for the subadults, which areplumbeous or brown with withish bellies.

Spinner Dolphin, Stenella longirostrisThe population of Spinner Dolphins living off the north coast of Säo Paulo was

first recorded by Daniel et al. (1988a), who estimated a population of 200 individualsconcentrated around Vitoria and Couves islands. These range from the limits with Riode Janeiro state to near the north coast of Ilhabela, sometimes coming close to shore atUbatuba, where they have been seen from the beach. It has been observed with theAtlantic Spotted Dolphin (see that species' records at Table 1), but this seem to be mostcommon from Ilhabela to the south, where the Spinner has been recorded only once, innorthern Parana (Secchi and Siciliano 1992).

Säo Paulo is the southernmost area where Spinner Dolphins are resident in theAtlantic, although there are isolated, probably extralimital, records from Parana (Secchiand Siciliano 1992) and northern Argentina. This population is probably continuouswith the one reported from Rio de Janeiro (Praderi 1991b), and from interviews withpeople who have photographed and filmed dolphins at the sea, they apparently range atleast to Ilha Comprida during the summer.

Waters south of Ilhabela receive an stronger influence of the cold Malvinas cur-rent during the winter (Lino 1985, Gallo 1988), probably making waters unsuitable forthis tropical species. Spotted Dolphins seem more tolerant, and it is interesting tonotice its distribution in south-southeastern Brazil parallels the one of Sotalia, both rea-ching as far south as Santa Catarina island (27°25'S), although Stenella frontalis is notfound in estuaries and mangroves.

Borobia et ai (1991) suggest the cold waters of the Malvinas Current present abarrier for the dispersion of Sotalia, as this is the case for a number of marine orga-nisms (Palacio 1982), and probably to Stenella frontalis and S. longirostris. For thedolphins an option for evading the dominance of colder waters during the winter is tofollow the warmer water masses in their displacements off the coast, a fact the winterrecords of Spotted Dolphins a few hundred kilometers offshore southern Säo Pauloseem to confirm (Table 1).

Both Stenella species seem somewhat tied to islands, around which they tend tocongregate. Islands off Säo Paulo have clearer water and, at least as perceived bydiving, and have higher fish and squid abundance than along the mainland shore. Also,islands provide shelter against rough seas. The association of Spinner Dolphins andislands has been recorded in Hawaii and Fernando de Noronha island (Hetzel and Lodi1993, Norris <?/#/. 1994).

Common Dolphin, Delphinus delphisThis dolphin has been recorded from Säo Paulo by Carvalho (1975), Schmiegelow

(1990) and Siciliano (1987). The MZUSP has seven specimens from Cananeia, IlhaComprida and Ilha do Cardoso. Non published data from Siciliano reports groups of 6-30 dolphins between the south of Rio de Janeiro state and north of Säo Paulo.



Southern Right-whale Dolphin, Lissodelphis peroniiThis cetacean from subantarctic waters was never recorded north of the Subtropi-

cal Front before a 1.86 m (total length) male stranded in Grajauna beach, Jureia-ItatinsEcological Station (c. 24°30'S, 47°10'W) on 28 May 1994. It was still alive when stran-ded, being recued by the station staff and dying later. The 60 kg dolphin had no food inits stomach. Post-morten analyses showed it to be starved and dehydrated, immediatecause of death being kidney failure and uremia (J. Fontenelli, pers. com.). This is thefirst Brazilian record (Martuscelli et al. 1995).

Pigmy Killer Whale, Feresa attenuataThe only record of the Pigmy killer-whale from the southwestern Atlantic was the

stranding of two females in Argentina (Lichter et al. 1990), but on 05 April 1994 a2.3 m adult female stranded alive at Mongaguä (near 24°06'S, 46°37'W). It was freedseveral times but always came back to the beach, dying the following day. Its skeletonis at the Museu do Mar, Santos. Details of stomach contents, measurements and causeof death are in Zerbini and Santos (1994).

Killer Whale, Orcinus orcaThe presence of killer whales off Säo Paulo was first recorded by Daniel et aL

(1988b). who on June 1987 observed a male and two females near Vitoria island(23°45'S, 45°01'W). Two records from the Ubatuba area, not far from Vitoria, werepresented by Santos and Siciliano (1994).

The Killer Whale population of southern Brazil is considered to be one with thewhales found in Buenos Aires province, Argentina (Iniguez et al. 1994) but the rela-tionship of the killers found in southeastern Brazil and to the north are unknown. Theydo not seem to just represent individuals coming north during winter, as there are seve-ral summer records (Pinedo et al. 1992, this work) and there it is likely that a far ran-ging, although small, population of killer whales lives more or less permanently in thesubtropical-tropical waters of eastern Brazil.

An interesting tale happened on the week prior to 1994's New Year, when threesailors from the Ilhabela Yacht Club were crossing from Ilhabela to Buzios islandwhen their motored canoe was approached by a pod of six killer whales, two of whichhad tall dorsal fins. One of the presumed males came to the canoe while the otherwhales remained at a distance. The frightened boatmen turned off the motor and laidon the canoe bottom while the whale passed by its side, later joining the others andswimming to the south.

Long-finned Pilot Whale, Globicephala melasThere are few records of the Long-finned Pilot Whale from Brazil (Schimiegelow

and Paiva-Filho 1989). The only record from Säo Paulo comes from Cananeia, where askull was found on the beach in 1920 (Schimiegelow and Paiva-Filho 1989).

Short-finned Pilot Whale, Globicephala macrorhynchmThe first record of this species for the south-western Atlantic came from Ilha

Comprida (Schimiegelow and Paiva-Filho 1989). Later it was reported from southernand northeastern Brazil (Castello 1991).

Arnoux's Beaked Whale, Berardius arnuxiiOn 05 June 1994 the decomposing carcass of a 6.5 m long beaked whale was

found floating in the channel between Säo Sebastiäo island (or Ilhabela) and the conti-


134 MAMMALIA

nent. It was towed to a nearby beach, being buried. What was apparently the same car-cass appeared a few days before to the south, at Maresias beach, being followed by aliving whale of the same species that reacted aggressively to attempts of the local life-guards to approach it (Andre Rossi, FUNDAMAR Museum, pers. com.).

Several months later an exam of the skull and skeleton, now at the FundamarMuseum, Säo Sebastiäo, showed the presence of only two pairs of teeth on the lowerjaw. The anterior teeth are larger, triangular and laterally compressed, growing from thetip of the jaw. The posterior one has been lost from the specimen, being detectable fromthe empty socket in the left hemi-mandible. This tooth is yet enclosed in the right hemi-mandible. The presence of two pairs of teeth in the mandible and their morphologyconfirmed the initial suspect, based on its size and general morphology, that it was anArnoux Beaked Whale Berardius arnuxii. Due to the decomposed state of the indivi-dual no sexing was possible but, judging from size, the sutures of the cranium and teetheruption, it was an immature (Siciliano and Santos 1994a, Martuscelli et al. 1995).

Cuvier's Beaked Whale, Ziphius cavirostrisThe only record is the one from Carvalho (1975), who reported a 6.2 m pregnant

female stranded on 31 August 1948 on a beach in Santos Bay. This record has beenconsidered uncertain (Hetzel and Lodi 1993) and not considered by Lichter (1991).

Sperm Whale, Physeter macrocephahisThis offshore whale has occasionally stranded along Säo Paulo. The Museu do

Mar has a hemimandible 3 m long recovered by a dragging net near Bom Abrigoisland. Most records are of lone individuals (Table 1).

Pigmy Sperm Whale, Kogia brevicepsThere are only seven records of this species from Brazil, all coming from stranded

individuals. Two of these come from Säo Paulo. Carvalho (1975) reports a pregnantfemale 2.8 m-long stranded at Santos on October 1962. Another female, 2.88 m-long,was reported by Schimiegelow (1990) from Marujä beach, at the southern end of Car-doso Island (Table 1).

Southern Right Whale, Eubalaena australisThis whale migrates north from the breeding grounds at Argentina during the win-

ter. Most records are of female-calf pairs, which seem to penetrate warmer waters thanlone animals. Although Right Whales have been reported from Brazil only quiterecently (Castello and Pinedo 1979), they are regular in Säo Paulo and found everyyear (Table 1).

Minke Whale, Balaenoptera acuturostrataThis small species has an important wintering area off northeastern Brazil (Ste-

wart and Leatherwood 1985), but Simöes-Lopez and Ximenez (1993) strength the pos-sibility of minkes having a winter-spring calving area off Santa Catarina state (from20°57f to 29°30'S). Although rarely observed on the sea, there are a number of stran-dings in Säo Paulo (Table 1).

Bryde's Whale, Balaenoptera edeniOnly recently recorded in Brazil (Omura 1962), it was first recorded from Säo

Paulo west of Säo Sebastiäo island in December (Castello 1991), and later close toAlcatrazes island in February 1994 (photographs in the newspaper « Imprensa Livre »,



Weil and Hetzel 1994, Siciliano and Santos 1994b), where it was observed preying onsardines. This whale has also been recorded in the southern Rio de Janeiro, close to theborder with Säo Paulo (Hetzel and Lodi 1993).

Fin Whale, Balaenoptera physalusThis pelagic species undergoes north-south migrations along the Brazilian coast

(Gambell 1985). The Museu de Pesca de Santos houses the complete skeleton of a23 m-long whale stranded at Itanhaem in may 1943. When first seen, the floating car-cass was taken for a Nazi submarine ! Also, the MZUSP has tympanic bules attribu-table to this species from Ilhabela and Santos, but it is unclear if they came from stran-dings or subfossil remains (see under Blue Whale).

Blue Whale, Balaenoptera musculusIn Brazil there are few records of Blue Whales, coming from Rio de Janeiro,

Paraiba and Rio Grande do Sul (Pinedo et al. 1992, Hetzel and Lodi 1993). TheMZUSP houses a cervical collected on 20 April 1986 at Ubatuba attributable to thisspecies, and the skull and jaws of a 15m male stranded in Praia Grande in 1908.

An interesting fact is the occasional finding of skeletal remains of large whales,probably blues or fins, during the construction of beach-fronting buildings at the citiesof Santos, Säo Vicente, Praia Grande and Peruibe. The bones are note mineralized andare considered to be no older than 3,500 years.

Humpback Whale, Megaptera novaeangliaeAn important breeding area for this species is located at Abrolhos archipel, off

Bahia (Siciliano and Lodi 1989), and whales pass along Säo Paulo during their migra-tion. The species was recorded from around Ilha dos Bruzios in December (Hetzel andLodi 1993) and Ubatuba in October (Siciliano 1987).

DISCUSSION

Most records of cetaceans from Säo Paulo (and Brazil as a whole) come fromstrandings, what produces a bias toward coastal and inshore species. Observationcruises in offshore waters are necessary for getting a true picture of species abundanceand distribution. A majority of cetacean species recorded from Säo Paulo seem to bemigratory, except for the dolphins (including the Killer Whale), that have been recor-ded year-round. Among the migratory species are most rorquals and the Sperm Whale,which pass along Säo Paulo during their migration to wintering and breeding areas offnorth-northeastern Brazil. The majority of winter and early spring records agree withthat.

A possible exception is Bryde's Whale, known to be a tropical-temperate sea spe-cies, but probably following the movements of the shoaling fish that make its diet, andthe changes in water temperature (Cummings 1985). The association of this whale withshoaling fish is known by local fishermen, who call it « baleia-sardinheira », looselytranslated as sardine-eating whale. Spring-summer records of Humpback whales areinteresting as they raise the possibility that a few sub adults do not complete the south-ward migration from the wintering-calving grounds off northeastern Brazil (Hetzel andLodi 1993) to the Antarctic, keeping in higher latitudes. Year-round surveys may solvethis question.


136 MAMMALIA

Among the smaller cetaceans, the records of Berardius, Ziphius, Feresa, Lissodel-phis and Globicephala are too few to draw conclusions. At least Lissodelphis andBerardius may represent true stragglers brought by Malvinas current, especially duringEl Nino years, but the regular presence of the other species in waters farther of thecoast is probable. The rareness of ziphiid records may be explained by the shallownessof the waters along the coast of Säo Paulo. Those deep-water species are to be expec-ted at the border of the continental shelf, about 300 km from the coast.

The Malvinas Current seems to be a major factor influencing the occurrence ofmarine mammals in southeastern Brazil. This current is responsible for bringing severalsub-antarctic species to the region (see Pinedo 1990, Borobia et al. 1991), and it seemsto act as a corridor to migrant baleen whales coming north, at least up to Säo Paulo. Itscolder waters have been recognized as a biogeographical barrier to several marine taxa(Borobia el al. 1991) and also seem to be a barrier limiting the distribution of Sotalia,Stenella frontalis and 5. longirostris (see above). Records of subantarctic cetaceans insoutheastern Brazil, always made during the winter, are associated to the strengtheningcurrent. It is interesting to notice that the Right Whale is another species whose distri-bution is tied to the Malvinas current. Most observations made in Brazil are of mother-calf pairs, apparently pushed north in search of warmer waters. The reported increasein numbers of Southern Right Whales (Enrich 1991) has meant a greater number ofwhales sighted along Säo Paulo. The area, once a winter and probable calving groundduring the 1500's, as testified by the several whaling station ruins remaining at Cana-neia, Bertioga, Santos and Ilhabela, once again is receiving the regular visits of the spe-cies. At Bertioga skeletal remains are found to this day protruding from the mud closeto the ruins of the whaling station.

A major conservation problem for cetaceans in Säo Paulo is the accidental capturein nets. All recorded Ponioporia specimens were net-caught dolphins. Most records ofstranded cetaceans from Ilha Comprida and Una do Cardoso came from the samesource, a fact already pointed by Schimiegelow (1990). The waters around Bom Abrigoisland, east of Cardoso island, are an important fishing ground for boats using gill-nets,and dolphins do get entangled. Species caught in this area are Pontoporia, Sotalia,Steno, Delphinus and Tursiops. Franciscana Dolphins and Tucuxis were commonlycaught in Santos and Säo Vicent bays (specimens at the MZUSP, this work), but thishas become uncommon due to the extinction of those dolphins as residents. Off theSantos bay, juvenile Spotted Dolphins are being caught in gill nets and strand in thebeaches of Guarujä. In the north coast there are records of Franciscanas, Tucuxis, Spin-ner dolphins and Killer whales drowned in nets. Also, at least a Humpback whale calfhas drowned in a net (Siciliano 1987).

The impact of the accidental mortality of the cetacean populations of Säo Paulohas yet to be assessed, but it is a potential threat to species with small populations andlow recruitment, like the Killer Whale, or which seem unable to avoid nets, like theFranciscana. To the incidental capture it must added the direct killing by vandals (seeFranciscana and Bottlenose Dolphin records, Table 1) and pollution, which has locallyeliminated dolphins from Santos bay. A special case of vandalism is the bombing prac-tice, carried by the Brazilian Navy, at Alcatrazes archipel. The islands and associatedbanks are used by a fairly large population of Spotted dolphins and also by foragingBryde's whales, but are still regularly bombed by warships which drop up to 400bombs each time.

Another threat are the dwindling stocks of shoaling fish, like sardines Sardinellabrasiliensis and mullets. Most species have been greatly depleted by overfishing andare close to commercial extinction. Sardines, a prey both to dolphins and to Bryde's



Whale, have had their stocks diminished to less than one-tenth of their former abun-dance, some fishery biologists claiming that only 2 % of the original stock remain,although that has been disputed (Gastäo C. Bastos, Fisheries Institute of Säo Paulo,pers. com.). We have seen the crash of mullet fishery in Säo Paulo happen in less than20 years. Formerly fish were caught by the tons in large round-up nets set from thebeach. Now fishermen are happy when they catch two dozen fish in a setting. Poormanagement of the fisheries in Brazil is a threat both to the survival of the local popu-lations of marine mammals and other organisms which depend on these resources, likeseabirds and the fishermen themselves. This threat may well be already showing itseffects but lack of data simply do not allow us to know for sure.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We wish to thank the many people who participated of the Salvamar project or otherwisehave helped in data collecting, especially the following: Miriam Milanelo, Reginaldo deAlmeida, Otavio and Rosana (DPRN-Cananeia) for his continuing assistance and logistic sup-port, Dr. Fai9al Simon (Zoo - Säo Paulo), Fausto Pires de Campos for the opportunity of partici-pating in several cruises to Alcatrazes, to the staff of Museu Zoologia da Universidade de SäoPaulo (MZUSP) and Andre Rossi (FUNDAMAR).

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cetaceans of são paulo, southeastern brazil

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