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Certificate I in Employment Pathways

Copyright © IVET 2019 Edition 59

BSBWHS201 – Contribute to health and safety of self and others

ELEMENTS AND PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

Work safely 1.1 Follow provided safety procedures and instructions when working 1.2 Carry out pre start systems and equipment checks according to workplace procedures 1.3 Follow workplace procedures for responding to emergency incidents Implement work safety requirements 2.1 Identify designated persons to whom queries and concerns about safety in the workplace should be

directed 2.2 Identify existing and potential hazards in the workplace, report them to designated persons and

record them according to workplace procedures 2.3 Identify and implement WHS procedures and work instructions 2.4 Identify and report emergency incidents and injuries to designated persons according to workplace

procedures 2.5 Identify WHS duty holders and their duties for own work area Participate in WHS consultative processes 3.1 Contribute to workplace meetings, inspections and other WHS consultative activities 3.2 Raise WHS issues with designated persons according to organisational procedures 3.3 Take actions to eliminate workplace hazards and reduce risks

KNOWLEDGE EVIDENCE To complete the unit requirements safely and effectively, the individual must:

• explain workplace safety procedures and instructions including: o checking systems and equipment o conducting routine work operations o requirements for personal protective equipment (PPE) o how to report incidents and injuries

• explain emergency procedures including those for fires and incidents • define the meaning of commonly used hazard signs and safety symbols • summarise the duty holder responsibilities, as specified in WHS Acts, regulations and codes of

practice, of: o self and fellow workers o persons conducting businesses or undertakings (PCBUs) o officers o others in the workplace

• explain the difference between hazards and risks • describe typical WHS hazards that may be present in the workplace, the harm they can cause

and how this harm occurs • outline the process of hazard identification and risk reduction.



PERFORMANCE EVIDENCE Evidence of the ability to:

• follow all relevant procedures and instructions relating to work health and safety (WHS) and emergency incidents

• identify and report hazards to designated personnel • contribute to WHS consultative processes.

Note: If a specific volume or frequency is not stated, then evidence must be provided at least once.

For more information on this unit of competency visit www.training.gov.au



CHAPTER 4

Contribute to health and safety of self and others

WORK SAFELY Work Health and Safety (WHS) is vital in all workplaces to ensure the safety and health of employees and others in the workplace. WHS in the workplace is law through the Work Health and Safety Act which was created in 2011 to replace the Occupational Health and Safety Act from 1991. All business and organisations must have safety procedures in place to ensure that WHS requirements are met and that the potential for hazards and risks in the work place is minimised. Businesses and organisations must also take into account and have processes in place to deal with emergencies, such as accidents, fire, flood, sudden illness, and external threats. WHS is aimed at identifying a hazard or potential hazard in the workplace and finding a way to ensure that it does not compromise the health and safety of employees and others in the workplace. A hazard is defined as a source of potential harm or as a situation with the potential to cause loss. Within the workplace employees should raise any potential or existing work health and safety issues with designated personnel in accordance with organisational policies and procedures. Some of the designated persons who may be required to participate in or enact WHS processes include: designated health and safety officers, health and safety representatives, supervisors, managers, team leaders, union officers, persons conducting businesses or undertakings (PCBUs) or their officers, WHS inspectors, WHS permit entry holders and/or other persons authorised or nominated by the organisation. It a legal and ethical responsibility for business owners to ensure that they follow WHS processes. They can do this by training staff, having designated persons on site to monitor health and safety and maintaining safe and hygienic standards for all employees and persons at the premises. Work health and safety legislation ensures that workplaces are making it their priority to identify hazards and/or potential hazards in the workplace and find a way to ensure that they do not compromise the health and safety of employees and others in the workplace. A hazard is defined as a source of potential harm or as a situation with a potential to cause loss. Hazards can cause serious harm and/or injury; this is why it is so important to identify, eliminate or reduce potential risks in the workplace. If it is not possible to do so, a plan of action should be formulated to deal with the risk if it occurs. A risk can cause a loss of something of value, which may be physical, mental, social or financial. Risk is defined as: the chance of something happening that will have an impact upon objectives. It can be measured in terms of likelihood (what is the probability of the risk occurring – frequency) and consequences (possible outcomes of the risk – eg loss, injury, disadvantage, gain).

To be prepared for risks you need to understand the likelihood of the risk occurring, that is, the probability or frequency. For example the likelihood of a patient in a hospital contracting an infection may be low, as it only happens between 0.1% and 1% of the time. The frequency and probability is low and, therefore, so is the likelihood.

LIKELIHOOD CONSEQUENCES RISK



It is also important to be aware of the consequences; the possible outcome of the risk. This can be looked at qualitatively (the severity of the risk – eg moderate) and quantitatively (the risk can be measured – eg if the construction is not completed on time the risk will be going over budget by $50,000).

SAFETY PROCEDURES AND INSTRUCTIONS Completing required documentation To meet WHS standards and requirements staff will be required to complete documentation to guarantee or qualify the business as being a safe work zone. Part of ensuring that safety procedures are met is providing the relevant documentation on worksites. This is completed by staff as needed. For example, people must complete a sign-in form before entering a building or construction site. On this form, they must write down their full name, their reason for being on the site (eg contracted plumber) and the time they leave the site. This form is necessary because it acts as a record of all persons who are present on a construction site. If an emergency occurs or an evacuation of the site is required, the WHS personnel and project manager(s) will know who and how many people must be accounted for when the site is cleared. This documentation plays is a very important part in ensuring that the occupational health and safety standard of keeping all persons safe and accounted for is met.

Following WHS guidelines relevant to the workplace Every industry will have specific WHS guidelines established for the businesses and organisations which operate within that industry to follow. Each workplace will need to incorporate the relevant WHS laws and guidelines into their daily operations and make sure they are followed. Providing adequate training and personnel to ensure occupational health and safety support and instruction is crucial for businesses and organisations to uphold their duty of care. The WHS guidelines will vary depending of the nature of the workplace. For example, a restaurant will have to follow WHS guidelines about proper food handling, preparation and disposal, whereas a construction company will need to put in place WHS measures to protect workers from things such as falls and hazards and to mandate wearing personal protective equipment and clothing. Following procedures for work area housekeeping Maintenance and cleaning are important to WHS. They include:

• Disposing of spilled substances, dangerous products, sharps and waste, and cleaning equipment.

• Maintaining stocks of cleaning equipment (eg disposable gloves, liquid repellent aprons, disinfectant)

• Sterilising cleaning equipment • Using appropriate cleaning equipment to clean spills and

breakages • Wearing protective clothing and protective eye wear when in

contact with body fluids or chemicals that may splash.



• Disposing of spilled substances, dangerous products, sharps and waste, and cleaning equipment.

It is the responsibility of business owners to ensure that all employees know how to safely dispose of spilled substances, dangerous products, sharps and any other waste. All employees must be informed of the location of cleaning equipment and products to be used when disposing of spilled substances, dangerous products, sharps and/or waste. The locations of disposal bins (including general waste and recycling bins) chutes, dumpsters, sanitary bins and bio-cans (for disposing of sharps such as needles) must be identified so that staff know exactly where and how to safely and efficiently dispose of waste. Removing spilled substances, dangerous products, sharps and waste from a workplace should occur as quickly as possible. For example, the owner of an independent grocery store must educate staff about how to manage any spillages or breakages in the store aisles. Spills should be mopped up as soon as possible and the site of the spill should be clearly identified using signage to alert customers of the hazard zone, and to keep them from walking either over or through the breakage/spill or on a floor which is wet due to cleaning.

CREATE WORKPLACE INSTRUCTIONS

ICT RESEARCH TASK

Using the Internet for research purposes write instructions for employees to refer to when:

o Disposing of sharps and contaminated waste products.

o Sterilising cleaning equipment

o Handling, using and storing hazardous chemicals.

Ensure that the instructions are simple, in easy to understand language and formatted into steps.

Disposing of sharps and contaminated waste products.



Sterilising cleaning equipment

Handling, using and storing hazardous chemicals.

• Maintaining stocks of cleaning equipment (eg disposable gloves, liquid repellent aprons, disinfectant)

Employees may be required to clean spills or breakages or to remove hazardous waste. In doing so personal safety should always come first. Maintaining an ample supply of cleaning equipment helps keep staff safe. Some of the cleaning equipment which should be available and regularly re-stocked include disposable gloves, liquid repellent aprons and disinfectant.



Disposable gloves are made of latex and protect the hands from contact with any infectious waste, bacteria or other sources of contamination. These gloves are often worn by those in the medical/health care profession (because they have regular contact with body fluids, specimens and medications), police officers (who need to investigate crime scenes and keep the scenes free from contamination by their own fingerprints, bodily fluids etc) and scientists, who work in laboratories and regularly deal with specimens, chemicals, bacterium and others infectious substances. Disposable gloves should not be re-used. Once they have served their initial purpose they should be immediately disposed of in sealed and clearly labelled disposal units.

Liquid repellent aprons are designed to protect the body from contact with any liquids which may splash onto the body while working including cleaning. Chefs should always wear aprons to protect them from hot fats and oils, sauces, boiling water and other liquids while they are working. This helps protect them from sustaining injuries caused by liquids.

QUICK QUESTION: Can you think of any other occupations where a person may need to wear a liquid repellent apron?

A disinfectant is a substance which is designed to kill bacteria and other living micro-organisms on non-living objects. Disinfectants should never be sprayed or rubbed onto human skin, unless specifically designed for this purpose (such as liquid hand sanitisers and soaps). Disinfectants are a handy, cheap and effective cleaning product. Disinfectants can be used by cleaners and others to sanitise bench/desk surfaces, floors, toilets, furniture, basins and objects used regularly by people in the workplace, such as pens, computers and computer devices.

• Using appropriate cleaning equipment to clean spillages and breakages

Using appropriate cleaning equipment to clean spills and breakages is a vital aspect of ensuring the personal safety of employees. The kinds of equipment that should be used to clean spills include mops, disinfectant, hot water, paper towelling and liquid absorbent materials. When cleaning a spill, a person should wear gloves to protect their hands and forearms and footwear which covers the entire foot. Breakages should be cleaned up using brooms, vacuums and dustpans. All waste should be safely disposed of in appropriate bins, depending on the type of waste material. For example, glass breakage remnants should be disposed of in glass-recycle bins.



• Wearing protective clothing/protective eye wear when in contact with body fluids or chemicals

that may splash

As mentioned previously, businesses need to comply with WHS laws by making sure their staff are safe. This means supplying people with the appropriate protective clothing, including protective eye wear. PPE (personal protective equipment) is equipment that helps to protect people performing their work roles and cleaning duties. Clothing and eyewear are important examples of PPE and include gloves, goggles, facemasks, hardhats, earplugs, aprons, steel cap work boots and back supports. Wearing protective eyewear, such as goggles and safety glasses, means that eyes can be shielded from any bodily fluids or chemicals which may splash into the eyes. Protecting your eyes from chemicals, vapours, sparks and body fluids is very important. Exposure or contact to the eyes with such substances could result in partial, temporary or permanent eye damage, such as the loss of vision. Protective clothing such as liquid repellent aprons and latex gloves ensure that workers are protected against contamination or injury from body fluids and chemicals which could cause scarring, tissue damage, infection or burns.

QUICK QUESTIONS:

1. Why is it important to wear PPE when working with chemicals? 2. When is it ok to expose one’s hands to disinfectants?

Handling, using and storing toxic and hazardous chemicals according to workplace procedures Businesses and organisations must have clear and adequate means of using and storing toxic and hazardous materials. This requires proper labelling and containment of toxic materials. Employers have a responsibility to ensure that the risk of exposure to hazardous or toxic chemicals and materials is minimised. This can be done by replacing the substance with something which is less potent, or where unavoidable, ensuring that the substance is only used by trained persons, who are supplied with and wearing the appropriate protective gear. Toxic and hazardous materials should have Safety Data Sheets which identify the ingredients, name and instructions for proper use and storage of the substance. Labels on such substances must identify the name, address and contact number of the Australian manufacture or importing supplier of the toxic substance. Specific guidelines and procedures as they apply to own work area These guidelines will vary depending on the nature of your workplace setting and environment. Most workplaces will have guidelines or procedures in relation to hygiene and general workplace tidiness and cleanliness. Workplace cleanliness All employees and staff are required to keep the workplace clean and tidy. When workplaces are untidy and dirty they are susceptible to becoming hazard zones and exposing people to unhygienic and contaminated spaces. Simple acts, such as pushing in chairs, could mean that tripping accidents are avoided. Likewise, disposing of toxic or hazardous waste products in appropriate bins can mean that others are protected from contact with that dangerous substance. People who work in offices should maintain tidy workspaces, including their desks, conference rooms and lunchrooms. A clean working environment promotes more productive, organised and efficient attitudes to work, as well as safety. If a workspace is untidy and disorganised your approach to work may be less organised.



In some workplaces, such as restaurant kitchens, it is necessary to continuously clean the work environment to avoid the contamination of food and beverages. If benches are not disinfected regularly, dishes and glasses not washed and food scraps not disposed of immediately, there is a risk that bacteria, such as e-coli can grow, contaminate food and result in the food poisoning of people eating at the restaurant.

CLEANING ROSTER AT SAM’S RESTAURANT

TASK ONE Imagine you are the kitchen manager at Sam’s Restaurant. It is your responsibility to create a weekly cleaning roster to be strictly followed by all kitchen staff. The restaurant is operational from Tuesday to Sunday from 12pm until 11:30pm. You have five kitchen staff available for cleaning duties; they are Joe, Faye, Adam, Lucy and Paul. Think of the kinds of cleaning duties which would need to be done everyday to maintain a clean kitchen and create a cleaning roster. Include the intervals you require each task to be repeated. Do tasks have to be done every day, every second day or only once a week?

TASK TWO Once your roster is complete, answer the following questions.

1. What were the cleaning duties you considered most important/necessary for maintaining a

hygienic kitchen? 2. Did you consider the sex of your kitchen staff when allocating cleaning roles? Why or why not? 3. What were the major difficulties you faced when deciding how to organise your roster? 4. Did you attempt to evenly spread the cleaning duties across the kitchen staff?

EMERGENCY INCIDENTS Part of managing the work health and safety of people within their workplaces is to consider, plan for and know how to deal with emergency incidents. Emergency incidents include, but are not limited to:

• Accidents • Emergency situations • Fire • Flood • Sudden illness • Incidents • External threats



Accidents

Accidents are incidents which occur without intent. They may result from a lack of foresight, engaging in risky behaviour, not taking appropriate precautions when completing a task, or sometimes just from bad luck. Accidents can have very serious consequences, particularly in the workplace, where severe injuries and even fatalities can occur. People who suffer injuries, ill health or other medical conditions as a consequence of a work-related accident can claim compensation under the Accident Compensation Act 1985.

Emergency situations Business owners, managers, supervisors and other management personnel must ensure that their workplace has clear instructions and processes for dealing with emergency situations. An emergency situation is a situation that arises in the workplace, which poses a threat of harm or injury to any person working within that environment, and is not a typical or usual workplace scenario or event. Some examples of emergency situations include: threats to the workplace or staff, invasion by unwanted persons, spread of infectious diseases, environmental disasters, widespread electrical malfunctions, or even the suspicious death of a person at work. Fire Considering the very hot Australian summers and history of fire related deaths in Australia, it is mandated that every workplace have a documented fire escape plan. These plans must be made available and visible to all employees of a business or organisation. Staff must be instructed about how to react and behave during a fire. A good way of teaching and practicing this is to conduct fire drills. These let staff rehearse what they would need to do if a fire happened. Having a fire escape plan means that the management of people can be controlled and helps to alleviate the stress and panic which could erupt if a fire did start at a workplace. Individuals may be given specific roles to fulfil during a fire, such as being a marshal, who may be required to wear a highly visible fluro vest to identify them. First aid trained staff may be called upon and others may be given the responsibility of contacting the fire brigade, police and ambulance to attend the scene. All buildings, offices, warehouses, factories and other places of business where people work must be fitted with functional fire alarms.

Flood Flooding is when excessive levels of rain affect an area and rivers, dams and water systems cannot manage or redirect the water away quickly enough. Areas affected in this way can experience destruction of the natural environment, man-made infrastructure and people. In recent times, states on the east coast of Australia have been hit by severe flooding. Many people were hurt; some even killed by these natural disasters. A result of these floods has been the push by WorkSafe Victoria to ensure that all workplaces have adequate means of dealing with and managing the safe clean up of businesses affected by floods. If a business premises or worksite is flooded, it is imperative that the appropriate persons are called upon to manage these situations, such as the SES, ambulance, police and rescue teams.



Sudden Illness Sudden illness or rapid spread of infection in a workplace is an emergency situation. Whether a single person suddenly experiences an unknown or previously unidentified illness, or a number of people are struck down with an illness, it is imperative that those individuals are identified and placed into quarantine (away from others, to stop the spread of possible infections or diseases). Sudden illness should be considered an emergency situation and be responded to as quickly as possible. This may involve calling an ambulance, getting a person to hospital, separating them from others and contacting relevant family members. It is also critical to work out whether the illness has been contracted from a substance, person or other work-related cause, and then seek to eliminate that cause of illness from the workplace. Sometimes, illnesses may not come on immediately, but may be contracted at work with symptoms occurring later. For example Legionnaire’s Disease, which affects the lungs and causes severe illness in people who contract it, can be circulated through air conditioners. The disease thrives in wet, damp environments and is contracted by being breathed in. Man-made water systems, if not serviced regularly and properly, can be breeding grounds for the Legionella bacteria. This includes; showers, spas and cooling towers associated with air-conditioners. Incidents Incidents are unique situations which occur that cause or result in harm, injury, illness or death in the workplace. They are usually ‘one-offs’ and will require their own unique management and response from relevant or affected persons. Training employees in how to deal with unique or one-time emergency incidents is very important to meet Work Health and Safety (WHS) standards. External threats External threats are any threats made to a workplace or workgroup from an outside body (not located within the worksite/working body itself). External threats which could result in serious harm or injury to persons at work include; bomb threats, shootings, air raids or attacks, threat of exposure to an infectious substance or disease such as anthrax, arson threats and so forth. Since the devastating events of 9/ll in the United States of America, a hyper vigilance against terrorism and terrorist attacks in the workplace and at locations heavily populated with people has occurred. Workplaces now need procedures on how to deal with and manage the external threat of a terrorist attack. These requirements are especially visible at airports, where laws about what can be taken on a plane (eg no more than 100mls of liquid and no aerosol cans to be included in hand luggage) have come into effect.

EMERGENCY PROCEDURES

Research your school, TAFE or workplace emergency procedures. You might be able to find an official procedure or you may need to ask people within the workplace about the procedure. Alternatively, you may be able to get a senior member of staff to come and talk to you and outline the emergency procedure.

QUESTIONS

1. Who is responsible for the emergency procedures? ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________



2. How is this information explained to students, staff, employees etc?

________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. What is the procedure? Outline it. (Eg: Who tells you when to evacuate? Are you allowed to take your belongings? How do you get out of the buildings?) ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. How often does a fire drill take place? ________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Where is the official meeting spot? Explain why this was chosen. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. How are students and employees accounted for once at the meeting area? ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Outline two changes that you would make to the current procedure to make it more efficient. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________________



REPORTING EMERGENCY SITUATIONS ICT RESEARCH

Search the Internet for “incident / hazard report forms”. View and examine at least two different forms. Then using the following case study, create your own incident / hazard report form and document the following workplace incident. Penelope Toulks is an employee at Frank’s Finance. She works as a receptionist in the office. Penelope’s work includes answering phones, writing up invoices and completing basic administrative tasks. On Friday the 24th of October at 9:40am, Penelope stood on her chair to gather some additional manila folders to complete some filing. She lost her balance and fell off her chair, hitting her head on her desk. Tom who works opposite Penelope witnessed the accident and rushed to her aid. Tom was first aid trained and was able to provide treatment as Penelope was bleeding quite heavily from a contusion on her forehead. Using a large bandage he applied pressure to the wound. Tom called an ambulance and monitored Penelope’s vital signs until paramedics arrived. While waiting for the ambulance to arrive Tom asked Penelope a number of questions so that he could begin documenting the incident. Penelope tells Tom that her birth date is June 3, 1982, and that her address is 55 Gardenvale Avenue, Surry Hills. Penelope also tells you that she is allergic to penicillin. Insert your template in the space provided:

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