centravac™ water according to iso...

CenTraVac™ water-cooled centrifugal chillers

According to ISO 14025

This declaration is an environmental product declaration (EPD) in accordance with ISO 14025. EPDs rely

on a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to provide information on a number of environmental impacts of

products over their life cycle. Exclusions: EPDs do not indicate that any environmental or social

performance benchmarks are met, and there may be impacts that they do not encompass. LCAs do not

typically address the site-specific environmental impacts of raw material extraction, nor are they meant to

assess human health toxicity. EPDs can complement but cannot replace tools and certifications that are designed to

address these impacts and/or set performance thresholds – e.g. Type 1 certifications, health assessments and

declarations, environmental impact assessments, etc. Accuracy of Results: EPDs regularly rely on estimations of

impacts, and the level of accuracy in estimation of effect differs for any particular product line and reported

impact. Comparability: EPDs are not comparative assertions and are either not comparable or have limited

comparability when they cover different life cycle stages, are based on different product category rules or are missing

relevant environmental impacts. EPDs from different programs may not be comparable.

PROGRAM OPERATOR UL Environment

DECLARATION HOLDER Ingersoll Rand

DECLARATION NUMBER 4786749583.101.1

DECLARED PRODUCT CenTraVac™ Chiller Product Portfolio

REFERENCE PCR

Institut Bauen und Umwelt (IBU) and UL Environment. Product Category Rules for Building-Related Products and Services. Part A: Calculation Rules for the Life Cycle Assessment and Requirements on the Project report, 2014. Institut Bauen und Umwelt (IBU). Product Category Rules for Environmental Product Declarations: Water-Cooled Chillers, 2011. (with UL Addendum)

DATE OF ISSUE January 27, 2015

PERIOD OF VALIDITY 5 Years

CONTENTS OF THE DECLARATION

Product definition and information about the building’s physical properties

Information about basic materials and the materials’ origins

Description of the product’s manufacture

Indication of product processing

Information about the in-use conditions

Life cycle assessment results

Testing results and verifications

The PCR review was conducted by: Institut Bauen and Umwelt (IBU)

This declaration was independently verified in accordance with ISO 14025 by Underwriters Laboratories

☐ INTERNAL ☒ EXTERNAL

Thomas Gloria, Industrial Ecology Consultants

This life cycle assessment was independently verified in accordance with ISO 14044 and the reference PCR by:

Wade Stout, UL Environment

CenTraVac™ centrifugal water-cooled chillers According to ISO 14025

Product Definition

A centrifugal chiller is a machine that removes heat from a liquid via a vapor-compression cycle. The cooled liquid can then be circulated through a heat exchanger to cool air or equipment as required. The chiller utilizes the vapor-compression cycle to chill water and reject the heat collected from the chilled water plus the heat from the compressor to a second water loop cooled by a cooling tower. This declaration represents the average of five individual chiller models: CDHG-2500, CDHH-3000, CDHH-2500, CVHS-300 and CVHL-900.

Trane

® CenTraVac™ chiller (models CVHE, CVHF, CVHG, CDHF, CDHG)

The CenTraVac chiller leverages the industry’s fewest moving parts, driving reliability through simplicity in design. CenTraVac chillers are capable of maintaining precise temperatures with extremely tight tolerances, and yield efficiency levels down to 0.45 kW/ton at standard AHRI conditions. Semi-hermetic compressors, along with low-pressure refrigerant R-123, produce the industry’s lowest field-documented refrigerant leak rate – less than 0.5 percent annually. Trane

® Series L™ CenTraVac™ chiller (model CVHL)

Developed to meet the unique cooling requirements of industrial processes and data center equipment, the Series L CenTraVac chiller is optimized to deliver chilled water at temperatures of 16°C-21°C (60°F-70°F), with up to 35 percent better efficiency. The Series L chiller provides the highest efficiencies at both full-load and off-design conditions. Its rapid restart capability enables the chiller to return to 80 percent cooling load in less than three minutes after power is restored, which is vital for mission critical applications. Trane

® Series S™ CenTraVac™ chiller (model CVHS)

An ideal solution for any application, including retrofits and replacements, the Series S CenTraVac chiller delivers best-in-class part-load efficiencies without compromising full-load efficiency. At the core of the Series S chiller’s performance is AdaptiSpeed™ technology, the integration of an all-new direct drive compressor, permanent magnet motor and the exclusive AFD3, Adaptive Frequency

™ drive. The quiet operation of the Series S chiller, with industry-

leading sound levels – typically less than 75 dBA – makes it perfect for sound-sensitive applications. Trane

® Series E™ CenTraVac™ chiller (models CVHH, CDHH)

Continuing the Trane commitment to provide the right refrigerant for the right product at the right time, the Series E CenTraVac chiller uses a next generation, low GWP refrigerant, R-1233zd(E). Building on the CenTraVac chiller legacy, the Series E chiller delivers the same industry-leading reliability, leak-tight design and the highest efficiencies that customers expect from Trane chillers.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absorption_refrigerator


Figure 1: CenTraVac Chiller models

Scope of Validity

The chiller models considered in the “average model” declared in this EPD are manufactured in the United States and China. This EPD is intended for business-to-business (B2B) communication in these markets. According to the guiding PCR this study is considered a manufacturer group declaration, as it is a declaration on an average product as an average from several manufacturer’s plants.

Application

The function of this chiller is to provide chilled water for cooling a commercial building.

Product Standards and Certifications

The rating and testing of chillers used in comfort cooling applications are governed by the following Standards:

AHRI Standard 550/590 (I-P)-2011 with Addendum 3: Performance Rating of Water-Chilling and Heat Pump

Water-Heating Packages Using the Vapor Compression Cycle

AHRI Standard 580-2014: Performance Rating of Non-condensable Gas Purge Equipment For Use with Low

Pressure Centrifugal Liquid Chillers

ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 147-2013: Reducing the Release of Halogenated Refrigerants from Refrigerating

and Air-Conditioning Equipment and Systems

ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 140-2014: Standard Method of Test for the Evaluation of Building Energy Analysis

Computer Programs

ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2013: Designation and Safety Classification of Refrigerants

Series E™ CenTraVac Chiller

Series L™ CenTraVac Chiller

CenTraVac Chiller

Series S™ CenTraVac Chiller


ISO 9001:2008, Quality Management System

GS-31 Edition 2.1-2013: Green Seal™ Standard for Electric Chillers

CenTraVac chillers are also certified by independent verification programs:

Rated within the scope of the Air-Conditioning, Heating, and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) certification program for Water-Cooled Water-Chilling Packages.

Meets Green Seal™ Standard GS-31 for electric chillers which establishes requirements for energy efficiency, leak testing, and the use of low ozone depleting refrigerants.

DNV certified to meet the ISO 9001:2008 standard for Quality Management Systems.

Delivery Status Properties

The average dimensions of the declared products are: width: 2.79 meters (109 7/10 inches); length: 5.69 m (224 1/5 inches); height: 2.87 m (112 4/5 inches).

Technical Properties

The cooling capacity of the average model is 1,840 tons. The energy efficiency is calculated based on different combinations of percent load and Entering Condenser Water Temperature (ECWT), as described in the background report.

For constant-speed chillers, the evaporator’s pressure drop is 4.58 meters (15.04 feet) of water, and the condenser’s pressure drop is 2.97 meters (9.76 feet) of water. For variable-speed chillers, the evaporator’s pressure drop is 4.59 meters (15.05 feet) of water and the condenser’s pressure drop is 3.33 meters (10.95 feet) of water.


Declaration of Basic Materials

The chiller assembly is broken into major assemblies and shown in Table 1 in kg per declared unit (one ton of cooling capacity) for the declared average, representative model.

Assembly Average Mass (kg)

Compressor 4.31

Compressor installation 1.04

Condenser 3.80

Controls 0.0370

Economizer 0.411

Evaporator tubes 4.07

Motors 0.0897

Oil tank 0.263

Purge 0.105

Shell 0.316

Unit assembly 1.08

Refrigerant pump assembly 0.0508

Grand total 13.8

Table 1: Average mass of major chiller assemblies in kg per declared unit (one ton of cooling capacity)

The raw materials used in the average chiller model are shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2: Percent breakdown of material input for the average chiller model

Auxiliary Substances / Additives

The five chiller models require an average initial charge of 0.744 kg of refrigerant per ton of cooling capacity with a total of 1370 kg for the average chiller. Additional refrigerant recharges may also be required at a maximum of 0.5% per year. The average refrigerant per ton of cooling capacity includes the R-123 refrigerant used in the CDHG, CVHL and CVHS models and the R-1233zd(E) refrigerant used in the CDHH model. The impacts for the emissions are averaged for the different refrigerants in the results section.

Material Explanation

The chiller heat exchangers are primarily made of carbon steel sheet with copper tubes used for heat transfer. The compressor is made of cast gray iron components that form the enclosure, with aluminum cast internal components and an electrical motor made from copper wire, electrolytic steel stampings and a steel shaft.

Raw Material Extraction and Origin

The major components of the chiller are metals and metal parts that come from the global metal markets. Global averages are used for input materials where possible. All the materials used in the manufacture of this chiller are available in the earth’s crust as non-renewable materials.

Manufacturing Process

Manufacturing inputs consist of two activities: electricity consumption and thermal energy from natural gas. Of the chiller models considered in the LCA, most are produced in the United States; however, approximately 40% of the production of CenTraVac chiller models CVHE, CVHF, CVHG, CDHF and CDHG (which are represented by the CDHG-2500 in this study) occurs in China. Therefore, the modeling calculation of the average chiller model takes into account a small portion (8% overall) of the representative model to be produced in China. All production components arrive when needed (including raw castings, plate steel, copper tubing and labor) to reduce inventory and allow for a smaller manufacturing footprint. This minimizes and better aligns the resources necessary to meet customer requirements, including transportation costs and waste, and material obsolescence.

Aluminum 1% Cast Iron

18%

Copper 28%

Steel 53%


Plate steel is flame-cut, rolled, drilled, and sub-arc welded into shells and water boxes. Gray-iron and aluminum castings are machined and assembled into a compressor. These primary components, along with subassemblies (i.e. starters, purges, controls, lubrication system), are assembled using a combination of welding, brazing, bolting, and testing to create the CenTraVac centrifugal chiller.

Installation

Handling recommendations for refrigerants can be found in product and application literature, brochures and data sheets provided directly by the refrigerant suppliers and available from the internet: http://www2.dupont.com/Refrigerants/en_US/products/literature.html and http://www.honeywell-refrigerants.com/.

Environmental protection

During the entire production process, extra measures are taken to minimize the unintentional release of halogenated refrigerants. These measures are consistent with those identified in ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 147-2013, Reducing the Release of Halogenated Refrigerants from Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Equipment and Systems.

Packaging

The chiller is packaged in a single, large heat-shrink recyclable plastic bag to protect it from damage during shipment. Packaging is excluded from the scope of the LCA based on the mass cut-off rules.

Energy Consumption during Use Stage

In order to determine average annual chiller energy usage for a given region or location, a life cycle software,TRACE 700™ was utilized to determine average weighting factors for specific categories of performance. The four categories being utilized are those defined by AHRI Standard 550/590 (I-P) and include 100% load at 85°F entering condenser water, 75% load at 75°F entering condenser water, 50% load at 65°F entering condenser water, and 25% load at 65°F entering condenser water. In addition to the percentages, the annual hours of operation were determined.

The calculation methodology considers use scenarios in 55 cities in 30 countries: Atlanta, Bangkok, Beijing, Berlin, Boston, Buenos Aires, Cairo, Cancun, Cape Town, Caracas, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Dubai, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh, Hong Kong, Houston, Jerusalem, Kansas City, London, Los Angeles, Madrid, Manila, Melbourne, Mexico City, Miami, Minneapolis, Moscow, Mumbai, New Delhi, Ottawa, Paris, Perth, Phoenix, Raleigh, Riyadh, Rome, San Diego, San Francisco, San Juan, Sao Paulo, Seattle, Seoul, Shanghai, Singapore, Sydney, Taipei, Tokyo, Toronto, Vancouver, Venice, Vienna, Warsaw, and Washington, D.C.

The 55 cities cover every one of the 17 different ASHRAE climate zones. They are representative of every climate in the world, and of large chiller markets around the world. This procedure has been developed to determine the average energy usage impact for a given location. The values resulting from the calculation are not intended to reflect actual energy usage for specific applications. The intent is to provide the means of having a global and universal method of determined average energy usage of chillers by manufacturer. For specific energy usage and life cycle evaluation, a complete analysis must be completed for each and every application.

This methodology for calculating the annual energy use during the use stage is scaled by the 25 years of service life and summarized in Table 2. The full calculation methodology is documented in the accompanying background report.

Model kWh/yr kWh / lifetime (25 years) kWh/declared unit

CDHG-2500 3,018,550 75,463,750 30,186

CDHH-3000 3,420,352 85,508,800 28,503

CDHH-2500 2,850,933 71,273,325 28,509

CVHS-300 335,003 8,375,075 27,917

CVHL-900 612,603 15,315,075 17,017

Average 2,047,488 51,187,200 27,819

Table 2: Annual electricity use, electricity use over the lifetime of the chiller, and use per declared unit for each model and the average chiller model

http://www2.dupont.com/Refrigerants/en_US/products/literature.html

http://www.honeywell-refrigerants.com/


Refrigerant Charge and Replenishment

Each chiller model has a specified refrigerant charge. However, there is an assumption that a maximum of 0.5% of the

total amount of refrigerant leaks every year and requires replenishment to maintain the refrigerant at its original level.

Models CDHG, CVHS, and CVHL use R-123 refrigerant, and the two CDHH models use the R-1233zd(E) refrigerant

as shown in Table 3. The average case incorporates both refrigerants and the leakage and replenishment.

Model Refrigerant Refrigerant charge per declared unit

Annual leakage Replenishment amount

over lifetime

CDHG-2500 R-123 0.671 3.36E-03 0.0839

CDHH-3000 R-1233zd(E) 0.764 3.82E-03 0.0954

CDHH-2500 R-1233zd(E) 0.798 3.99E-03 0.0998

CVHS-300 R-123 1.13 5.67E-03 0.142

CVHL-900 R-123 0.605 3.02E-03 0.0756

Average R-123 / R-1233zd(E) 0.744 3.72E-03 0.0931

Table 3: Refrigerant type, initial charge, annual leakage, and total lifetime replenishment for each chiller model in kg per declared unit

Environmental Health Effects

During the entire production process, extra measures are taken to minimize the unintentional release of halogenated refrigerants. These measures are consistent with those identified in ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 147-2013, Reducing Release of Halogenated Refrigerants from Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Equipment and Systems.

Maintenance

Maintenance for this product is described in the CenTraVac Annual Inspection Check List and Report, which can be provided upon request. The checklist covers aspects relating to the compressor motor, starter, oil sump, condenser, control circuits, leak test chiller, and the purge unit.

Reference Service Life

The reference service life (RSL) is 25 years in an outdoor application (ASHRAE 2011)

Singular Effects – Fire and Water

Product is not flammable. Additionally, the chiller is designed with NEMA 4 construction to prevent failure of components due to water contact. The product is also conformant to the International Code Council (ICC) and National Fire Protection Association (NFPA).

Hazardous Materials

The chiller does not contain substances considered to be hazardous by Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), Subtitle 3.

Recycling and Disposal

Metal components of the chiller can be recycled into other systems. Steel, aluminum, cast iron, and copper scrap generated during manufacturing and at end-of-life were considered valuable co-products, and were addressed with system expansion. The portions of metal scrap at the end of life that are not recycled are assumed to be sent to landfill and their emissions are modeled accordingly.


Life Cycle Assessment Description

Declared unit

The declared unit refers to “one ton of cooling capacity” based on an average case 1,840-ton centrifugal chiller model.

System boundaries

The system boundaries studied as part of this LCA include extraction of primary materials, raw materials manufacture, chiller manufacture, use phase electricity and refrigerant emissions, and end-of-life recycling as shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Chiller product system boundary flow diagram

As per the guiding PCR, the life cycle stages reported in this study aligns with the EN15804 life cycle modules, as shown in

Product Stage

Construction

Stage Use Stage End-of-Life Stage

Benefits

and

loads

beyond

boundary

A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 C1 C2 C3 C4 D

Raw

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sup

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Use

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X X X X X X X X

Extraction & Processing of Raw Materials

Trane Chiller Manufacture

Chiller Use Chiller

End-of-Life

Emissions to air, water, and soil (waste)

Energy, fuels, water

Ingredients: Metals, Plastics,

Refrigerant, etc.


Figure 4.

Product Stage Construction

Stage Use Stage End-of-Life Stage

Benefits

and

loads

beyond

boundary

A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7 C1 C2 C3 C4 D

Raw

mate

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sup

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Tra

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Manu

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Use

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X X X X X X X X

Figure 4: EN15804 life cycle modules declared in the study, shown with an X below each module

According to the guiding IBU-UL PCR, life cycle stages A1, A2, and A3 are required to be reported, while all

subsequent life cycle stages are considered optional. Life cycle activities included and excluded in this study are

summarized in

.

Included Excluded

Raw material extraction Human labor

Energy inputs in final assembly Employee commute and executive travel

Inbound transportation to final assembly Transportation to installation site

Electricity consumption during use Installation of chiller

Refrigerant charge and replenishing over 25 year lifetime Repair, refurbishment, and replacement over 25 year lifetime

Refrigerant leakage Disassembly requirements and transport to disposal site

Disposal of non-recycled materials at end-of-life Product packaging materials

Recycling of materials at end-of-life

Table 4: Supply chain activities included and excluded from system boundary

Excluded activities were considered outside of the system boundary. ISO 14025 states that if life cycle stages have

insufficient data and reasonable scenarios cannot be modeled, life cycle activities may be excluded (2006). Moreover,

if the life cycle stages are expected to be environmentally insignificant, they may be excluded as well.

Temporal Coverage

Primary data collected from Ingersoll Rand for their operational activities are representative for a 12 month average in the year 2014.

Geographical Coverage

The geographical coverage differs between life cycle stages for this study is as follows:


Raw material procurement and manufacturing – United States and China

Use phase – Chillers are considered to be used in the following cities: Atlanta, Bangkok, Beijing, Berlin, Boston, Buenos Aires, Cairo, Cancun, Cape Town, Caracas, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Dubai, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh, Hong Kong, Houston, Jerusalem, Kansas City, London, Los Angeles, Madrid, Manila, Melbourne, Mexico City, Miami, Minneapolis, Moscow, Mumbai, New Delhi, Ottawa, Paris, Perth, Phoenix, Raleigh, Riyadh, Rome, San Diego, San Francisco, San Juan, Sao Paulo, Seattle, Seoul, Shanghai, Singapore, Sydney, Taipei, Tokyo, Toronto, Vancouver, Venice, Vienna, Warsaw, and Washington, D.C.

Since the chillers are considered to be used around the world in different regions, the different electricity grids are modeled.

Technological Coverage

The technologies and technical coverage are specific to Ingersoll Rand’s in-house production processes for the chiller being studied. A portion of some chiller models is known to be manufactured in China. In these cases, the technology for production is considered to be same, but with different energy mixes.

Assumptions and Estimations

The main limitation is that the raw material input for all five chiller models and the average are based on the bill of material (BOM) acquired in a separate 2011 Trane chiller LCA study. Depending on the specific design requirements of each chiller models, material input fractions may vary. Therefore, a straight average of five chiller models whose BOMs are calculated from linear scaling based on one model may lead to biases in material composition in the original chiller model.

The operation energy use was calculated using TRACE 700TM

, a software developed by Ingersoll Rand, incorporating chiller operation efficiencies depending on various use case conditions and weather information in the 55 cities as required by the guiding PCR. In lieu of measured data, it was assumed that use phase energy calculated by TRACE 700 is representative of real-case operations in these locations. TRACE 700 is compliant with ANSI/ASHRAE 140-2014.

No allocations were performed at the manufacturing stage beyond those in the secondary data. Primary data were collected on the material input; however, manufacturing energy/material inputs are based on secondary data (GaBi datasets). This was deemed acceptable due to the dominance of the use phase impacts in relation to the overall impacts.

One of the chiller models included in the LCA is known to have approximately 40% of its production in China. The manufacturing technology was assumed to be equivalent to that of manufacturing in the United States. The key modeling difference was assumed to be the electricity grid mix and thermal energy from natural gas.

The inbound transport data collected in the 2011 was applied in this study, and was assumed the supply chain has not changed substantially.

In accordance to ISO 14025, life cycle stages thought to be environmentally insignificant and lacking in data to reasonably modeled were excluded. In this study, the excluded stages include: transport to installation site, installation, repair, refurbishment, uninstallation, and transport to disposal.

The GWP and ODP emission factors for R-1233zd(E) are based on a study by Wallington, et al (2014). The values from the study directly influence the use phase, as the annual leakage rate is assumed to be 0.5%, and the refrigerant is assumed to be emitted directly to the atmosphere.


When converting the inputs and outputs of combustible material into energy inputs and outputs, the lower calorific value of fuels were reported. The calorific values were applied according to scientifically based and accepted values specific to the combustible material.

Cut-off Criteria

If a flow is less than 1% of the cumulative mass of all the inputs and outputs of the Life Cycle Inventory model, it may be excluded, provided its environmental relevance is not a concern. If a flow meets the above criteria for exclusion, yet may have a significant environmental impact, it is evaluated with proxies identified by chemical and material experts within PE INTERNATIONAL. If the proxy for an excluded material has a significant contribution to the overall Life Cycle Impact Assessment (5% or more of any impact category), more information is collected and evaluated in the system.

The primary packaging material, which is understood to be a plastic wrap, is excluded from the system due to its insignificance in mass relative to the product.

Description of Data and Period under Consideration

The average chiller production is modeled based on a 12-month average in the year 2014.

For life cycle modeling, the GaBi 6 Software System for Life Cycle Engineering was used. All background data sets relevant to production and disposal were taken from the GaBi 6 software. Primary material data for steel and aluminum were sourced from World Steel Association and Aluminum Association, respectively.

Data Quality

The data used to create the inventory model are as precise, complete, consistent, and representative as possible with

regards to the goal and scope of the study under given time and budget constraints.

Data are as current as possible. Data sets used for calculations are updated within the last 10 years for generic data and within the last 5 years for producer-specific data.

Data sets are based on 1 year of averaged data; deviations are justified in the background report.

Allocation

Steel, aluminum, cast iron, and copper scrap generated during manufacturing and at end-of-life were considered valuable co-products, and were addressed with system expansion. To be consistent with the World Steel Association dataset for steel plates, the scrap steel was given a credit based on the ‘Value of Scrap’ model as described in a study of recycling methodologies. This model is also included upstream in the production of other steel parts, which includes scrap input, and is consistent throughout the study. Aluminum, cast iron, and copper scrap were also given credits based on the production of the primary metal, less any energy and materials required for re-melting or alloying of these secondary materials.


Life Cycle Assessment Results

Parameters Describing Resource Input, Output Flows, and Waste Categories

Life cycle inventory indicators required by the PCR for the average chiller per the declared unit of one ton of cooling capacity is shown in Table 5.

Inventory Indicator Unit Total A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 B6 B2 C4 D

Use of Resources

Total use of renewable primary energy resources

MJ 92,000 81.5 0.279 21 0 27.1 91,800 27.1 0.413 6.04

Use of renewable primary energy as energy source

MJ 92,000 81.5 0.279 21 0 27.1 91,800 27.1 0.413 6.04

Use of renewable primary energy materials

MJ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total use of non-renewable primary energy resources

MJ 527,000 1,050 18.2 366 0 287 525,000 287 4.23 -34.9

Use of non-renewable primary energy as energy source

MJ 527,000 1,050 18.2 366 0 287 525,000 287 4.23 -34.9

Use of non-renewable primary energy materials

MJ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Use of secondary materials kg 10.4 7.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.79

Use of renewable secondary fuels MJ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Use of non-renewable secondary fuels MJ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Net use of fresh water resources m3 86,800 -0.436 0.0376 9.18 0 23.6 86,800 23.6 0.185 0.312

Waste Categories 0

0

Hazardous waste disposed kg 1.26 1.09 0 0.0102 0 0 0 0 0 0.16

Non-hazardous waste disposed kg 45 45.2 0 2.23E-05 0 0 0 0 0 -0.242

Radioactive waste disposed kg 25.1 0.0133 0.00003 0.0195 0 0.0151 25.1 0.0151 0.000067 0.00163

Output Material Flows 0

0

Components for re-use kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Materials for recycling kg 2.82 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.82

Materials for energy recovery kg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Exported energy MJ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Table 5: Inventory Indicators Reported per PCR


Parameters Describing Environmental Impacts

The environmental impact categories required by the PCR are reported per declared unit for the average chiller, as shown in Table 6. The environmental impacts are expressed using characterization factors based on the current versions of U.S. EPA’s Tool for the Reduction and Assessment of Chemical and Other Environmental Impacts (TRACI – http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/std/traci/traci.html), and CML-IA (http://cml.leiden.edu/software/data-cmlia.html). Note that Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) results are relative expressions and do not predict impacts on category endpoints, the exceeding of thresholds, safety margins or risks.

Total A1 A2 A3 B1 B2 B6 C4 D

TRACI 2.1

Global Warming Potential (GWP) kg CO2 equiv. 41,000 95.8 1.29 24 10.3 20.8 40,900 0.308 -3.69

Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) kg CFC 11 equiv. 0.00317 1.2E-06 8.64E-12 3.78E-07 0.00269 0.000475 5.99E-06 5.61E-12 1.46E-07

Acidification Potential (AP) kg SO2 equiv. 283 1.06 0.0072 0.0792 0 0.072 282 0.00207 -0.0139

Eutrophication Potential (EP) kg N equiv. 8.77 0.0172 0.000631 0.00296 0 0.0036 8.75 0.000179 -5.5E-05

Smog Formation Potential (SFP) kg O3 equiv. 2,990 4.96 0.233 0.915 0 0.677 2,980 0.0404 -0.0903

CML 2001 – April 2013

Global Warming Potential (GWP) kg CO2 equiv. 41,000 95.8 1.29 24 10.3 20.8 40,900 0.308 -3.69

Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) kg CFC 11 equiv. 0.00314 1.1E-06 8.12E-12 3.47E-07 0.00269 0.000447 5.64E-06 5.28E-12 1.34E-07

Acidification Potential (AP) kg SO2 equiv. 294 1.19 0.00545 0.0827 0 0.0751 293 0.0019 -0.0145

Eutrophication Potential (EP) kg (PO4)3-

equiv. 17.4 0.0293 0.00139 0.00525 0 0.00488 17.4 0.000263 -0.00023

Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential (POCP)

kg ethane equiv. 16.4 0.075 0.000706 0.00984 0 0.00484 16.3 0.000181 -0.00242

Abiotic depletion potential, elements (ADPe)

kg Sb equiv. 0.0073 0.00365 1.7E-07 8.38E-06 0 4.38E-05 0.00366 1.14E-07 -7E-05

Abiotic depletion potential, fossil (ADPf) MJ, calorific value 471,000 1,020 18.2 314 0 266 469,000 4.06 -40.2

Table 6: Impact Categories per Declared Unit

http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/std/traci/traci.html

http://cml.leiden.edu/software/data-cmlia.html


Interpretation

It is apparent from Table 6 that the use stage electricity (B6) dominates most of the selected environmental impact categories. The one exception is Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP), where refrigerant production, leakage, and replenishment lead to substantial results. In the average chiller model, the refrigerant emission and production (which includes replenishment) comprise 85% and 15% of the overall ozone depletion impacts, respectively.

Because the use phase dominates all other impacts, selected impact categories are shown below without this life cycle phase. Figure 5 shows that raw materials and manufacturing are the major contributors to most of the impact categories. As discussed previously, the refrigerant production and leakage comprise the dominant portion of ODP impacts. Copper and steel are the main materials contributing to impacts, which correlates to the mass input in the BOM. Manufacturing has moderate impact contributions for Global Warming Potential (GWP), Eutrophication Potential (EP), and Abiotic Depletion, fossil (ADPf). Production of refrigerants is also significant in non-ozone depleting impacts, such as GWP, EP, and ADPf.

Figure 5: Impact categories excluding use phase electricity

The impact values reported in this declaration represent an average of five CenTraVac chiller models. Therefore, further analysis was conducted on the coefficient of variance of the individual results compared to the average case. Error! Reference source not found. shows that for most impact categories, the standard deviation does not exceed 20%; however, there is a notable range when considering Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP). This is expected, as the two CDHH models use R-1233zd(E), which has an emission factor lower by two orders of magnitude, which will affect the average emission scenario considerably.

CML Impact Category

Unit Average Coefficient of Variance

GWP kg CO2 equiv. 41,000 19%

ODP kg CFC 11 equiv. 0.00314 86%

AP kg SO2 equiv. 294 19%

EP kg (PO4)3-

equiv. 17.4 19%

POCP kg ethane equiv. 16.4 19%

ADPe kg Sb equiv. 0.0073 16%

ADPf MJ, calorific value 471,000 19%

-20%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

GWP ODP AP EP POCP ADPe ADPf

8. Refrigerant Leakage

7. Refrigerant Charge

6. Transportation

5. Manufacturing

4. Other non-ferrous

3. Steel

2. Copper

1. Aluminum

Table 7: Standard deviation from the average declared impacts when considering individual models


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