central and southeast european politics since...

Central and Southeast European Politics since 1989

The only textbook to provide a complete introduction to post-1989 Central andSoutheast European politics, this dynamic volume provides a comprehensiveaccount of the collapse of communism and the massive transformation that theregion has witnessed. It brings together twenty-three leading specialists to tracethe course of the dramatic changes accompanying democratization. The textprovides country-by-country coverage, identifying common themes and ena-bling students to see which are shared throughout the area, giving them a senseof its unity and comparability while strengthening understanding around itsmany different trajectories. The dual thematic focus on democratization andEuropeanization running through the text also helps to reinforce this learningprocess. Each chapter contains a factual overview to give the reader contextconcerning the region which will be useful for specialists and newcomers to thesubject alike.

Sabrina P. Ramet is Professor of Political Science at The Norwegian Universityof Science and Technology, and Senior Associate of the Centre for the Study ofCivil War at the International Peace Research Institute in Oslo (PRIO).

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Central and Southeast EuropeanPolitics since 1989

Edited by

SABRINA P. RAMET






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For Ola Listhaug,Kristen Ringdal,Al Simkus, andKnut Erik Solem,friends






Contents

List of figures and maps page xList of tables xiNotes on the contributors xiiiPreface xxiList of acronyms and abbreviations xxiiGuide to pronounciation of Central and Southeast European words xxxi

Part 1 Introduction 1

1 Introduction

sabrina p. ramet 3

2 Post-socialist models of rule in Central and Southeastern Europe

sabrina p. ramet and f. peter wagner 9

Part 2 Issues 37

3 The emergence of the nation-state in East-Central Europe and the Balkans

in historical perspective

ren�eo lukic 39

4 Central and East European party systems since 1989

elisabeth bakke 64

5 Economic reforms and the illusion of transition

karl kaser 91

6 The War of Yugoslav Succession

marko attila hoare 111

Part 3 Central Europe 137

7 Poland since 1989: muddling through, wall to wall

konstanty gebert 139

8 Building democratic values in the Czech Republic since 1989

carol skalnik leff 162






9 Slovakia since 1989

erika harris 182

10 Hungary since 1989

andr�as boz�oki and eszter simon 204

Part 4 Yugoslav Successor States 233

11 Slovenia since 1989

danica fink-hafner 235

12 Politics in Croatia since 1990

sabrina p. ramet 258

13 Serbia and Montenegro since 1989

sabrina p. ramet 286

14 Bosnia and Herzegovina since 1990

florian bieber 311

15 Macedonia since 1989

zachary t. irwin 328

16 Kosova: resisting expulsion and striving for independence

frances trix 358

Part 5 Southeastern Europe 377

17 Romania: in the shadow of the past

lavinia stan 379

18 Bulgaria since 1989

maria spirova 401

19 Albania since 1989: the Hoxhaist legacy

bernd jurgen fischer 421

Part 6 Former Soviet republics 445

20 The Baltic states

hermann smith-sivertsen 447

21 Moldova since 1989

steven d. roper 473

Part 7 Present and future challenges 493

22 Regional security and regional relations

rick fawn 495

viii Contents






23 The EU and democratization in Central and Southeastern Europe since 1989

ulrich sedelmeier 519

24 Facing the twenty-first century: lessons, questions, and tendencies

(a conclusion)

aurel braun 536

Index 553

ix Contents






Figures and maps

Figures

10.1 Unemployment rate (percent of labor force without jobs),Hungary, 1990–2007 page 217

10.2 Annual GDP growth, Hungary, 1990–2007 21810.3 Hungary and East–West migration, 1990–2007 222

Maps

1 Central and Southeastern Europe, 1989 xxxiv2 Central and Southeastern Europe, 2009 xxxv






Tables

3.1 The age of empires: constitution of nation-states, multinationalstates, and empires in Central and Eastern Europe and the Balkans,1800–1918 page 46

3.2 Political entities constituting the Versailles System, 1918–38 493.3 Nation-states, multinational states, and empires in Central and

Eastern Europe and the Balkans under the Nazi System, 1933–45 513.4 Nation-states, multinational states, and empires in Central and Eastern

Europe and the Balkans under the Yalta System, 1945–89 543.5 Nation-states, multinational states, and empires in Central and

Eastern Europe and the Balkans after the Yalta System, 1989–2008 564.1 Organizational membership 664.2 Electoral system, lower house, 2008 694.3 Party stability, 2008 744.4 Leftist parties in Central and Eastern Europe, by ideology and origin,

2008 764.5 Liberal and conservative parties in Central and Eastern Europe, 2008 784.6 Third parties in Central and Eastern Europe: agrarian, Green, ethnic,

nationalist, 2008 824A.1 Institutional set-up 855.1 Economic development and share of GDP, private sector, around 1995 939.1 Representation of parties and movements in the Slovak National

Council and the Federal Assembly, 1990–2 1879.2 General elections, 1994–2006 1879.3 Slovakia, overview of important political parties 188

10.1 Hungarian political parties and their ideological positions, 1990–2008 21510.2 Prime Ministers and their cabinets, 1990–2010 21510.3 Presidents, 1990–2010 21610.4 Size of historic and ethnic minorities in Hungary, 2001 22310.5 Hungarian minorities in neighboring countries, 2001 22411.1 Results of parliamentary elections in Slovenia, 1990–2008 24214.1 Election results for House of Representatives, 1996–2006 31715.1 Phases and events in Macedonian democratization, 1990–2007 33417.1 Parliamentary elections, 1992 and 1996 384






17.2 Parliamentary elections, 2000, 2004, and 2008 39218.1 Bulgarian election results, 2005 elections 40718.2 Bulgarian parliaments and cabinets, 1990–2007 41018.3 Minority groups in Bulgaria, 2001 41220.1 Voter support for categories of parties

a Estonian Riigikogu elections, 1992–2007 457b Latvian Saeima elections, 1993–2006 457c Lithuanian Seimas elections, 1992–2004 457

22.1 Regional cooperation initiatives 511

xii List of tables






Notes on the contributors

Elisabeth Bakke is an Associate Professor of Political Science at the University ofOslo. She wrote her doctoral dissertation on the national question inCzechoslovakia in the interwar period. She is editor of Sentral-Europa ogBaltikum etter 1989, 2nd edn. (Det Norske Samlaget, 2006) and co-editor(with Håvard Teigen) of Kampen for språket (Det Norske Samlaget, 2001).She has contributed articles to various edited volumes and journals, among thelatter Tidskrift for samfunnsforskning, Nordisk Østforum, and Party Politics.

Florian Bieber is a Lecturer in East European Politics at the University of Kent,Canterbury. He received hisMA in Political Science andHistory and his PhD inPolitical Science from the University of Vienna, as well as an MA in SoutheastEuropean Studies from the Central European University in Budapest. From2001 to 2006, he worked for the European Centre for Minority Issues. He is theauthor of Nationalismus in Serbien vom Tode Titos bis zum Ende der MiloševićEra (Lit Verlag, 2005) and Post-War Bosnia: Ethnicity, Inequality and PublicSector Governance (Palgrave, 2006), and editor or co-editor of four booksdealing with Southeastern Europe – among them, Restructuring MultiethnicSocieties: The Case of Bosnia-Herzegovina, co-edited with Džemal Sokolović(Ashgate, 2001) and Montenegro in Transition: Problems of Identity andStatehood (Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 2003). His articles have appeared inNationalities Papers, Third World Quarterly, Current History, InternationalPeacekeeping, and other journals.

Andras Bozoki is a Professor of Political Science at the Central EuropeanUniversity. He is the author or co-author of eleven books, among them PolitikaipluralizmusMagyarországon, 1987–2002 (Századvég, 2003),Migrants, Minorities,Belonging and Citizenship: The Case of Hungary, co-authored with Barbara Bősze(BRIC, 2004), and Anarchism in Hungary: Theory, History, Legacies, co-authoredwith Miklós Sükösd (Social Science Monographs, 2006). He is also editor orco-editor of twenty-one books, including The Roundtable Talks of 1989 (CEUPress, 2002). He also translated The Social System, by Talcott Parsons andEdward A. Shils into Hungarian, for publication by ELTE in 1988. His articleshave appeared in Comparative Sociology, East European ConstitutionalReview, European Political Science, Journal of Communist Studies and






Transition Politics, East European Politics and Societies, Central EuropeanPolitical Science Review, and Europaische Rundschau. During 2003–4, heserved as adviser to the Prime Minister of Hungary, and was Minister ofCulture in 2005–2006.

Aurel Braun is a Professor of International Relations and Political Science at theUniversity of Toronto. He is the author of Romanian Foreign Policy since 1965:The Political and Military Limits of Autonomy (Praeger, 1978) and Small-StateSecurity in the Balkans (Barnes & Noble, 1983). He is also editor or co-editorof six books, among them The Dilemmas of Transition: The HungarianExperience, co-edited with Zoltan Barany (Rowman & Littlefield, 1999) andNATO–Russia Relations in the Twenty-First Century (Routledge, 2008). He hascontributed articles to Orbis, Problems of Communism,Millennium, Parameters,International Journal, and other journals.

Rick Fawn is Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the University ofSt. Andrews and past director of its Centre for Russian, Soviet, and Centraland Eastern European Studies. He is the author of The Czech Republic: A Nationof Velvet (Routledge and Harwood Academic, 2000) and editor or co-editorof seven books, among them The Changing Geopolitics of Eastern Europe,co-edited with Andrew H. Dawson (Frank Cass, 2002) and The Iraq War:Causes and Consequences, co-edited with Raymond Hinnebusch (LynneRienner, 2006). His articles have appeared in International Affairs, Communistand Post-Communist Studies, Democratization, Journal of Communist Studiesand Transition Politics, Europe–Asia Studies, and other journals. He alsocontributed a chapter to Kosovo: Perceptions of War and its Aftermath, ed. byMary Buckley and Sally N. Cummings (Continuum, 2001).

Danica Fink-Hafner is Professor of Political Parties, Interest Groups and PolicyAnalysis at the University of Ljubljana and Head of the Centre for PoliticalScience Research at the Faculty of Social Sciences. She is the author or co-authorof eight books in the Slovenian and one in the English language, among themDržavljanstvo brez meja/Citizenship without Borders (Založba FDV, 2007).She is also editor or co-editor of eleven books, among them, Making aNew Nation: The Formation of Slovenia, co-edited with John R. Robbins(Dartmouth, 1997) and Democratization in Slovenia: Value Transformation,Education, and Media, co-edited with Sabrina P. Ramet (Texas A&MUniversity Press, 2006). She is also co-editor (with Mirko Pejanović) ofRazvoj političkog pluralizma u Sloveniji i Bosni i Hercegovini (Fakulteta zadružbene vede, 2006) and editor or co-editor of eight books in Slovenian,among them,Demokratični prehodi I: Slovenija v primerjavi s srednjeevropskimipostsocialističnimi državami, co-edited with Miro Haček (Fakulteta zadružbene vede, 2000) and Parlamentarne volitve 2000, co-edited with TomažBoh (Fakulteta za družbene vede, 2002). Her articles have appeared in PublicAdministration, Journal of Communist Studies, Journal of European Public

xiv Notes on the contributors






Policy, Canadian Slavonic Studies, and other journals. She has also contributedchapters to a number of books.

Bernd Jurgen Fischer is a Professor of History and Chair of the Department ofHistory at Indiana University – Purdue University Fort Wayne. He is theauthor of King Zog and the Struggle for Stability in Albania (East EuropeanMonographs, 1984) and Albania at War, 1939–1945 (London: C. Hurst & Co.,1999). He is also editor of Balkan Strongmen: Dictators and AuthoritarianRulers of Southeastern Europe (London: C. Hurst & Co., 2007) and co-editor(with Stephanie Schwandner-Sievers) of Albanian Identities: Myth and History(C. Hurst & Co., 2001). He received his PhD in History from the University ofCalifornia, Santa Barbara, in 1982. He served as an Honorary Visiting Fellow atthe Albanian Studies Program, School of Slavic and East European Studies,University of London, and in 2006 he was elected a member of the AlbanianAcademy of Sciences.

Konstanty Gebert is an international reporter and columnist at GazetaWyborcza, Poland’s biggest daily. In the 1970s, he was a democraticopposition activist, and in the 1980s, he worked as an underground journalist(pen name: Dawid Warszawski). He is a frequent contributor to other Polishand international media, founder of the Jewish intellectual monthly Midrasz,author of ten books – among them books on Poland’s Round Table negotiationsof 1989, and on the Yugoslav wars, as well as commentaries on the Torah, and apanorama of the European twentieth century. His latest books, published in2008, are Miejsce pod słońcem (Prószyński) and Living in the Land of Ashes(Austeria). His essays have appeared in two dozen collective works in Poland,Japan, the United States, the United Kingdom, Italy, France, and Belgium, andhis articles in many newspapers around the world.

Erika Harris is a Senior Lecturer in International Politics and the Director of“Europe in the World Centre” at the University of Liverpool. The author ofNationalism and Democratisation: Politics of Slovakia and Slovenia (Ashgate,2002) and Democracy in the New Europe (Palgrave Macmillan, 2006, withChristopher Lord), she is interested in the relationship between identity anddemocracy. She has contributed articles to Contemporary European Politics,Perspectives, Central European Review of International Affairs, and otherjournals. Her new projects seek to reflect the increased internationalization ofethnic relations and explore politics beyond the state and between the EU andits periphery. She has recently published Nationalism: Theories and Cases(Edinburgh University Press, 2009).

Marko Attila Hoare is a Senior Research Fellow at the Faculty of Arts and SocialSciences, Kingston University, London. He received his BA from the Universityof Cambridge in 1994 and his PhD from Yale University in 2000. He has beenstudying the history and politics of the former Yugoslavia since the early 1990sand has lived and worked in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, and Serbia. He is the

xv Notes on the contributors






author of three books, The History of Bosnia: From the Middle Ages to thePresent Day (Saqi, 2007); Genocide and Resistance in Hitler’s Bosnia: ThePartisans and the Chetniks, 1941–1943 (Oxford University Press, 2006), whichwon the British Academy Postdoctoral FellowMonograph Competition in 2004;and How Bosnia Armed (Saqi, 2004). His articles have appeared in journals suchas Journal of Genocide Research, European History Quarterly, South Slav Journal,and Journal of Slavic Military Studies.

Zachary T. Irwin is an Associate Professor of Political Science at the BehrendCollege of Pennsylvania State University in Erie. He received his AB fromHamilton College, his MA from The Johns Hopkins School for AdvancedInternational Studies, and his PhD from Pennsylvania State University. He hascontributed chapters to several books edited or co-edited by Sabrina Ramet –among them, Religion and Nationalism in Soviet and East European Politics, rev.edn. (Duke University Press, 1989), Beyond Yugoslavia: Politics, Economics, andCulture in a Shattered Community, co-edited with Ljubiša S. Adamovich(Westview Press, 1995), and Democratic Transition in Slovenia: ValueTransformation, Education, and Media, co-edited with Danica Fink-Hafner(Texas A&M University Press, 2006). His articles have appeared in EastEuropean Quarterly, Problems of Communism, South Asia, and other journals.

Karl Kaser is Professor for Southeast European History at the Karl-Franzens-University of Graz, where he received his PhD in 1980, was promoted toprofessor 1985 and appointed to full professor 1996. His major work andresearch projects have focused on historical–anthropological fields such asthe history of family, kinship, and clientelism as well as gender relations inthe Balkans. Among his major monographical books are Familie undVerwandtschaft auf dem Balkan. Analyse einer untergehenden Kultur(Böhlau, 1995); Macht und Erbe. Männerherrschaft, Besitz und Familie imöstlichen Europa (1500–1900) (Böhlau, 2000); Freundschaft und Feindschaftauf dem Balkan. Euro-balkanische Herausforderungen (Wieser, 2001);Südosteuropäische Geschichte und Geschichtswissenschaft (Böhlau, 2002);and Patriarchy after Patriarchy. Gender Relations in the Balkans and inTurkey, 1500–2000 (Lit, 2008).

Carol Skalnik Leff is Associate Professor of Political Science at the Universityof Illinois at Urbana–Champaign. She is the author of National Conflict inCzechoslovakia: The Making and Remaking of a State, 1918–1987 (PrincetonUniversity Press, 1988) and The Czech and Slovak Republics: Nation VersusState (Westview Press, 1997). She has also contributed chapters to numerousedited volumes – among them Eastern European Nationalism in the TwentiethCentury, ed. Peter F. Sugar (American University Press, 1995), ResolvingRegional Conflicts, ed. Roger E. Kanet (University of Illinois Press, 1998), andA Force Profonde: The Power, Politics, and Promise of Human Rights, ed.Edward A. Kolodziej (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003). She is

xvi Notes on the contributors






currently completing a book, Elite Transformation in Post-Communist Europe,for Rowman & Littlefield.

Reneo Lukic is Professor of History at Laval University, Quebec, Canada. He isthe author of several books, among them Les relations soviéto-yougoslaves de1935 à 1945: De la dependence à l’autonomie et l’alignement (Peter Lang, 1996)and L’agonie yougoslave (1986–2003: les États-Unis et l’Europe face aux guerresbarxaniques (Les Presses de l’Université Laval, 2003), and co-author (withAllen Lynch) of Europe from the Balkans to the Urals: The Disintegration ofYugoslavia and the Soviet Union (Oxford University Press, 1996). He is alsoeditor of Rethinking the International Conflict in Communist and Post-Communist States (Ashgate, 1998) and of La politique étrangère de la Croatie,de son independence à nos jours, 1991–2006 (Les Presses de l’Université Laval,2006), and co-editor (with Michael Brint) of Culture, Politics, and Nationalismin the Age of Globalization (Ashgate, 2001), and contributed a chapter toSerbia since 1989: Politics and Society under Milošević and After, ed. SabrinaP. Ramet and Vjeran Pavlaković (University of Washington Press, 2005). Hisarticles have appeared in Nationalities Papers, Acta Slavica Iaponica, and otherjournals.

Sabrina P. Ramet is a Professor of Political Science at the Norwegian Universityof Science & Technology in Trondheim, Norway, and a Senior ResearchAssociate of the International Peace Research Institute (PRIO) in Oslo. Bornin London, she earned her PhD in Political Science from UCLA in 1981. Sheis the author of twelve books; among these are Balkan Babel: The Disintegrationof Yugoslavia from the Death of Tito to the Fall of Milošević, 4th edn. (WestviewPress, 2002), The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation, 1918–2005 (Indiana University Press and TheWilson Center Press, 2006), and Serbia,Croatia and Slovenia at Peace and at War: Selected Writings, 1983–2007 (LitVerlag, 2008). She is editor or co-editor of twenty-two previous books. Hertranslation of Viktor Meier’s Wie Jugoslawien verspielt wurde was publishedby Routledge in 1999, under the title, Yugoslavia: A History of Its Demise. Shehas contributed more than eighty articles to journals such as Foreign Affairs,World Politics, Political Science Quarterly, Problems of Communism, Problemsof Post-Communism, Osteuropa, Slavic Review, and East European Politics andSocieties. She is currently writing a history of the Catholic Church in the UnitedStates.

Steven D. Roper is a Professor of Political Science at Eastern Illinois University.His research focuses on constitutional development, conflict resolution, andhuman rights. He is the author of Romania: The Unfinished Revolution(Routledge, 2000), co-author of Designing Criminal Tribunals: Sovereignty andInternational Concerns in the Protection of Human Rights (Ashgate, 2006),co-editor of Party Finance and Post-Communist Party Development (Ashgate,2008), and co-author of The Development of Human Rights Institutions

xvii Notes on the contributors






(Palgrave, 2009). His research has appeared in Comparative Politics, Europee–Asia Studies, Journal of Conflict Resolution, and Party Politics.

Ulrich Sedelmeier is a Senior Lecturer in International Relations at the LondonSchool of Economics and Political Science. He is the author of Constructingthe Path to Eastern Enlargement (Manchester University Press, 2005) andco-editor (with Frank Schimmelfennig) of The Europeanization of Centraland Eastern Europe (Cornell University Press, 2005), The Politics of EuropeanUnion Enlargement (Routledge, 2005), Developments in European Politics(Palgrave, 2006), and Beyond Conditionality: International Institutions inPost-Communist Europe after EU Enlargement (Routledge, 2009). His articleshave been published in the Journal of Common Market Studies, Journal ofEuropean Public Policy, Politique Européen, and West European Politics.

Eszter Simon earned her PhD in Political Science from the Central EuropeanUniversity in 2008. She is a visiting professor at the University of Economics inBratislava in 2009–10 and an adjunct at King Sigismund College in Budapest.Her areas of specialization include Cold War foreign policy in Britain, theoriesof foreign policy analyis, and the politics of East-Central Europe (especiallyHungary). She has published a chapter on Hungary with András Bozóki inGerd Meyer (ed.), Formal Institutions and Informal Politics in Central andEastern Europe: Hungary, Poland, Russia, and Ukraine (Barbara BudrichPublishers, 2006).

Hermann Smith-Sivertsen is an Associate Professor of Political Science at theSchool of Business and Social Science at Buskerud University College, Norway.He received his candidate polit degree in comparative politics from theUniversity of Bergen, and earned his doctorate in political science from theUniversity of Oslo. He authored the chapter 4 on Latvia for The Handbook ofPolitical Change in Eastern Europe, 2nd edn., ed. Sten Berglund, Joakim Ekman,and Frank H. Aarebrot (Edward Elgar, 2004). He also contributed a chapter inFrank H. Aarebrot and Terje Knutsen (eds.), Politics and Citizenship on theEastern Baltic Seaboard. The Structuring of Democratic Politics from North-West Russia to Poland (Høyskoleforlaget, 2000). He has published journalarticles in both English and Norwegian, among them “Why Bigger PartyMembership Organizations in Lithuania than in Latvia 1995–2000?”, EastEuropean Quarterly, Vol. 38, No. 2 (June 2004).

Maria Spirova is a Lecturer in the Department of Political Science at LeidenUniversity, The Netherlands. She earned master’s degrees in political scienceand in Southeast European Studies from the Central European University,Budapest, and her PhD in Political Science from the University of Wisconsin,Milwaukee. Her research focuses on party politics and minority politics andpolicy in the post-communist world. She is the author of Political Parties inPost-Communist Societies: Formation, Resistance, and Change (Palgrave, 2007).Her articles have appeared in Party Politics, Comparative European Politics,

xviii Notes on the contributors






Europe–Asia Studies, Journal of Legislative Studies, and Communist and Post-Communist Studies. She is currently working on a five-country comparativestudy of party patronage in new democracies.

Lavinia Stan is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science,Concordia University, Montreal, Canada. She is the author of Leaders andLaggards: Governance, Civicness and Ethnicity in Romania (East EuropeanMonographs, 2003), co-author (with Lucian Turcescu) of Religion andPolitics in Post-Communist Romania (Oxford University Press, 2007), andeditor of Romania in Transition (Dartmouth, 1997) and Transitional Justicein Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union: Reckoning with the CommunistPast (Routledge, 2008). Her articles have appeared in journals such asEurope–Asia Studies, East European Politics and Societies, Communist andPost-Communist Studies, Problems of Post-Communism, European Journal ofPolitical Research, and Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics.

Frances Trix is a linguistic anthropologist who specializes in Islam in the Balkans.She studied at Prishtina University 1987–8, and received her doctorate inlinguistics from the University of Michigan in 1988. She is currently AssociateProfessor of Linguistics and Anthropology at Indiana University. She is theauthor of Spiritual Discourse: Learning with an Islamic Master (University ofPennsylvania Press, 1993) and Albanians in Michigan: A Proud People ofSoutheast Europe (Michigan State University Press, 2001), and co-editor(with J. and L. Walbridge) of Muslim Voices and Lives in the ContemporaryWorld (Palgrave, 2008). She contributed a chapter to Serbia since 1989: Politicsand Society under Milošević and After, ed. Sabrina P. Ramet and VjeranPavlaković (University of Washington Press, 2005) and has published articlesin American Anthropologist, Discourse & Society, Slavic and East EuropeanInformation Resources, International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, andother journals. She is currently working on Rumeli migrant associations inIstanbul and their antecedents in Kosova and Macedonia.

F. Peter Wagner is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at the University ofWisconsin, Whitewater. Prior to coming to Wisconsin, he taught at AmericanUniversity in Bulgaria and at North Carolina State University. He is the authorof Rudolf Hilferding: Theory and Politics of Democratic Socialism (HumanitiesPress International, 1996) and co-editor (with Stephen Eric Bronner) ofVienna: The World of Yesterday, 1889–1914 (Humanities Press International,1997). He has contributed chapters to various edited collections – among themRomania since 1989: Politics, Economics, and Society, ed. Henry F. Carey (LexingtonBooks, 2004), Conflicts in a Transnational World: Lessons from Nations andStates in Transformation, ed. Andreas Langenohl and Kirsten Westphal (PeterLang, 2006), and Cosmopolitanism and Europe, ed. Chris Rumford (LiverpoolUniversity Press, 2007). He received his PhD in Political Science from RutgersUniversity in 1993.

xix Notes on the contributors






Preface

All of the chapters included here were commissioned specifically for this book,except for chapter 12 on Croatia, which was added to the collection whenthe original contributor contracted to write this chapter dropped out of theproject at the last minute. That chapter was originally published, in a somewhatdifferent form, in Sabrina P. Ramet, Serbia, Croatia, and Slovenia at Peace andat War: Selected Writings, 1983–2007 (Lit Verlag, 2008) and Sabrina P. Ramet,Konrad Clewing, and Renéo Lukic (eds.), Croatia since Independence: War,Politics, Society, Foreign Relations (R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 2008). It is reprintedhere, in updated form, by kind permission of these publishers.

Until 1989, it was common to use the term “Eastern Europe” to refer to thecommunist states of Europe outside the Soviet Union. Today, the EuropeanUnion officially classifies not only the northern-tier countries (Poland, theCzech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, and Slovenia) but also the Baltic States(Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) as belonging to “Central Europe.” In a post-1989 context, the term “Eastern Europe” may be taken to include Belarus,Ukraine, and the European portion of Russia, which are not covered in thisvolume.

I am grateful to the contributors whose work is included in this volume fortheir excellent work, their attentiveness to the guidelines, their perseverance,and their faith. I am also grateful to the Centre for the Study of Civil War atthe International Peace Research Institute (PRIO) in Oslo for providing asubsidy to support the production of this volume. Finally, I wish to express ourcollective gratitude to John Haslam, Carrie Parkinson, and others at CambridgeUniversity Press for their hard work and professionalism.

Sabrina P. Ramet






Acronyms and abbreviations

AAK Alliance for the Future of KosovoAKR New Kosovo AllianceAMN Party Alliance Our MoldovaANO Alliance for the New Citizen (Slovakia)APL Albanian Party of LaborAPV Rt state privatization company (Hungary)ARBiH Army of the Republic of Bosnia-HerzegovinaARD Alliance for Democratic Reform (Moldova)ASNOM Anti-Fascist People’s Assembly of MacedoniaAtaka Attack (Bulgaria)AVNOJ Anti-Fascist Council for the People’s Liberation of

YugoslaviaAWPL Election Action of Poles in LithuaniaAWS Solidarity Election Action (Poland)AZZZ Association of Employers, Union and Alliances

(Slovakia)BBWR Non-Partisan Bloc for Supporting the Reforms

(Poland)BDI Democratic Party of Integration (Macedonia)BHT Bosnia and Herzegovina TelevisionBiH Bosnia-HerzegovinaBKP Bulgarian Communist PartyBMD Moldova Democratic BlocBMDP Bloc for a Democratic and Prosperous MoldovaBNS Bulgarian National UnionBPS Bosnian Patriotic PartyBSEC Black Sea Economic CooperationBSP Bulgarian Socialist Party/Coalition for BulgariaBZNS Bulgarian Agrarian People’s UnionCARDS Community Assistance for Reconstruction,

Development, and Stabilization (EU)CBSS Council of the Baltic Sea States






CCM Joint Constitutional Commission (Moldova)CDR Democratic Convention of RomaniaCEE Central and East EuropeanCEELI Central and East European Legal InitiativeCEFTA Central European Free Trade AgreementCEI Central European InitiativeCEM Council for Electronic Media (Bulgaria)CIS Commonwealth of Independent StatesCMEA Community for Mutual Economic AssistanceCOMECON Council for Mutual Economic AssistanceCPI Corruption Perceptions Index (Transparency

International)CPSU Communist Party of the Soviet UnionCSCE Commission on Security and Cooperation in EuropeČSSD Social Democratic Party (Czechoslovakia)DA Democratic Alternative (Macedonia)DEMOS Democratic Opposition of Slovenia (coalition)DEPOS Democratic Movement of Serbia (coalition)DeSUS Democratic Party of Pensioners (Slovenia)DK Demokršćani (Bosnia-Herzegovina)DNZ Democratic People’s Alliance (Bosnia-Herzegovina)DOS Democratic Opposition of SerbiaDP Democratic Party (Albania)DP Democratic Party (Bulgaria)DP Democratic Party (Slovenia)DPS Movement for Rights and Freedoms (Bulgaria)DS Democratic Party (Serbia)DSB Democrats for a Strong BulgariaDSP Democratic Left Party (Poland)DSR Democratic Union of RomaDSS Democratic Party of SerbiaDÚ Democratic Union (Slovakia)DUI Democratic Party of Integration (Albania)EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentEC European CommunityEEC European Economic CommunityEFGP/EG European Federation ofGreen Parties/EuropeanGreensEIDHR European Initiative for Democracy and Human

Rights (EU)EKA Opposition Round Table (Hungary)ELDR Liberal Democrats in EuropeEPP European People’s PartyEU European Union

xxiii List of acronyms and abbreviations






EUFOR European Union ForceFBiH Federation of Bosnia-HerzegovinaFDI foreign direct investmentFDSN Democratic National Salvation Front (Romania)Fidesz Alliance of Young Democrats (Hungary)FKgP Hungarian Smallholders’ PartyFRG Federal Republic of GermanyFRY Federal Republic of YugoslaviaFSN National Salvation Front (Romania)FYROM Former Yugoslav Republic of MacedoniaG17+ liberal political party in SerbiaGDP gross domestic productGDR German Democratic RepublicGERB Citizens for a European Development of BulgariaGFA General Framework Agreement

(Bosnia-Herzegovina)GFAP General Framework Agreement for Peace in

Bosnia-HerzegovinaGSP Generalized System of PreferencesGSP gross state productGSS Civic Alliance of SerbiaGUAM Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, MoldovaHDI Human Development IndexHDSSB Croatian Democratic Assembly of Slavonia and

BaranjaHDZ Croatian Democratic UnionHDZ BiH Croatian Democratic Union of Bosnia-HerzegovinaHND Independent Croatian DemocratsHNS Croatian People’s Party–Liberal DemocratsHR High Representative in Bosnia-HerzegovinaHSLS Croatian Social Liberal PartyHSP Croatian Party of RightHSS Croatian Peasant PartyHSU Croatian Party of RetireesHVO Croat Council of DefenseHZDS People’s Party–Movement for a Democratic SlovakiaIBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and

DevelopmentICFY International Conference on Former YugoslaviaICJ International Court of JusticeICTY International Criminal Tribunal for the former

YugoslaviaIDP internally displaced person

xxiv List of acronyms and abbreviations






IDS Istrian Democratic AssemblyIFC International Finance CorporationIFES International Foundation for Electoral SystemsIFI international financial institutionIFOR Implementation Force (UN)ILO International Labor OrganizationIMF International Monetary FundISPA Pre-Accession Structural InstrumentJNA Yugoslav People’s ArmyJobbik For a Better HungaryJSO Unit for Special Operations (Serbia)KDH Christian Democratic Movement (Slovakia)KDNP Christian Democratic People’s Party (Hungary)KDU–ČSL Czechoslovak People’s PartyKesk Center Party (Estonia)KFOR Kosovo Protection ForceKGB Committee of State Security (USSR)KLA Kosova Liberation ArmyKLD Liberal Democratic Congress (Poland)KPN Confederation for an Independent PolandKSČM Communist Party of Bohemia and MoraviaKSS Communist Party of SlovakiaLCS League of Communists of SerbiaLDDP Lithuanian Democratic Labor PartyLDK Democratic League of KosovoLDP Liberal Democratic Party (Macedonia)LDP Liberal Democratic Party (Slovenia)LDS Liberal Democracy of SloveniaLiCS Liberal and Center Union (Lithuania)LiD Left and Democrats (Poland)LLRA Lithuanian Poles’ Electoral ActionLNNK (TB/LNNK) For Fatherland and Freedom (Latvia)LPM Liberal Party of MacedoniaLPP First Party (Latvia)LPR League of Polish FamiliesLRLS Liberal Movement of the Republic of LithuaniaLS Liberal Party (Croatia)L´S–HZDS People’s Party–Movement for a Democratic

SlovakiaLSDP Social Democratic Party of LithuaniaLTF Latvijas Tautas Fronte (Latvia)LVLS Lithuanian Peasant Popular UnionLZP Green Party (Latvia)

xxv List of acronyms and abbreviations






LZS Latvian Farmers’ Party/UnionMAAK Movement for Pan-Macedonian ActionMAP Membership Action Plan (NATO)MDF Hungarian Democratic ForumMIÉP Hungarian Justice and Life PartyMKDH Hungarian Christian Democratic Party (Slovakia)MP member of parliamentMSSR Moldovan Soviet Socialist RepublicMSZMP Hungarian Socialist Workers’ PartyMSZP Hungarian Socialist PartyNACC North Atlantic Cooperation CouncilNATO North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNDH Independent State of CroatiaNDSV National Movement for Stability and Progress/

National Movement Simeon II (Bulgaria)NGO non-governmental organizationNLA National Liberation Army (Macedonia)NOD National Liberation Movement (Bulgaria)NRSR National Council (Slovakia)NRTC National Radio and Television Council (Bulgaria,

later CEM)NS New Serbia PartyNS–S New Union (Lithuania)NSi New Slovenia–Christian People’s PartyOBN Open Broadcast NetworkODS Civic Democratic Party (Czechoslovakia)OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and

DevelopmentOHR Office of the High Representative (Bosnia-

Herzegovina)OKP “Solidarity” parliamentary caucusONS Union for National Salvation (Bulgaria)OPEC Organization of Petroleum-Exporting StatesOSAC Overseas Security Advisory CouncilOSCE Organization for Security and Cooperation in EuropeOZNA Department for the Protection of the People (the first

incarnation of the Yugoslav secret police)PAA Agrarian Party in AlbaniaPC Center Alliance (Poland)PC Romanian Conservative PartyPCRM Party of Communists of the Republic of MoldovaPCTVL For Human Rights (in a) United LatviaPD Albanian Democratic Party

xxvi List of acronyms and abbreviations






PDAM Agrarian Democratic Party of MoldovaPDAR Agrarian Democratic Party of RomaniaPDK Democratic Party of KosovoPD–L Romanian Democratic Party/Democratic Liberal

PartyPDP Albanian Party for Democratic ProsperityPDP Party for Democratic Progress (Bosnia-Herzegovina)PDP–PDSh Democratic Party of AlbaniansPDSR Romanian Party of Social DemocracyPES Party of European SocialistsPF Popular Front (Moldova)PfP Partnership for Peace (NATO)PGS Primorsko Goranski Savez (Croatia)PHARE Poland and Hungary Assistance for Restructuring

of the EconomyPIC Peace Implementation CouncilPiS Law and Justice (Poland)PNL Romanian National Liberal PartyPN TCD Christian Democratic National Peasants’ Party

(Romania)PO Civic Platform (Poland)PPP purchasing power parityPPPP Polish Beer Lovers’ PartyPR proportional representationPRCM Communist Party (Moldova)PRL People’s Republic of PolandPRM Greater Romania PartyPSD Social Democratic Party (Romania)PSHDK Albanian Christian Democratic Party of KosovoPSL Polish Peasant PartyPSM Socialist Party of Labor (Romania)PSMUE Internationalist Movement for Unity (Moldova)PSSH Albanian Socialist PartyPUNR Party of Romanian National UnityPUR Romanian Humanist PartyPzP Movement for Changes (Montenegro)PZPR Polish United Workers’ PartyRahvaliit/Eme Estonian People’s PartyROP Movement for the Renewal of PolandRRTF Reconstruction and Return Task Force (OHR)RS Serbian Republic (part of Bosnia-Herzegovina)RSK Serb Republic of KrajinaRTT Round Table Talks (Bulgaria)

xxvii List of acronyms and abbreviations






RzB People’s Party Work for Betterment(Bosnia-Herzegovina)

RZS Order, Lawfulness, Justice (Bulgaria)SAA Stabilization and Association Agreement (EU)Samoobrona Self-defense (Poland)SAO Serb Autonomous OblastSAPARD Special Accession Program for Agriculture and Rural

DevelopmentSAWP Socialist Alliance of the Working People (all republics

of SFRY)SBiH Party for Bosnia-HerzegovinaSCD Slovenian Christian DemocratsSCP Slovenian Craftsmen’s PartySD Democratic Party (Poland)SD Social Democrats (Slovenia)SDA Party of Democratic Action (Bosnia-Herzegovina)SDE Social Democratic Party (Estonia)SDKÚ Slovak Democratic and Christian UnionSDL´ Democratic Left Party (Slovakia)SDP Social Democratic Party (Bosnia-Herzegovina)SDP Social Democratic Party (Bulgaria)SDP Social Democratic Party (Croatia)SDP Social Democratic Party of MontenegroSDP Social Democratic Party, renamed Slovenian

Democratic PartySDS Union of Democratic Forces (Bulgaria)SDS Serbian Democratic PartySDS Slovenian Democratic PartySDSM Social Democratic Party of MacedoniaSDSS Independent Serbian Democratic PartySFOR Stabilization Force (Bosnia-Herzegovina)SFRJ Socialist Federated Republic of YugoslaviaSFRY Socialist Federated Republic of YugoslaviaSHIK post-communist secret police (Albania)SK Blue Coalition (Bulgaria)SKBiH League of Communists of Bosnia-HerzegovinaSKH League of Communists of CroatiaSKS League of Communists of SerbiaSLD Alliance of the Democratic Left (Poland)SLS Slovenian People’s PartySME small and medium-sized enterpriseSmer–SD Smer–Social Democracy (Slovakia)SMK Party of Hungarian Coalition

xxviii List of acronyms and abbreviations






SMS Youth Party of SloveniaSNL United Independent Lists (Croatia)SNP Slovenian National PartySNS Serbian People’s PartySNS Slovak National PartySNSD Alliance of Independent Social Democrats (Bosnia-

Herzegovina)SO Self-defense (Poland)SOE state-owned enterprisesSOP Party of Civic Understanding (Slovakia)SP Socialist Party (Albania)SPM Party for Economic Renewal (Macedonia)SPO Serbian Renewal MovementSPP (+ SCD) Slovenian People’s PartySPS Serbian Socialist PartySPSEE Stability Pact for South Eastern EuropeSRJ Federal Republic of YugoslaviaSRS Serbian Radical PartySRSG Special Representative of the Secretary GeneralSRSJ Alliance of Yugoslav Reform ForcesSSD Social Democratic Party (Czechoslovakia)StB Czech Security PoliceSV Common Choice (Slovakia)SVK Serbian Army of the Republic of the Serbian KrajinaSZ Green Party (Slovakia)SzDSz Free Democrats (Hungary)TB/LNNK Union for Fatherland and Freedom (Latvia)TNC transnational corporationTO Territorial Defense (Yugoslavia)TP People’s Party (Latvia)TS–LKD Homeland Union (Lithuania)TSP Harmony Party (Latvia)UD Democratic Union (Poland)UDMR Democratic Union of Magyars in RomaniaULSD United List of Social Democrats, renamed Social

Democrats (Slovenia)UN United NationsUNDP United Nations Development ProgramUNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for RefugeesUNICEF United Nations Children’s FundUNMIK UN Mission in KosovoUNPROFOR United Nations Protection Force (Bosnia)USD Social Democratic Union (Romania)

xxix List of acronyms and abbreviations






USKOK Office for the Suppression of Corruption andOrganized Crime (Croatia)

USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union)UW Freedom Union (Poland)VAT value added taxVisegrád/V4 Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, and PolandVMRO Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization

(Bulgaria)VMRO–DPMNE Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization–

The Democratic Party of Macedonian National UnityVPN Public Against Violence (Slovakia)VRS Army of the Serb RepublicWEU Western European UnionWTO Warsaw Treaty Organization (Warsaw Pact)WTO World Trade OrganizationZares Party For Real–New Politics (Slovenia)ZChN Christian National Union (Poland)ZL opposition joint list (Bosnia-Herzegovina)ZNG Assembly of the National Guard (Croatia)ZRS Association of Workers of SlovakiaZSL United Peasant Party (Poland)

xxx List of acronyms and abbreviations






Guide to pronunciation of Centraland Southeast European words

Standard vowels (all languages)

a is usually pronounced like the “a” in ah (except Hungarian: see below)e is usually pronounced like the “e” in excellenti is usually pronounced like the “i” in interesto is usually pronounced like the “o” in orchidu is usually pronounced like the “oo” in book

Special vowels (Hungarian, Polish, Romanian, or Slovak)

a (Hungarian) is pronounced like the “o” in lodgeą (Polish) is pronounced like the “on” in onlyă (Romanian) is pronounced like the “a” in aroundä (Slovak) is pronounced like the “e” in velveté (Hungarian) is pronounced like the “a” in hateę (Polish) is pronounced like the “en” in Benó (Hungarian) is pronounced longer than the “o” sound above and like the “o”

in hopeö (Hungarian) is pronounced as the “u” in hurtó (Polish) is pronounced like the “ou” in youü (Hungarian) is pronounced like the “ü” in the German word Bühne

Consonants and consonant combinations

c (Albanian, Bosnian, Croatian, Czech, Hungarian, Serbian, Slovak, andSlovenian) is pronounced like the “ts” in tsar

ć (Bosnian, Croatian, Polish, and Serbian) is pronounced like the “ch” in childč (Bosnian, Croatian, Czech, Serbian, Slovak, and Slovenian) is pronounced like

the “ch” in churchç with a cedilla (Albanian) is pronounced like the “ch” in childc (Romanian) is pronounced like the “ch” in child when it precedes an “e” or an

“i”, but, when combined with an “h” (as in “che” or “chi”), it is pronouncedlike the “k” in kettle






ch (Czech) is pronounced like the “ch” in the German word Bachcs (Hungarian) is pronounced like the “ch” in churchcz (Hungarian) is pronounced like the “ts” in tsarcz (Polish) is pronounced like the “ch” in churchd’ (Czech and Slovak) captures the “dy” sound as in dewdh (Albanian) is pronounced like the “th” in thatdj or �d (Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian) is pronounced like the “j” in jurydž (Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian, and Slovak) is pronounced like the “dg” in

badgedzs (Hungarian) is pronounced like the “dg” in badgeë (Albanian) is pronounced like the “i” in dirtg (Romanian) is pronounced like the “g” in George, when it precedes an “e” or

an “i”, but, when combined with an “h” (as in “ghe” or “ghi”), it is pro-nounced like the “g” in spaghetti

gy (Hungarian) is pronounced like the “j” in juryj (all languages of the region) is pronounced like the “y” in yodel, except when it

follows a “d” or an “l”j (Romanian) is pronounced like the “s” in pleasureł (Polish) is pronounced like the “w” in towerlj (Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian) is pronounced like the “ll” in hell if it comes

at the end of a word; otherwise, it should be pronounced as the combinationof the two consonants as given in those languages. (English has similarsounds such as the “ky” sound for the first “c” in cucumber, or the “my”sound for the “m” in music.)

lj has a somewhat different sound in Slovenian, where the “j” adds a “y” soundas in yodel, even at the end of words

ly (Hungarian) is pronounced like the “y” in yes (the “l” is silent)ń (Polish) is pronounced like the first “n” in onionň (Czech) is pronounced like the first “n” in onionň (in Slovak) is pronounced like the “n” in nude; similarlyny (Hungarian) is a soft “n” like the sound “n” in newsř (Czech) is pronounced like the “s” in pleasurerr (Albanian) is pronounced as a trilled “r”rz (Polish) is pronounced like the “zh” in Brezhnevs (Hungarian) is pronounced like the “sh” in bushy; in all other languages of the

region, it is pronounced like the English “s”š (Bosnian, Croatian, Czech, Serbian, Slovak, and Slovenian) is pronounced like

the “sh” in bushyş (Romanian) is pronounced like the “sh” in bushysz (Hungarian) is pronounced like the “s” in soundsz (Polish) is pronounced like the “sh” in bushyś (Polish) is pronounced like the “sh” in bushy, only more softlyţ (Romanian) is pronounced like the “ts” in tsart (Czech and Slovakian) captures the “ty” sounds as in the English tune

xxxii Guide to pronunciation






v (Slovenian) is pronounced like the “oo” in book when it precedes the letter “š”but like the “v” in victor when it precedes a vowel

x (Albanian) is pronounced like the “ds” in maidsxh (Albanian) is pronounced like the “dg” in badgew (Polish) is pronounced like the “v” in victorž (Bosnian, Croatian, Czech, Serbian, and Slovak) is pronounced like the “zh” in

Brezhnevż (Polish) is pronounced like the “zh” in Brezhnevź (Polish) is pronounced like the “zh” in Brezhnev, only more softlyzh (Albanian) is pronounced like the “s” in pleasurezs (Hungarian) is pronounced like the “zh” in Brezhnev

xxxiii Guide to pronunciation






central and southeast european politics since...

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