center for by-products utilization preliminary draft not … cbu reports/rep-530.pdf ·...
TRANSCRIPT
Center for
By-Products
Utilization
PRELIMINARY DRAFT – NOT
EDITED VERSION
LIST OF BIBLIOGRAPHIES FOR CKD
By Tarun R. Naik and Fethullah Canpolat
Report No. CBU-2003-36
REP-530
October 2003
A CBU Report for Holcim (US).
Department of Civil Engineering and Mechanics
College of Engineering and Applied Science
THE UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN – MILWAUKEE
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................. 1
Effect of Kiln Dust (CKD) on Mortar............................................................................................. 1
Effect of Mechanochemical Activation on Reactivity of Cement Kiln Dust-Fly Ash System ...... 2
Waste Glass - User Guidelines - Granular Base,” Kiln Dusts” ...................................................... 4
Kiln Dust - Asphalt Concrete - User Guideline “Kiln Dusts” ........................................................ 6
User Guidelines, “Kiln Dust” ......................................................................................................... 7
Hydration, Rheology and Strength of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) - Cement Kiln Dust
(CKD) - Slag Binders...................................................................................................................... 9
Development and Performance of Cement Kiln Dust-Slag Cement ............................................ 11
Use of Cement By-Pass Dust in Flowable Fill Mixtures .............................................................. 12
Electrical Conductivity of Granulated Slag-Cement Kiln Dust-Silica Fume Pastes at Different
Porosities ....................................................................................................................................... 12
Hydration and Solidification of Hazardous Wastes Containing Heavy Metals Using Modified
Cementitious Materials ................................................................................................................. 14
Influence of Cement Kiln Dust Substitution on the Mechanical Properties of Concrete ............. 16
Influence of Soil Type on Stabilization with Cement Kiln Dust .................................................. 17
Effect of Kiln Dusts on the Properties of Cement Mortars ........................................................... 19
Activation And Acceleration Of Portland Cement/GGBS Blends Using Cement Kiln Dust
(CKD) ........................................................................................................................................... 19
The 3Rs and Cement Kiln Dust: Opportunities for Reduction, Reuse and Recycling ................. 21
Soil Modification by Cement Kiln Dust ....................................................................................... 22
An Analysis of Selected Trace Metals in Cement and Kiln Dust ................................................. 23
Evaluation of Kiln Dust in Concrete ............................................................................................. 24
1
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Effect of Kiln Dust (CKD) on Mortar
Al-Harthy A. S., Taha, R., and Al-Maamary, F., 2003, ”Effect of kiln dust (CKD) on
mortar,” Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 353-360.
1. Al-Maamari, F., 2000, “Absorption characteristics of concrete made with cement by-pass
dust,” A Final Year Graduation Project Report, Department of Civil Engineering, Sultan
Qaboos University.
2. “A new stone age: the making of portland cement,” 1992, Portland Cement Association,
Stokie, Illinois, pp. 16.
3. “Sands for external renderings and internal plastering with lime and Portland cement, BS
1199,” 1976, British Standard Institution.
4. El Sayed, H. A., Gabr, N. A., Hanafi, S., and Mohran, M. A., 1991, “Re utilization of by-pass
kiln dust in cement manufacture,” Blended Cements in Construction, Elsevier Applied
Science, London, pp. 84-94.
5. Morsi, M. M. and Gabrial, N. G., 1999, “Utilization of the by-pass cement dust in the
manufacturing of high performance tiles: preparation of prototypes in Torah portland Cement
Company,” Proceedings of the Second International and Trade Fair for Environmental
Management and Technologies, Cairo, Egypt, pp. 145-150.
6. American Standard for Testing and Materials, 2000, “ASTM-standard specification for
mortar for unit masonry: C270, ASTM C270.”
2
7. British Standard Institution, 1983, “Test methods for hardened concrete other than
compressive strength: BS1881,” Part 201-Initial Surface Absorption of Water Test.
8. Dhir R. K, Hewlett P. C., and Chan, Y. N., 1987, “Near-surface characteristics of concrete:
assessment and development of in situ test methods,” Magazine of Concrete Research, Vol.
39, No. 141, pp. 183-95.
9. Dhir, R. K, Hewlett P. C., and Chan, Y. N., 1989, “Near-surface characteristics of concrete:
intrinsic permeability,” Magazine of Concrete Research, Vol. 41, No. 147, pp. 87-97.
10. Hall, C., 1989, “Water sorptivity of mortars and concrete: a review,” Magazine of Concrete
Research, Vol. 41, No. 147, pp. 51-56.
Effect of Mechanochemical Activation on Reactivity of Cement Kiln Dust-Fly
Ash System
Babaian, M., Wang, K., Mishulovich, A., Bhattacharja, S., and Shah, S. P., 2003, “Effect of
mechanochemical activation on reactivity of cement kiln dust-fly ash system,” ACI
Materials Journal, Vol. 100, No. 1, pp. 55-62.
1. American Coal Ash Association, 2001, www.ACAA-USA.org,
2. Batis, G., Katsiamboulas, A., Meletiou, C. A., and Chaniotakis, E., 1996, “Durability of
reinforced concrete made with composite cement containing kiln dust,” Concrete for
Environment Enhancement and Protection, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills,
Michigan, pp. 67-72.
3. Bhatty, J. I., 1995, “Alternative uses of cement kiln dust,” Research and Development
Information, Portland Cement Association, pp. 1-17.
3
4. Bhatty, M. S. Y., 1985, “kiln dust cement blends evaluated,” Rock Products, No. 65, pp. 47-
52,
5. Bhatty, M. S. Y, 1985, “Use of cement kiln dust in blended cements-alkali - aggregate
reaction expansion,” World Cement, pp. 386-392.
6. Cullinane, M. J., Jones Jr., L. W., and Malone, P. G., 1986, “Handbook for stabiliza-
tion/solidification of hazardous waste,” Hazardous Waste Engineering Research Laboratory,
USEPA, Washington, DC, pp. 102.
7. Daugherty, K. E. and Funnel, J. E., 1983, “The incorporation of low levels of by-products in
portland cement and the effects on cement quality,” Cement, Concrete, and Aggregates,
Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 14-20.
8. Johansson, K., Larsson, C., Antzutldn, O. N., Porsling, W., Rao, K. H., and Ronin, V., 1999,
“Kinetics of the hydration reactions in the cement paste with mechanochemically modified
cement 29
Si magic-angle-spinning NMR study,” Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 29,
No. 10, pp. 1575-1581.
9. Jonasson, J. E., Ronin, V., and Hedlund, H., 1996, “High strength concretes with
energetically modified cement and modeling of shrinkage caused by self-desiccation,” 4th
International Symposium on the Utilization of High-Strength/High-Performance Concrete,
Paris, France, pp. 245-254.
10. Ramakrishnan, V. and Balaguru, P., 1987, “Durability of concrete containing cement kiln
dust," Concrete Durability, Katharine and Bryant Mather International Conference, SP-100,
Ed., Malhotra, V. M., Vol. 1, pp. 305-321.
11. Ravindrarajah, R. S., “Usage of cement kiln dust in concrete,” The International Journal of
Cement Composites and Lightweight Concrete, Vol. 4, No. 2, 1982, pp. 95-102.
4
12. Reed, J. S., 1995, Principles of Ceramics Processing, Second Edition, John Wiley and Sons,
Inc., N. Y., pp. 313-337.
13. Ronin, V., 1997, “Method for producing cement,” European Patent Specification EP 0 696
262 B 1.
14. Ozyildirim, C. and Lane, D. S., 1995, “Effects of blends of cement kiln dust and fly ash on
properties of concrete,” Report to Virginia Department of Transportation, VTRC96-R1, pp.
1-24.
15. Bhatty, M. S. Y., 1984, “Use of cement-kiln dust in blended cements,” World Cement, pp.
126-134.
16. Sprouse, J. H., 1982, “Cements, mortars, and concretes,” United States Patent 4, 451, 295.
Waste Glass - User Guidelines - Granular Base,” Kiln Dusts”
Waste Glass - User Guidelines - Granular Base, 2003, “Kiln dusts”, pp. 1-6,
http://www.tfhrc.gov/hnr20/recycle/waste/kd1.htm.
1. AASHTO, 1990, “European Asphalt Study Tour,” American Association of State
Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington.
2. Collins R. J. and Ciesielski, S. K., 1994, “Recycling and use of waste materials and by-
products in highway construction,” Synthesis of Highway Practice 199, National
Cooperative Research Program (NCHRP), Transportation Research Board, Washington,
DC.
3. Davis, T. A. and D. B. Hooks, 1974, “Study of the state of the art of disposal and
utilization of waste kiln dust from the cement industry,” Report of the U.S. EPA, Grant
No. R-801872, Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, Alabama.
5
4. Emery, J. J., 1981, “Potential uses for kiln dusts,” Symposium on Mineral Fillers,
Ontario Research Foundation, ORF/CANMET, Toronto.
5. Kraszewski, L. and Emery, J., 1981, “Use of cement kiln dust as a filler in asphalt
mixes,” Proceedings, ORF/CANMET Symposium on Mineral Fillers, Ontario Research
Foundation and Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, Toronto, Canada.
6. MacKay, M. H. and Emery, J. J., 1994, “Stabilization/solidification of contaminated
soils and sludges using cementitious systems: selected case histories,” Transportation
Research Record No. 14, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
7. Todres, H. A., Mishulovich, A., and Ahmed, J., 1992, “Cement kiln dust management:
permeability,” PCA Research and Development Bulletin RD103T, Portland Cement
Association, Skokie, Illinois.
8. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1993, Report to Congress on Cement Kiln Dust,
EPA 530-R-94-001.
9. ASTM C204, 1994, “Standard test method for fineness of portland cement by air
permeability apparatus,” American Society for Testing and Materials, Annual Book of
ASTM Standards. Volume 04.01, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania.
10. Neville, A. M., 1995, “Properties of concrete,” Fourth Edition, Harlow, Longman
Group, England, pp. 844.
6
Kiln Dust - Asphalt Concrete - User Guideline “Kiln Dusts”
Kiln Dust - Asphalt Concrete - User Guideline, “Kiln Dusts,” 2003, pp. 1-4,
http://www.tfhrc.gov/hnr20/recycle/waste/kd2.htm.
1. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 1986,
Standard Method of Test, “Mineral filler for bituminous paving mixtures,”
AASHTO Designation: M17-83, Party Specifications, 14th Edition.
2. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 1986,
“Fineness of portland cement by air permeability apparatus,” Standard Method of
Test, AASHTO Designation: T153-86, Part II Tests, 14th Edition.
3. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. 1986,
“Sampling bituminous paving mixtures,” Standard Method of Test, AASHTO
Designation: T168-82, Part II Tests, 14th Edition.
4. American Society for Testing and Materials, 1996, “Bulk specific gravity and
density of non-absorptive compacted bituminous mixtures,” Standard Specification
D2726-96, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 04.03, West Conshohocken,
Pennsylvania.
5. American Society for Testing and Materials, 1996, “Density of bituminous concrete
in place by nuclear methods,” Standard Specification D2950-96, Annual Book of
ASTM Standards, Volume 04.03, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania.
6. Ciesielski, S. K. and Collins, R. J., 1994, “Recycling and use of waste materials and
by-products in highway construction,” National Cooperative Highway Research
Program Synthesis of Highway Practice 199, Transportation Research Board,
Washington, DC.
7
7. Collins, R. J. and Emery, J. J., 1983, “Kiln dust-fly ash systems for highway bases
and subbases,” FHWA/RD-82/167, Federal Highway Administration, Washington,
DC.
8. Parsons, T., 1995, “Kiln-dust-antistripping additives for asphaltic concrete
mixtures,” Report, Newfoundland Department of Works, Services and
Transportation, Materials Engineering Division.
9. Puzinauskas, V. P., 1969, “Filler in asphalt mixtures,” Research Report 69-2, The
Asphalt Institute, College Park, Maryland.
10. Transportation Association of Canada, 1996, “Moisture damage of asphalt
pavements and antistripping additives,” Report Prepared by John Emery
Geotechnical Engineering Limited for Transportation Association of Canada,
Ottawa.
User Guidelines, “Kiln Dust”
User Guidelines, 2003, “Kiln Dust”, pp.1-5,
http://www.tfhrc.gov/hnr20/recycle/waste/kd3.htm.
1. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 1986, Standard
Method of Test, “Freezing-and-thawing tests of compacted soil-cement mixtures,”
AASHTO Designation: T136-76, Part II Tests, and 14th Edition.
2. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 1986, “Moisture-
density relations of soil-cement mixtures,” Standard Method of Test, AASHTO
Designation: T134-76, Part II Tests, and 14th Edition.
8
3. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 1986, “Wetting-
and-drying test of compacted soil-cement mixtures,” Standard Method of Test,
“AASHTO Designation T135-76, Part II Tests, 14th Edition,
4. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 1986, “Autoclave
expansion of portland cement,” Standard Method of Test, AASHTO Designation: T107-
86, Part II Tests, and 14th Edition.
5. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 1986, “Use of
apparatus for use in measurement of length change of hardened cement paste, mortar,
and concrete,” Standard Specification for Materials, AASHTO Designation: M210-85,
Part I Specifications, and 14th Edition.
6. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 1986, “Density of
soil in-place by the sand cone method,” Standard Method of Test, AASHTO
Designation: T191-86, Part II Tests, and 14th Edition.
7. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 1986, “Density of
soil in-place by the rubber-balloon method,” Standard Method of Test, AASHTO
Designation; T205-86, Part II Tests, 14th Edition.
8. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 1986, “Density of
soil and soil-aggregate in place by nuclear methods (shallow depth),” Standard Method
of Test, AASHTO Designation: T238-86, Part II Tests, 14th Edition.
9. American Society for Testing and Materials. Standard Specification C593, 1994, “Fly
ash and other pozzolans for use with lime,” Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol.
04.01, ASTM, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania.
9
10. Boles, W. F., 1986, “Fly ash facts for highway engineers,” FHWA-DP-59-8, Federal
Highway Administration, Washington, DC.
Hydration, Rheology and Strength of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) -
Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) - Slag Binders
Wang, K., Konsta-Gdoutos, M. S., and Shah, S. P., 2002, “Hydration, rheology and
strength of ordinary portland cement (opc) - cement kiln dust (CKD) - slag binders,” ACI
Materials Journal, Vol. 99, No. 2, pp. 173-179.
1. Abo-El-Enein, S. A., Hekal, E. E., Gabr, N. A., and El-Barbary, M. I., 1994, “Blended
cements containing kiln dust,” Silicates Industrials, Vol. 59, No. 9-10, pp. 265-269.
2. Aldea, C., Young, F. J., Wang, K., and Shah, S. P., 2000, “Effects of curing conditions on
properties of concrete using slag replacement,” Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 30,
No. 3, pp. 465-472.
3. Amin, A. M., E-Ebied, and El-Didamony, H., 1995, “Activation of granulated slag with
calcined cement dust,” Silicates Industrials, Vol. 60, No. 3-4, pp.109-115.
4. ASTM C 1074-98, 2000, “Standard practice for estimating concrete strength by the maturity
method,” Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04.02, pp. 561-567.
5. Barnes, H. A., Hutton, J. F., and Walters, K., 1989, An Introduction to Rheology, Elsevier,
Amsterdam, pp. 125.
6. Bhatty, M. S. Y., 1986, “Properties of blended cements made with portland cement, cement
kiln dust, fly ash, and slag,” Proceedings of the 8th International Congress on the Chemistry
of Cement, Communications Theme 3, Vol. 4, Brazil, pp. 118-127.
10
7. De Larranrd, F., Beaupre, D., Cussigrh, F., and Juvas, K., 1996, “Workability of high
strength/high-performance concrete,” Report RILEM TC 145-WSM, Workability of Special
Concrete Mixes, Proceedings of International RILEM Conference Production Methods and
Workability of Concrete, Paisley, Scotland, pp. 19-43.
8. Jennings, H. M., 1983, Advances in Cement Technology, S. Ghosh, ed., Pergamon Press,
New York, pp. 349-396.
9. Konsta-Gdoutas, M. S., Wang, K., Babaian, P. M., and Shah, S. P., 2001, “Effect of cement
kiln dust (ckd) on the corrosion of reinforcement in concrete,” Third International
Conference on Concrete under Severe Conditions of Environment and Loading (CONSEC
'01), N. Banthia, pp, 277-284.
10. Macosko, C. W., 1994, Rheology: Principles, Measurements and Applications, VCH
Publishers, New York, pp. 92-95.
11. Sengun, M. Z. and Probstein, R. F., 1989, “Bimodal model of slurry viscosity with
application to coal-slurries, Part 1: Theory and Experiment,” Rheologica Acta, Vol. 28, pp.
382-303.
12. Sengun, M. Z. and Probstein, R. F., 1997, “Bimodal model of suspension viscoelasticity,”
Journal of Rheology, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 811-819.
13. Shi, C. and Day, R. L., 1995, “A calorimetric study of early hydration of alkali-slag
cements,” Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 25, No. 6, pp. 1333-1346.
14. Song, S., 1998, “Hydration of ground granulated blast-furnace slag,” PhD dissertation,
Northwestern University, Evanston, ILL, pp. 29-43.
11
Development and Performance of Cement Kiln Dust-Slag Cement
Konsta-Gdoutos, M. S., Shah, S. P., and Battacharja, S., 2002, “Development and
performance of cement kiln Dust-slag cement,” Sustainable Concrete Construction,
Proceedings of the International Conference, held at the University of Dundee, Scotland,
UK, Edited by, Ravindra K. Dhir, Thomas D. Dyer, and Judith E. Halliday, Thomas
Telford, pp. 403-410.
1. Bhatty, J I, 1995, “Alternative uses of cement kiln dust,” RP327 Portland Cement
Association, Skokie, Illinois, USA.
2. Fernandez-Jimenez, A. and Puertas, F, 2001, “Setting of alkali-activated slag cement,
Influence of activator nature,” Advances in Cement Research, Vol. 13, No 3, pp 115- 121.
3. Shi, C. and Day, R. L., 1996, “Selectivity of alkaline activators for the activation of slag,
cement, concrete and aggregates,” American Society for Testing and Materials, Vol. 18, No
1, pp. 8-14.
4. Taylor, H. P. W., “Cement chemistry,” Academic Press, London, 1990, pp 233-234.
5. ACI 233R-95, 1995, “Ground granulated blast furnace slag as a cementitious constituent in
concrete,” Manual of Concrete Practice, American Concrete Institute.
6. Dyer, T. D., Halliday, J. E., and Dhir, R. K, 1999, “An investigation of the hydration
chemistry of ternary blends containing cement kiln dust,” Journal of Material Science, Vol.
34, No. 20, pp. 4975-4983.
7. Wang, K., Konsta-Gdoutos, M. S., Babaian, P. M., and Shah, S. P., 2000, “Study of cement
kiln dust-slag blended cement for durable concrete,” International Symposium on High
Performance Concrete: Workability, Strength and Durability, Hong Kong and Shenzhen,
China, pp. 805-814.
12
Use of Cement By-Pass Dust in Flowable Fill Mixtures
Al-Jabri, K., Taha, R., Al-Harthy, A., Al-Oraimi, S., and Al-Nuaim, A., 2002, “Use of
cement by-pass dust in flowable fill mixtures,” Cement, Concrete, and Aggregates, Vol. 24,
No. 2, pp. 53-57.
1. Bhat S. and Lovell, C., 1997, “Flowable Fill Using Waste Foundry Sand: A substitute for
Compacted and Stabilized Soil,” Testing Soil Mixed with Waste or Recycled Materials, STP
1272, ASTM.
2. Collins, R. J. and Tyson, S. S., 1993, “Utilization of coal ash in flowable fill applications,”
Proceedings Recovery and Effective Reuse of Discarded Materials and by-products for
Construction of Highway Facilities, FHWA and EPA, Denver, Colorado, pp. 144-153.
3. Taha, R., Al-Harthy, A., and Al-Maadi, R., 2002, “Use of non-fresh water in flowable fill
(slurry) application,” CR/ENG/CVIL/01/21, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman.
4. Taha, R., Al-Rawas, A., and Al-Harthy, A., 2001, “Beneficial Reuses of CBPD,” Final
Report, Sultan Qaboos University, Oman.
Electrical Conductivity of Granulated Slag-Cement Kiln Dust-Silica Fume
Pastes at Different Porosities
Salem, Th. M. and Ragai, Sh. M, 2001, “Electrical conductivity of granulated slag-cement
kiln dust-silica fume pastes at different porosities,” Cement and Concrete Research, Vo. 31,
No. 5, pp. 781-787.
13
1. Abo El-Enein, S. A., Kotkata, M. F., Hanna, G. B., Saad, M., and Abd El-Razek, M. M.,
1995, “Electrical conductivity of concrete containing silica fume,” Cement and Concrete
Research, Vol. 25, No. 8, pp. 1615-1620.
2. Cheng-Yi, H. and Feldman, R. F., 1985, “Hydration reaction in portland cement-silica fume
blends,” Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 15, pp. 585-592.
3. Deng, M. and Tang, M., 1994, “Formation and expansion of ettringite crystals,” Cement and
Concrete Research, Vol. 24, pp. 119-126.
4. Feldman, R. F. and Cheng, Y. H., 1985, “Properties of portland cement-silica fume pastes:
porosity and surface properties,” Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 15, pp. 765-774.
5. Lam, L., Wong, Y. L., and Poon, C. S., 1998, “Effect of fly ash and silica fume on
compressive and fracture behaviour of concrete,” Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 28,
No. 2, pp. 271-283.
6. Larbi, J. A. and Bijen, J. M., 1993, “Effect of mineral admixtures on the cement paste-
aggregate interface”, American. Concrete Institute, SP-132, pp. 655- 670.
7. Monfore, G. E., 1968, Electrical resistivity of concrete, Journal of the PCA Research and
Development Laboratories, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 35-48.
8. Saad, M., Abo El-Enein, S. A., Hanna, G. B., and Kotkata, M. F., 1996, “Effect of silica
fume on the phase composition and microstructure of thermally treated concrete,” Cement
and Concrete Research, Vol. 26, No. 10, pp. 1479-1484
9. Saad, M., Abo-El-Enein, S. A., Hanna, G. B., and Kotkata, M. F., 1996, “Effect of
temperature on physical and mechanical properties of concrete containing silica fume,”
Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 26, No. 5, pp. 669-675.
14
10. Saad, M., Abo El-Enein, S. A., and Hanna, G. B., 1997, “Microstructure and hydration
characteristics of artificial pozzolana-cement pastes containing burnt kaolinite clay,”
Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 27, No. 9, pp. 1307-1312.
11. Salem, Th. M., Abo-El-Enein, S. A., El Kot, A. M., and Mostafa, M. M., 1997, “Electrical
conductivity of hydrated Portland cement, slag cement and slag-lime pastes,” Zement –
Kalk - Gips International, Vol. 50, No. 9, pp. 524 - 526, 528.
12. Rao, G. A., 1998, “Influence of silica fume replacement of cement on expansion and drying
shrinkage,” Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 28, No.10, pp.1505-1509.
13. Tamas, F. D., 1982, “Electrical conductivity of cement pastes,” Cement and Concrete
Research, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp.115-120.
14. Tamas, F. D., Farkas, E., Voros, M., and Roy, D. M., 1987, “Low-frequency electrical
conductivity of cement, clinker and clinker mineral pastes,” Cement and Concrete Research,
Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 340-348.
Hydration and Solidification of Hazardous Wastes Containing Heavy Metals
Using Modified Cementitious Materials
Park, C. K., 2001, “Hydration and solidification of hazardous wastes containing heavy
metals using modified cementitious materials,” Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 30,
No. 3, pp. 429-435.
1. Adaska, W. S., Tresouthick, S. W., and West, P. B., 1991, “Solidification and stabilization
of wastes using portland cement,” Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL, pp. 6.
2. Conner, J. R., 1990, “Chemical fixation and solidification of hazardous wastes van
nostrand-reinhold,” New York, pp. 293-298.
15
3. Jawed, J. S., 1983, “The influence of alkali sulfates on the properties of cement and
concrete”, World Cement, Vol. 14, No. 9, pp. 325-332.
4. Mayers, T. E. and Eappi, M. E., 1992, “Laboratory evaluation of stabilization/solidification
technology for reducing the mobility of heavy metals in New Bedford Harbor superfund site
sediment Stabilization of Hazardous Radioactive and Mixed Wastes,” 2nd edn. ASTM
publication, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 304.
5. Morgan, D. S., Nova, J. I., and Haiff, A. H., 1984, “Oil sludge solidification using cement
kiln dust,” Journal of Environment Engineering, Vol. 110, No. 5, pp. 935-948.
6. Odier, R. W., 1983, “Effect of alkalies on portland cement hydration: II. Alkalies present in
form of sulfates,” Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 13, No. 6, pp. 771-777.
7. Shively, W., Bishop, P., Gress, D., and Brown, T., 1986, ”Leaching test of heavy metals
stabilized with portland cement,” Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol.
58, No. 3, pp. 234-245.
8. Singh, N. B. and Dwivedi, M. P., 1988, “Effect of alkali carbonates on the hydration of
portland cement,” Cemento, Vol. 85, No. 4, pp. 259-266.
9. Singh, N. B., Bhattacharjee, K. N., and Shukia, A. K., 1995, “Effect of alkali by-pass dust
on the hydration of granulated blast furnace slag blended cement,” Cement and Concrete
Research, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 883-895.
10. Stem, E. W., 1979, “What is CKD? It is cement kiln dust - a by product about to become a
valuable commodity,” Rock Products, Vol. 82, No. 6, pp. 84-88.
11. Tashiro, C., Takahashi, H., Kanaya, M., Hirakida, I., and Yoshida, R., 1977, “Hardening
properties of cement mortar adding heavy metal compound and solubility of heavy metal
from hardened mortar,” Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 283-290.
16
12. Taylor, H. F. W., 1990, “Cement chemistry,” Academic Press, New York, pp. 195-337.
13. Uchikawa, H., 1977, “Fixation of harmful element in industrial waste and sludge with
cement,” Journal of the Ceramic Society of Japan, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 103-117.
14. Youn, J. H., Jeong, B. -G., Lee, H. -M., Chung, H.-S., and Park, C.,1995, “Immobilization
of heavy metals using ordinary portland cement and lime-rice husk ash,” Journal. of Korea
Solid Wastes Engineering Society Vol. 12, No. 5, pp. 645-653.
Influence of Cement Kiln Dust Substitution on the Mechanical Properties of
Concrete
Shoaib, M. M., Balaha, M. M., and Abdel-Rahman, A. G., 2000, “Influence of cement kiln
dust substitution on the mechanical properties of concrete,” Cement and Concrete
Research, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 371-377.
1. Abd-El-Fattah, W. I. and El-Didamony, H., 1981, “Thermal investigation on electrostatic
precipitator kiln dust,” Thermochimica Acta, Vol. 51, Nos. 2-3, pp. 297-306.
2. Biczok, I., 1972, “Concrete corrosion and concrete protection,” Akadimiai Kiado, Budapest,
8th edn., pp. 500.
3. British Standard Specification, 1881-52, Methods of Testing Concrete.
4. Douglas, E. and Brandstetr, J., 1990, “A preliminary study on the alkali activation of ground
granulated blast-furnace slag, ” Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 20, No. 5, pp. 746–
756.
17
5. Jawed, I. and Skalny J. P., 1978, “Alkalies in cement: A review. Part II. Effects of alkalies
on hydration and performance of Portland cement,” Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 8,
No.1, pp. 37-52.
6. Lea, P. M., 1970, “The chemistry of cement and concrete,” 3rd. Edn., Edward Arnold Ltd.,
London, pp. 727.
7. Mosleh, A. M., “Evaluation of By-Pass Dust for the Production of Blended Cement
Containing Slag,” B. F. M. Sc. Thesis, Institute of Environmental Studies and Research, Ain
Shams University, Egypt, 1996.
8. Smith, R. F., Levin, J. E., and Keamey, A. T., 1979, EPA-670 12-75-043, US
Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH, pp. 44.
Influence of Soil Type on Stabilization with Cement Kiln Dust
Miller, G. A., Azad, S., 2000, “Influence of soil type on stabilization with cement kiln dust,”
Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 89-97.
1. ASTM, Annual book of ASTM standards, section 4.08, West Conshohocken, 1998, PA:
American Society for Testing and Materials.
2. Bergardo, D. T., Anderson, L. R., Miura, N., and Balasubramaniam, A. S., 1996, Soft
ground improvement in lowland and other environments, New York, ASCE Press, pp. 234-
304.
3. Diamond, S. and Kinter E. B., 1965, “Mechanisms of soil-lime stabilization, an interpretive
review,” Highway research record 92, Highway Research Board, National Research
Council, Washington, DC, pp. 83-102.
18
4. Eades J. L. and Grim R. E. 1966, “A quick test to determine lime requirements for lime
stabilization,” Highway research record 139, Highway Research Board, National Research
Council, Washington, DC, pp. 61-72.
5. Fatani, M. N. and Khan A. M., 1990, “Improvement of dune sand asphalt mixes for
pavement bases,” Journal of King Abdulaziz University Engineering - Sciences, No. 2,
pp.39-47.
6. Kamon, M. and Nontanandh, S., 1991, “Combining industrial wastes with lime for soil
stabilization,” Journal of Geotechnical and Environmental Engineering, Vol. 117, No. 1, pp.
1-17.
7. Kota, P. B, and Hazlett D., and Perrin, L., 1996, “Sulfate-bearing soils: problems with
calcium-based stabilizers, transportation research record 1546, Transportation Research
Board, National Research Council, Washington, DC, pp. 62-69.
8. Marquez, H. R., 1997, “Evaluation of cement kiln dust soil stabilization for Oklahoma Pra-
Chic 12 (1) Guy Sandy Area Chickasaw National recreation area,” Internal report, Federal
Highway Administration Central Federal Lands Highway Division Materials Branch.
9. Miller G. A, Azad, S., and Dhar, B., 1997, “The effect of kiln dust on the collapse potential
of compacted shale,” In: Wasemiller, M. A. and Hoddinott, K. B., editors. Testing soil
mixed with waste or recycled materials, ASTM STP 1275, PA: American Society for
Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, pp. 232-245.
10. Terrel, R. L., Epps, J. A., Barenberg, E. J., Mitchell, J. K., and Thompson, M. R., 1979,
“Soil stabilization in pavement structures - a user's manual,” Vol. 2, Mixture design
considerations, Report No. FHWA-IP-80-2, Federal Highway Administration, US
Department of Transportation.
19
11. Shawn, S., 1997, “Value engineering proposal,” prepared for the Federal Highway
Administration Office, Sulfur, OK.
12. Zaman, M., Laguros, J. G., and Sayah, A., 1992, “Soil stabilization using cement kiln dust,”
in 7th., International Conference on Expansive Soils, Dallas, TX, pp. 347-351.
Effect of Kiln Dusts on the Properties of Cement Mortars
Nocun-Wczelik, W., 2000, “Effect of kiln dusts on the properties of cement mortars,” Fifth
CANMET/ACI International Conference on Durability of Concrete C/O CANMET,
Edition: Malhotra, V. M., Natural Resources Canada, Ottawa, ON, pp. 187-195.
1. Pilch, A. and Pilch, E., 1994, “Utilisation of Electrofilter Dust from Cement Plant Wierzbica
and Wiek as a Component of Binders W-l and W-2 and Materials for Mining,” Cement-
Wapno-Gips, Vol.62 , No.48, pp. 73-75, (in Polish).
2. Kurdowski, W., 1981, Cement Technology Handbook, Ed. Arkady, Warszawa, (in Polish).
Activation And Acceleration Of Portland Cement/GGBS Blends Using
Cement Kiln Dust (CKD)
Dhir, R. K., Dyer, T. D., and Halliday, J. E., 1999, “Activation and acceleration of portland
cement/GGBS blends using cement kiln dust (CKD)”, University of Dundee, United
Kingdom, Modern Concrete Materials: Binders, Additions and Admixtures, Proceedings of
the International Conference held at the University of Dundee, Scotland, UK, Edited by
Dhir, R. K. and Dyer, T. D., pp. 361-370.
20
1. British Standards Institution, 1995, BS EN 196 - 1, Methods of testing cement - Part 1:
Determination of strength.
2. Berger, H., 1986, “Study of the k-alpha emission-spectrum of copper,” X-ray
Spectrometry, Vol. 15, pp. 241-243.
3. Cheary, R. W. and Coelho, A. A., 1992, “A fundamental parameters approach of X-ray
line-profile fitting,” Journal of Applied Crystallography, Vol. 25, pp. 109-121.
4. Cheary, R. W. and Coelho, A. A., 1994, “Synthesizing and fitting linear position-sensitive
detector step-scanned line profiles, Journal of Applied Crystallography, Vol. 27, pp. 673-
681.
5. Double, D. D., 1983, “New developments in understanding the chemistry of cement
hydration, ” Philip Translation Roy Society. London, A, 310, pp. 53-66.
6. Fletcher, D. A., Mcmeeking, R. F., and Parkin, D. J., 1970, “The United Kingdom
Chemical Database Service,” Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences, “
Vol. 36, 1996, pp. 746-749
7. Lea, P.M., The Chemistry of Cement and Concrete, 3rd Ed, Arnold, London, pp. 727.
8. Marquardt, D. W., 1963, Journal of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics,
Vol. 2, pp. 431-331
9. Nash, J. C., 1990, “Compact numerical methods for computers,” 2nd Edition, Publisher:
Hilger, A., New York, pp. 295.
10. Taylor, H. F. W., 1990,“Cement chemistry,“ Academic Press, London, pp. 301
21
11. Zhang, F., Zhou, Z., and Lou, Z., 1980, “Solubility product and stability of ettringite,” 7th
International Congress on the Chemistry of Cement, Paris, Vol. 2, pp. 88-93.
The 3Rs and Cement Kiln Dust: Opportunities for Reduction, Reuse and
Recycling
Nisbet, M., 1997, “The 3Rs and Cement Kiln Dust: Opportunities for Reduction, Reuse and
Recycling,” The 3Rs and Cement Kiln Dust: Opportunities for Reduction, Reuse and
Recycling For Presentation at the Air & Waste Management Association's 90th Annual
Meeting & Exhibition, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, pp. 1-10.
1. Abein, D. A., 1993, “Contingent management practices for cement kiln dust, ” PCA
SP115T, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL.
2. El-Syed, H. A., 1991, “Blended cements in construction,” International Conference,
University of Sheffield, Elsevier Applied Science, London.
3. Everett, D., 1995, Rock Products Cement Edition, pp. l6-21.
4. Young, G. L., 1993, Proceedings Annual Meeting - Air and waste management
Association, 86th,Vol. 3B, 93/RA/95B.01.
5. Kessler, G. R., 1994, 36th IEEE Cement Industry Technical Conference, pp 189-181.
6. “commercial use of lime kiln dusts and portland cement kiln dusts,” 1993, Annual
Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04.04, Designation 5050-90, pp 189-191.
22
Soil Modification by Cement Kiln Dust
Baghdadi, Z. A., Fatani, M. N., and Sabban, N. A., 1995, “Soil Modification by Cement
Kiln Dust,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 218-222.
1. Baghdadi, Z. A., 1982, “Accelerated strength testing of soil-cement,” Ph. D. thesis, The
University. of Arizona, Tucson, Ariz.
2. Baghdadi, Z. A., 1990, “Utilization of kiln dust in clay stabilization,” I. King Abdulaziz
University, Engineering Science, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, Vol. 2, pp. 153-163.
3. Baghdadi, Z. A., 1990, “Engineering study of kiln dust-kaolinite mixtures,” Proceedings,
10th Southeast Asian Geotech. Conference, Southeast Asian Geotechical Society, Bangkok,
Thailand, Vol. 1, pp. 17-21.
4. Baghdadi, Z. A. and Rahman, A., 1990, “The potential of cement kiln dust for the
stabilization of dune sand in highway construction,” Building and Environment, Oxford,
England, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 285-289.
5. Elwefati, A. M., Albaden, A. S., and Abushwereb, M. A., 1990, “Cement kiln dust as a
partial replacement for portland cement in concrete,” Proceedings 15th Conference on Our
World in Concrete and Structure, pp. 119-125.
6. Fatani, M. N. and Alzahrani, A., 1991, “Scoria stabilized soils,” Proceedings, 1st
Geotechnical Engineering Conference, pp. 44-52.
7. Fatani, M. N., Bauer, G. E., and Aljoulani, N. A., 1991, “Reinforcing soil with aligned and
randomly oriented metallic fibers,” Journal of Geotechnical Testing, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 78-
87.
23
8. Hausmann, M. R., 1990, “Engineering principles of ground modification,” McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc., New York, N.Y. pp. 632.
9. Mindess, S. and Young, J. F., 1981, Concrete, Prentice-Hall, Inc., N. J., pp. 76-86.
10. Mitchell, J. K., 1981, “Soil improvement - state of the art report,” Proceedings 10th
1CSMFE, Vol. 4, pp. 509-565.
11. Sabban, N. A., 1992, “Kiln dust-dune sand stabilization,” M. Sc. thesis, King Abdulaziz
University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
12. Thompson, M. R., 1966, “The split-tensile strength of lime-stabilized soil,” Record No. 92,
Highway Research Board, Washington, D.C.
An Analysis of Selected Trace Metals in Cement and Kiln Dust
“An Analysis of Selected Trace Metals in Cement and Kiln Dust,” 1992, Portland Cement
Association, Skokie, IL, pp. 1-35.
1. Chadboume, J. F., 1989, “Cement Kilns,” Standard Handbook a/Hazardous Waste
Treatment and Disposal, Freeman, H. M., Editor in Chief, McGraw-Hill Book Company,
New York, N. Y.
2. Chadboume, J. F., 1990, “Behavior of toxic metals in cement kilns,” Emerging
Technologies in Resource Recovery and Emission Reduction In The Cement Industry,
Portland Cement Association, 5420 Old Orchard Road, Skokie, IL.
3. Delles, J. B., Kanare, H. M., Padiyara, S. T., and Broton, D. J., 1991, “Trace metals in
cement and kiln dust from north American cement plants,” Report to the Portland Cement
Association, submitted by Construction Technology Laboratories, Inc.
24
4. Seebach, V. M. and Tompkins, J. B., 1991, “Metal emissions are predictable,” Rock
Products, pp. 31-35.
Evaluation of Kiln Dust in Concrete
Ramakrishnan, V., 1986, “Evaluation of Kiln Dust in Concrete,” ACI Special Publication,
Vol. 1, pp. 821-839.
1. Venkatramanujam, P., Ramakrishnan, V., and Coyle, W. V., 1980, “Evaluation of blended
type i cement concrete under freeze-thaw conditions”, Technical Report No. SDSM&T-
CCP802, (available from South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD
57701).
2. American Society for Testing and Materials, 1984, “Cement, lime, ceilings and walls,”
(Including Manual of Cement Testing), Annual Book of ASTM Standards, part 13,
Philadelphia 19102.
3. American Society for Testing and Materials, 1984, “Concrete and mineral aggregates,”
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, part 14, Philadelphia 19103.
4. Ramakrishnan, V., Coyle, W. V., Sadagopal, D., and Venkatramanujam, P., 1980,
“Evaluation of blended T10
1. Ramakrishnan, V., Coyle, W. V., Sadagopal, D., and Venkatramanujam, P., 1980,
“Evaluation of Blended Type I Cement, Mortar and Concrete,” Technical Report No.
25
SDSM&T-CCP801, (available from South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid
City, SD 57701).