census of india 2011 andhra pradesh village and town

SERIES-29 PART XII-A

Census of India 2011 ANDHRA PRADESH

VILLAGE AND TOWN DIRECTORY

DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS

ANDHRA PRADESH

DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK

KHAMMAM

Censusof India 2011 ANDHRA PRADESH

SERIES-29 PART XII-A

DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK

KHAMMAM

VILLAGE AND TOWN DIRECTORY

Directorate of Census Operations Andhra Pradesh

MOTIF

SRI SEETHA RAMA CHANDRA SWAMY TEMPLE

The Sree Seetha Ramachandra Swamy shrine at Bhadrachalam, the most famous temple in the country dedicated to Lord Rama, is situated on the left bank of the Godavari river. It is at a distance of 120 Km from Khammam which is a district headquarters. It is a place of piligrimage for Hindus, considered to be one of the greatest holy shrines in South India with very rich and unique historical back ground. The temple was constructed in the 17th century by the local Tahsildar, Kancherla Gopanna, popularly known as Bhakta Ramadas, a fervent devotee of Lord Sri Rama.

The temple is a sacred place that attracts lakhs of devotees from all over the world, it is the abode of Lord Rama (the seventh incarnation of Sri Mahavishnu). Bhadrachalam name was derived from Bhadragiri (Mountain of Bhadra-a boon child of Meru and Menaka). According to Ithihasas, the significance of this shrine dates back to the Ramayana Era. This coherent hill place existed in "Dandakaranya" of Ramayana period where Rama with his wife Sita and brother Laxmana had spent their Vanavasa- and Parnashaala (the place connected to the famous Golden Deer and the place from where Sita was abducted by Ravana.) is also in the vicinity of this temple site.

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2 xiii-xiv

3 xv-xvi

4 1 - 2

5 2 - 4

6 5 - 6

7 7 - 8

8 9 - 10

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i Physical features 13 - 29

ii Census Concepts 30 - 36

iii Non-Census Concepts, Concepts and definitions used VD, TD of DCHB 36 - 45

iv 2011 Census Findings 46 - 48

v Brief analysis of PCA 49 - 126

vi Brief analysis of the Village Directory and Town Directory 127 - 143

vii Major Social and Cultural events, Natural and Administrative Developmentsand Significant Activities during the Decade 144 - 145

viii Brief description of places of Religious, Historical or Archaeological importance inVillages and Places of Tourist Interest in the Towns of the District 145 - 148

ix Major Characteristics of the District, Contribution of the District in the form of anyHistorical Figure Associated with the District 148 - 149

x Scope of Village and Town Directory column heading wise explanation andcoverage of data 149 - 155

158 - 164

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i List of Villages merged in Towns and Outgrowths at 2011 Census 167

ii Sub-District/Mandal Maps (showing Village boundary)

iii Alphabetical list of Villages along with location code 2001 and 2011 Census

iv Mandal Parishad wise Village Directory

CONTENTS

Analytical Note

Section I Village Directory

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgements

History and Scope of the District Census Handbook

Brief History of the District

Administrative Set-up

District Highlights

Important Statistics of the District

Village and Town Directory

Brief note on Village and Town Directory

168 - 951

v Appendices to Village Directory

Appendix I : Summary showing total number of Villages having Educational, Medical and other Amenities in Mandal Parishad level 954 - 965

Appendix IA : Villages by number of Primary Schools 966 - 967

Appendix IB : Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools 968 - 969

Appendix IC : Villages with different sources of Drinking WaterFacilities available 970 - 971

Appendix II : Villages with 5,000 and above population which do not have one or more Amenities available 972 - 977

Appendix III : Land Utilization data in respect of Census Towns 978

Appendix IV : Mandal Parishad wise list of inhabited villages where no Amenity other than drinking water facility is available 979 - 980

Appendix V : Summary showing number of Villages not having Scheduled Caste population 981 - 982

Appendix VI : Summary showing number of Villages not having Scheduled Tribe population 983 - 984

Appendix VII A : List of Villages according to the proportion of theScheduled Castes to the total population by ranges 985 - 997

Appendix VII B : List of Villages according to the proportion of the Scheduled Tribes to the total population by ranges 998 - 1010

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1012 - 1015

1016 - 1017

1018 - 1019

1020 - 1021

1022 - 1025

1026

1027 - 1049

1050

Section II Town Directory

Town Directory Statement I - Status and Growth History

Appendix to Town Directory - Towns showing their Outgrowth with population

Town Directory Statement II - Physical aspects and Location of Towns, 2009

Town Directory Statement III - Civic and other Amenities, 2009

Town Directory Statement IV - Medical Facilities, 2009

Town Directory Statement V - Educational, Recreational and Cultural facilities, 2009

Town Directory Statement VI - Industry and Banking, 2009

Town Directory Statement VII - Civic and other Amenities in Slums, 2009

FOREWORD

1. The District Census Handbook (DCHB) is an important publication of theCensus Organization since 1951. It contains both Census and non Census data of urban and rural areas for each District. The Census data provide information on demographic and socio-economic characteristics of population at the lowest administrative unit i.e. of each Village and Town and ward of the District. The Primary Census Abstract (PCA) part of this publication contains Census data including data on household amenities collected during 1st.phase of the Census i.e. House Listing and Housing Census. The non Census data presented in the DCHB is in the form of Village Directory and Town Directory contain information on various infrastructure facilities available in the village and town viz; education, medical, drinking water, communication and transport, post and telegraph, electricity, banking, and other miscellaneous facilities. Later on, the Telegraph Services were closed by the Government of India on 15th. July, 2013. The data of DCHB are of considerable importance in the context of planning and development at the grass-root level.

2. In the 1961 Census, DCHB provided a descriptive account of the District,administrative statistics, Census tables and Village and Town Directory including Primary Census Abstract. This pattern was changed in 1971 Census and the DCHB was published in three parts: Part-A related to Village and Town Directory, Part-B to Village and Town PCA and Part-C comprised analytical report, administrative statistics, District Census tables and certain analytical tables based on PCA and amenity data in respect of Villages. The 1981 Census DCHB was published in two parts: Part-A contained Village and Town Directory and Part-B the PCA of Village and Town including the SCs and STs PCA up to Tahsil/Town levels. New features along with restructuring of the formats of Village and Town Directory were added. In Village Directory, all amenities except electricity were brought together and if any amenity was not available in the referent Village, the distance in broad ranges from the nearest place having such an amenity, was given.

3. The pattern of 1981 Census was followed by and large for the DCHB of 1991Census except the format of PCA. It was restructured. Nine-fold industrial classification of main workers was given against the four-fold industrial classification presented in the 1981 Census. In addition, sex wise population in 0-6 age group was included in the PCA for the first time with a view to enable the data users to compile more realistic literacy rate as all children below 7 years of age had been treated as illiterate at the time of 1991 Census. One of the important innovations in the 1991 Census was the Community Development Block (CD Block) level presentation of Village Directory and PCA data instead of the traditional Tahsil/Taluk/PS level presentation.

4. As regards DCHB of 2001 Census, the scope of Village Directory was improvedby including some other amenities like banking, recreational and cultural facilities, newspapers & magazines and `most important commodity manufactured in a Village in addition to prescribed facilities of earlier Censuses. In Town Directory, the statement on Slums was modified and its coverage was enlarged by including details on all slums instead of notified slums.

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5. The scope and coverage of Village Directory of 2011 DCHB has been widened byincluding a number of new amenities in addition to those of 2001. These newly added amenities are: Pre-Primary School, Engineering College, Medical College, Management Institute, Polytechnic, Non-formal Training Centre, Special School for Disabled, Community Health Centre, Veterinary Hospital, Mobile Health Clinic, Medical Practitioner with MBBS Degree, Medical Practitioner with no degree, Traditional Practitioner and faith Healer, Medicine Shop, Community Toilet, Rural Sanitary Mart or Sanitary Hardware Outlet in the Village, Community Bio- gas, Sub Post Office, Village Pin Code, Public Call Office, Mobile Phone Coverage, Internet Cafes/ Common Service Centre, Private Courier Facility, Auto/Modified Autos, Taxis and Vans, Tractors, Cycle-pulled Rickshaws, Carts driven by Animals, Village connected to National Highway, State Highway, Major District Road, and Other District Road, Availability of Water Bounded Macadam Roads in Village, ATM, Self-Help Group, Public Distribution System(PDS) Shop, Mandis/Regular Market, Weekly Haat, Agricultural Marketing Society, Nutritional Centers (ICDS), Anganwadi Centre, ASHA (Accredited Social Health Activist), Sports Field, Public Library, Public Reading Room, Assembly Polling station, Birth & Death Registration Office. In the Town Directory, seven Statements containing the details and the data of each Town have been presented viz.; (i)-Status and Growth History of Towns,(ii)- Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, (iii)-Civic and other Amenities, (iv)-Medical Facilities, (v)-Educational, Recreational & Cultural Facilities, (vi)- Industry & Banking, and (vii)- Civic & other amenities in Slums respectively. CD Block wise data of Village Directory and Village PCA have been presented in DCHB of 2011 Census as presented in earlier Census.

6. The data of DCHB 2011 Census have been presented in two parts, Part-Acontains Village and Town Directory and Part-B contains Village and Town wise Primary Census Abstract. Both the Parts have been published in separate volumes in 2011 Census.

7. The Village and Town level amenities data have been collected, compiled andcomputerized under the supervision of Smt Y.V Anuradha, IAS., Director of Census Operation, Andhra Pradesh. The task of Planning, Designing and Co-ordination of this publication was carried out by Dr. Pratibha Kumari, Assistant Registrar General (SS) under the guidance & supervision of Dr. R.C.Sethi, Ex-Addl. RGI and Shri Deepak Rastogi present Addl.RGI. Shri A.P. Singh, Deputy Registrar General, (Map) provided the technical guidance in the preparation of maps. Shri A.K. Arora, Joint Director of Data Processing Division under the overall supervision of Shri M.S.Thapa, Addl. Director (EDP) provided full cooperation in preparation of record structure for digitization and validity checking of Village and Town Directory data and the programme for the generation of Village Directory and Town Directory including various analytical inset tables as well as Primary Census Abstract (PCA). The work of preparation of DCHB, 2011 Census has been monitored in the Social Studies Division. I am thankful to all of them and others who have contributed to bring out this publication in time.

(C. Chandramouli) Registrar General &

New Delhi. Census Commissioner, India Dated:-16-06-2014

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Preface

The District Census Handbooks (DCHBs) are brought out in each decennial census since 1951 containing Village and Town Directory, Village and Town wise Primary Census Abstract (PCA) and data on amenities for each village and town in the district. The objective of publishing the DCHB is to place the data collected at census along with the data on amenities at Village and Town level, collected from Tahsildars/Municipal Commissioners. The amenities data is validated by comparing with official data obtained from Heads of the Departments. For example, information on schools was compared with data available with the Commissioner, School Education and information on post offices was compared with data obtained from the Chief Post Master General and so on. Validation of data in the above manner was by no means an easy exercise. Scores of officials had put in grueling efforts for months together.

Generally, the District Census Hand Book contains two parts i.e., Part A and Part B. Part A contains Village and Town Directory and Part-B contains data on Village and Town Primary Census Abstract along with Housing amenities. This time Part-A and Part-B are published separately for each district

The present volume deals with the Part-A of the DCHB and comprises broadly: History and Scope of the DCHB, Brief History of the district, District Highlights, Important Statistics of the District, Administrative Setup, Physical Features with District related decadal tables, Census, Non-Census Concepts, Analytical Note on Census findings, Brief Analysis of PCA, Village and Town Directory data. Apart from these, Village wise/ Town wise details on Education, Medical, Water and Sanitation, Communication, Transport, Banking, Power supply, Land Utilization Particulars, Important Commodities manufactured and slum details in Urban areas were also shown.

I am grateful to the Chief Secretary, Principal Secretaries, Secretaries, District Collectors, Municipal Commissioners, Tahsildars, Other officers and officials of the Government of Andhra Pradesh for their co-operation and assistance throughout the Census Operations and in the process of collection of the Secondary data.

I express my heartfelt gratitude to Dr. C. Chandramouli, IAS, Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, for the inspiring guidance all along. I sincerely express my profound thanks to Dr. R.C. Sethi, ISS, Additional Registrar General, India, Dr. Deepak Rastogi, Deputy Director General, Shri. A.K. Singh, Deputy Registrar General (Census) for help, guidance and constant support accorded in all matters. Thanks are also due to Dr. A.P. Singh, Deputy Registrar General (Map) for his support and guidance in generating digital maps. I also acknowledge the continuous support of Dr. Prathibha Kumari, Assistant Registrar General (S.S) and other Officers of the Office of the Registrar General, India, New Delhi.

I sincerely express my gratitude to Shri M.S.Thapa, Additional Director (EDP), Shri.A.K.Arora, Joint Director (EDP), Shri.Anurag Gupta, Data Processing Assistant (EDP) and his team for their technical guidance in generating various tables in this volume.

Most of the work relating to DCHB has been carried out under the able guidance and direction of Smt Y.V.Anuradha, I.A.S., Director of Census Operations, Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad. I take this opportunity to acknowledge her valuable contribution made for this publication.

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The credit for preparation of District Census Handbooks goes to a team of devoted officers and staff of this Directorate who have involved in this project. The names of Individuals associated with this project are shown in Acknowledgements. I am grateful to all of them.

I hope that the data users will find this publication very useful.

Date: 28 -01-2016 R.V.V.DURGA PRASAD Hyderabad Joint Director

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Officers Designation

Shri. D. Hanumantharaya Joint Director Shri. R.V.V. Durga Prasad Joint Director Shri. G. Bapuji Joint Director Shri. Jagannath Majhi Deputy Director Shri. S. Daya Sagar Assistant Director Shri. V.Sreekanth Assistant Director

Drafting

Dr. P. John Samuel Senior Geographer

Collection, Compilation, Comparison and Finalization

Shri. Pradip Dev Statistical Investigator Grade-I Smt. P. Vijaya Statistical Investigator Grade-I Shri .B. Nadavaiah Statistical Investigator Grade-II Smt. T. Balatripura Sundari Statistical Investigator Grade-II Smt. M. Indra Bhavani Statistical Investigator Grade-II Shri. G. Venkateswara Rao Statistical Investigator Grade-II Shri. L. Sudish Mitra Statistical Investigator Grade-II Smt.Deepthi Divakaran Statistical Investigator Grade-II Shri. P.L.N. Sharma Senior Compiler Smt. P.S. Veena Compiler Smt. Alin Barkha Tigga Compiler Smt. C.K. Karthika Compiler Kum. Minakshi Sahu Compiler Smt. N.V. Satyavathi Devi Assistant Compiler Smt. T. Manorama Assistant Compiler Smt. T. Sujatha Data Entry Operator Grade B Smt. K. Rama Data Entry Operator Grade B Smt. D. Kali Prasanna Data Entry Operator Grade B Shri. K. Nagaiah Assistant Director [G] {on Contract} Shri. M. Sree Ramulu Statistical Investigator Grade-II {on Contract} Shri. S. Ramakrishna Statistical Investigator Grade-II {on Contract} Shri. D. Ramulu Statistical Investigator Grade-II {on Contract} Shri. D. Somanna Statistical Investigator Grade-II {on Contract} Smt. B. Kusuma Kumari Statistical Investigator Grade-II {on Contract} Shri. L.K. Murthy Data Entry Operator Grade B {on Contract} Shri. B.S. Hanumantha Reddy Data Entry Operator Grade B {on Contract}

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Overall Supervision of Data entry Work Shri. N. Mahesh Mohan Rao Data Entry Operator Grade B Smt.S. Anuradha Data Entry Operator Grade B

Senior Supervisor Senior Supervisor Data Entry Operator Grade B Data Entry Operator Grade B Data Entry Operator Grade B Data Entry Operator Grade B Data Entry Operator Grade B Data Entry Operator Grade B Data Entry Operator Grade B Data Entry Operator Grade B Data Entry Operator Grade B Data Entry Operator Grade B Data Entry Operator Grade B Compiler Compiler

Compiler Compiler

Data Entry Shri.G. Sudhakar Smt. C. Lakshmi Shri.K.S.K. Chakravarthy Smt.S. Anuradha Shri. N. Mahesh Mohan Rao Shri. D. Venkata Ramana Smt. T. Sujatha Smt. K. Rama Smt. D. Kali Prasanna Smt. V. Adi Lakshmi Smt. B. Shobha Rani Smt. Preeti Saxena Shri. P.V. Subrahmanyam Smt. P.S. Veena Smt. Alin Barkha Tigga Smt. C.K. Karthika Kum. Minakshi Sahu Smt.E. Srilatha Compiler

Supervision of Mapping Work Smt G.V. Chandrakala Assistant Director Smt M.B. Rama Devi Senior Geographer

Preparation of Computerised Maps Shri G. Mariyanna Senior Drawing Assistant Shri D. Chiranjeevi Raju Senior Draughtsman Shri M.A Quadeer Senior Draughtsman Shri T. Trinadh Senior Draughtsman Smt R.R.S.N Subba Lakshmi Senior Draughtsman Shri Gulam Hasan Mohinuddin Senior Draughtsman Shri P. Babji Senior Draughtsman

Statistical Investigator Grade-II Statistical Investigator Grade-II Data Entry Operator Grade B Data Entry Operator Grade B

Preparation of Camera Ready Copy Shri D.V.D.S.Prasad ShriA. Anjaneyulu Shri Ch. Srinivasulu Smt S. Anuradha Shri Ch. Sateesh Compiler

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DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK: KHAMMAM

HISTORY AND SCOPE OF THE DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK

The need of data at the grass root level for the administrative and planning purposes at sub micro level as well as academic studies prompted the innovation of District Census Handbook. District Census Handbook is a unique publication from the Census organization which provides most authentic details of census and non-census information from village and town level to district level. The District Census Handbook was firstly introduced during the 1951 Census. It contains both census and non census data of urban as well as rural areas for each district. The census data contain several demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the lowest administrative unit i.e. of each village and town and ward of the district. The non census data comprise of data on availability of various civic amenities and infrastructural facilities etc. at the town and village level which constitute Village Directory and Town Directory part of the DCHB. The data of DCHB are of considerable importance in the context of planning and development at grass-root level.

In 1961 census DCHB provided a descriptive account of the district, administrative statistics, census tables and village and town directory including Primary Census Abstract. This pattern was changed in 1971 Census and the DCHB was published in three parts: Part-A related to village and town directory, Part-B to village and town PCA and Part-C comprised analytical report, administrative statistics, district census tables and certain analytical tables based on PCA and amenity data in respect of villages. The 1981 census DCHB was published in two parts: Part-A contained village and town directory and Part-B the PCA of village and town including the SCs and STs PCA up to tahsil/town levels. New features along with restructuring of the formats of village and town directory were added into it. In Village Directory, all amenities except electricity were brought together and if any amenity was not available in the referent village, the distance in broad ranges from the nearest place having such an amenity, was given.

The pattern of 1981 census was followed by and large for the DCHB of 1991 Census except the format of PCA. It was restructured. Nine-fold industrial classification of main workers was given against the four-fold industrial classification presented in the 1981 census. In addition, sex wise population in 0-6 age group was included in the PCA for the first time with a view to enable the data users to compile more realistic literacy rate as all children below 7 years of age had been treated as illiterate at the time of 1991 census. One of the important innovations in the 1991 census was the Community Development Block (CD Block) level presentation of village directory and PCA data instead of the traditional tahsil/taluk/PS level presentation.

As regards DCHB of 2001 Census, the scope of Village Directory was improved by including some other amenities like banking, recreational and cultural facilities, newspapers & magazines and `most important commodity manufactured in a village in addition to prescribed facilities of earlier censuses. In Town Directory, the statement on Slums was modified and its coverage was enlarged by including details on all slums instead of notified slums.

The scope and coverage of Village Directory of 2011 DCHB has been widened by including a number of new amenities in addition to those of 2001. In the Town Directory, seven Statements containing the details and the data of each town have been presented viz.; (i)-Status and Growth History of towns,(ii)- Physical Aspects and Location of Towns, (iii)-Civic and other Amenities, (iv)-Medical Facilities, (v)-Educational, Recreational & Cultural Facilities, (vi)- Industry & Banking, and (vii)- Civic & other amenities in Slums respectively. CD Block wise data of Village Directory and Village PCA have been presented in DCHB of 2011 census as presented in earlier census. The data of DCHB 2011 Census have

1


been presented in two parts, Part-A contains Village and Town Directory and Part-B contains Village and Town wise Primary Census Abstract. Both the Parts have been published in separate volumes in 2011 Census.

BRIEF HISTORY OF THE DISTRICT

Khammam District was formed on 1st October, 1953 with the five erstwhile taluks viz., Khammam, Yellandu, Bhoorgampadu, Palwancha (Kothagudem) and Madhira of Warangal District in accordance with the orders issued in the Notification No. 48\A4\193\53, dated 18th September, 1953 of the erstwhile Hyderabad Government. This district was constituted in 1953 as it was felt that Warangal district was too extensive and unwieldy for purposes of administration. In 1959, Bhadrachalam taluk and Nugur independent sub-taluk of East Godavari district, which were not easily accessible to Kakinada were also transferred to Khammam district for administrative convenience.

The area comprising the present Khammam district originally formed part of the Kakatiya kingdom and after its downfall, it became part of Bahmani kingdom. Later it came under the control of Qutub Shahi dynasty of Golconda and on its fall was annexed to Mughal Empire from which it was detached in the early part of the eighteenth century on the establishment of the Hyderabad State by the Asaf Jahi dynasty. Finally, it became part of Andhra Pradesh with effect from 1st Nobember, 1956 under the scheme of Re-organisation of States.

Early Hindu Period : In pre-historic times the great Dravidian race occupied Southern India including a major portion of the Deccan plateau. It is uncertain when the Aryans invaded the Deccan? The empire of Asoka (273-231 B.C.) however, seems to have had control over the whole of Berar and a considerable portion of the Deccan plateau. The Andhras were the next kings who ruled the Deccan. They are mentioned in the Asokan inscriptions but their rise to power dates from about 220 B.C. Gradually extending their sway from Krishna delta they soon possessed an empire reaching Nasik. This dynasty seems to have come to an end in the third century A.D. but the reasons for the collapse are little known. The Pallavas who ruled South of Krishna might have extended their power to this region. The next dynasty of importance is that of the Chalukyas who rose to power in Bijapur district by about 550 A.D. and founded an empire spreading east and west across the Peninsula with their capital at Kalyani. Pulakesin-II (608-642 A.D), ruled practically the major portion of South India;-South of Narmada river and even came into contact with Harshavardhana of Kanauj. Throughout their period of supremacy, the Chalukyas were at war with the pallavas. In the middle of the eighth century the Chalukyas were displaced by the Rashtrakutas of Malkhed in Gulbarga district. From about 973 A.D., the Chalukyan dynasty was restored and for nearly 200 years maintained its position, inspite of fierce struggles with the Cholas and Hoyasalas of Dwarasamudra. The Chalukya power fell by about 1189 A.D. to the Hoyasalas and Yadavas, the later of whom established themselves at Deogiri. The Yadavas were the last great Hindu rulers of the Deccan, for Vijayanagar kingdom which was founded half a century later after the advent of the Muhammadans, never acquired much sway in the Deccan proper.

Muhammadan period : Alla-ud-din khilji led the first Muhammadan expedition into the Deccan against the Yadava ruler in 1294 of Deogiri and forced him to submission. In 1296 he assassinated his own uncle and seized the throne, and sent an expedition to Deogiri. He lead his first expedition in 1303 against the Kakatiya kings of Warangal, who had established themselves there since the middle of 12th century. This having failed, he sent a second expedition under Malik Kafur in 1309, which resulted in the submission of the Raja who agreed to pay tribute. In 1310, Malik Kafur was sent against the Hoyasala Raja of Dwarasumdra (Halebid in Mysore). In 1318 when Harpal, the Deogiri ruler rebelled, he was defeated and put to death and with him the Yadava dynasty ended. Muhammad-bin-Tughlak

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later conducted a campaign against Warangal and finally broke the Kakatiya power in 1312. When Muhammad-bin-Tughlak ascended the throne of Delhi in 1325 the Muhammadans were masters of the Deccan from North to South; the chief Rajas of Telangana acknowledged their sway and paid tributes. He changed the name of Devagiri to Daultabad and made it his capital. A few years later, the imperial Governors of the Deccan revolted resulting in the establishment of the Bahamani dynasty. Zafar Khan, who styled himself as Alla-ud-din Hasan Shah Gangu founded this line and having taken possession of the Deccan provinces including Bidar and Gulberga, he made the latter place his capital and commenced to rule from 1347 A.D. The Bahmani kingdom extended from Berar in the North of the Deccan to the left bank of Tungabhadra in the South and from Dabal on the West coast to the Telangana tracts in the East. After the fall of this dynasty the Barid Shahi dynasty came into power. Amir Barid who assumed sole charge of the affairs of the Bahmani kingdom, after the down fall of the Bahamani dynasty, had many vicissitudes and constant wars with the rulers of Bijapur and Berar and he died in Daultabad in 1538. He was succeeded by his son Ali Barid who was the first to assume the title of Shah. In 1565, he marched along with the other Deccan kings against the Rajah of Vijayanagar and in the memorable battle of Tallikota near Rakshsi Tangadi, the Vijayanagar ruler was defeated and his fate sealed. Ali Barid died in 1582 and he was succeeded by three other kings. The Qutub Shahi dynasty next came into prominence. Sultan Quli Qutub-ul-Mulk, a Turk of noble family who was Governor of the Golconda province under the Bahmanis took advantage of the distracted State of the kingdom under Muhammad Shah of the Barid Shahi dynasty and declared the Independence establishing the Qutub Shahi dynasty which reigned from 1512 to 1687 A.D.

When the Mughals invaded the Deccan, the local rulers formed an alliance against them but after defeating the invaders they fell out among themselves enabling the Mughal troops to subdue the country. Shah Jahan after rebelling against his father fled from Burhanpur and was welcome at Golconda by Abdullah Qutub Shah. In 1635 A.D. Shah Jahan who had by then become the Emperor, sent a 'farmaan' to Golconda which was well received. Mir Jumla, the king's Minister appealed to Aurangazeb for help against his master in 1655 A.D. and this afforded a pretext for Aurangazeb to invade the territory. Hyderabad was plundered, but Abdullah sued for peace and paid arrears of tribute. He died in 1674 A.D. and was succeeded by his nephew Abdul Hasan also called Tana Shah. After the fall of Bijapur in 1686 A.D. Aurangazeb turned his attention to Golconda which was taken over in the following year. Tana Shah was made a prisoner and died in 1704 A.D. and with him the Qutub Shahi line ended. This dynasty was followed by Asaf Jahi dynasty to which the former Nizam belongs. The Asaf Jahi dynasty was founded by Asaf Jah, a distinguished General of Aurangazeb, a Turkman by descent. After a long service under the Delhi Emperor, he was appointed as Subedar or Viceroy of the Deccan in 1713 A.D. with the title of Nizam-ul-Mulk, which has since become the hereditary title of the family. The Mughal Empire at this period was on the verge of decline owing to internal dissensions and attacks from within. Amidst the general confusion Asaf Jah had little difficulty in asserting his Independence against the degenerated and weak occupants of the throne of Delhi, but he had to repel the inroads of Marathas who were creating harassment in the west of his newly acquired territory. His independence was the cause of much jealousy at Delhi and the court party secretly instructed Mubariz Khan, the Governor of Khandesh to oppose him by force of arms. A battle was fought at Shakarkhelda in the Buldana district of Berar in 1724 A.D. when Mubariz Khan was totally defeated and put to death. This battle established the Independence of Asaf Jah who annexed Berar and fixed his residence at Hyderabad and established his dominions. Khammam district along with the rest of the Telangana came under the control of the Asaf Jahi dynasty.

After the death of Asaf jah, Nazir Jung his second son, and Muzaffar Jung, his grandson by one of his daughters, strove for the succession. At this time the English and the French were contending supremacy in the East and each of the claimants secured the support of one of

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these powers; Nazir Jung's cause was espoused by the English, while Muzaffar Jung was supported by the French. The latter, however, fell a prisoner to his uncle, but on the assassination of Nazir Jung, Muzaffar Jung was proclaimed the soverign. Dupleix, the French Governor, became the controller of the Nizam's authority. Muzaffar Jung was killed by some Pathan chiefs and the French then selected Salabat Jung a brother of Nazir Jung and son of Asaf Jah as ruler. Ghazi-ud-Din, the eldest son of Asaf Jah, who, it was alleged, had relinquished his claim at first, now appeared as a claimant, supported by the Marathas, but his sudden death put a stop to further struggle. The English and the French were now contesting power and influence in the Deccan; but the victories of Clive in the Carnatic caused the latter to turn their attention to their own possessions which were threatened and to leave Salabat Jung to shift for himself. Nizam Ali Khan, the fourth son of Asaf jah at this juncture obtained the support of the English on the promise of dismissing French from his service. Salabat Jung was dethroned in 1761A.D. and Nizam Ali Khan was proclaimed ruler.

In 1766 A.D. the Northern Circars were ceded to the British on the condition that the Nizam was to be furnished with a subsidiary force in times of war, and received six lakhs of rupees per annum when no troops were required, the Nizam on his part promising to support the British with his troops. This was followed by the treaty of 1768 A.D. by which the East India Company and the Nawab of Carnatic engaged to assist the Nizam with troops whenever required by him, on payment. In 1790 A.D. war broke out between Tipu Sultan and the British and treaty of alliance was concluded among the Nizam, the Marathas and the British. Tipu, however concluded peace and had to relinquish half of his dominions which was divided among allies. In 1798 A.D., another treaty was concluded between the Nizam and the British. On the fall of Srirangapatnam and the death of Tipu Sultan, the Nizam participated largely under the treaty of Mysore in 1799 in the division of territory and his share was increased because of the withdrawal of the peshwas from the treaty. In 1800 A.D. a fresh treaty was concluded between the Nizam and the British by which the Nizam ceded all the territories which had accrued to him under the treaties of 1792 A.D. and 1799 A.D. i.e. Cuddapah, Kurnool, Anantapur and Bellary districts known as the ceded districts of Madras. Nizam Ali Khan died in 1803 A.D. and he was succeeded by his son, Sikandar Jah. On the death of Sikandar Jah in 1829 A.D. his son Nasir-ud-Doula succeeded to the throne. Nasir-ud-Doula died in May, 1857 A.D. and he was succeeded by his son Afzal-ud-Doula. In 1869 A.D. on the death of Afzal-ud-Doula, his son Mir Mahbub Ali Khan Bahdur became the ruler. As he was only three years old then, a regency was constituted for the administration of the kingdom, with Salar Jung- I as regent and Nawab Shams-ul-Umara as co-regent, the British resident being consulted on all important matters concerning the welfare of the State. On the death of the co-regent in 1877, his half brother Nawab Vikar-ul-Umara was appointed co-administrator but he too died in 1881, sir Salar Jung remained the sole administrator and regent till his death (in 1883). In 1884, Mir Mahbub Ali Khan having attained majority, was installed as ruler by Lord Rippon. On the death of Mir Mahbub Ali Khan in 1911 Mir Osman Ali Khan ascended the throne. In 1947 when the country attained independence, the princely States were given the choice either to remain independent or to join the Indian Union. The Nizam's Dominions became part of the Indian Union in 1948, as a part B State and in 1956 during the Re-organisation of States, the Hyderabad State was trifurcated and the nine predominantly Telugu speaking districts of Adilabad, Nizamabad, Karimnagar, Medak, Hyderabad, Mahbubnagar, Nalgonda, Warangal and Khammam known as the Telangana region were transferred to Andhra Pradesh. Major portions of the predominantly Kannada speaking districts of Raichur, Gulbarga and Bidar were transferred to Mysore State (renamed as Karnataka state) while the Marathwada comprising the five districts of Aurangabad, Osmanabad, Bhir, Parbhani and Nanded and a portion of Bidar which is predominantly Marathi speaking area was transferred to Maharashtra State. These changes were effected on 1st November, 1956 upon the states reorganisation Act.

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ADMINISTRATIVE SET-UP

(a) Region of State where the district is located:

This district is one of the Northern central districts of the State located at middle among them. The District is bounded by Chhattisgarh and Odisha States on the North, South by Krishna district, East by East Godavari & West Godavari districts and West by Nalgonda & Warangal districts.

(b) Number of Revenue Divisions and Mandals: In 1985, the then existing 12 taluks viz., Nugur, Bhadrachalam, Bhoorgampadu, Manuguru, Sudimalla, Yellandu, Kothagudem, Aswaraopeta, Sathupalle, Madhira, Khammam and Thirumalayapalem were re-organised into 46 mandals. Corresponding to them, Mandal Parishads were also formed which were co-terminus with Revenue Mandals except Statutory Towns, which do not fall in their jurisdiction. All the 46 Mandals have been organised into four Revenue Divisions as follows:

1) Bhadrachalam Division: (8 Mandals) Wazeed, Venkatapuram, Cherla,Dummugudem, Bhadrachalam, Kunavaram, Chintur and Vararamachandrapuram.

2) Palwancha Division: (10 Mandals) Palwancha, Pinapaka, Manuguru, Aswapuram,Velairpadu, Kukunoor, Burgampahad, Mulkalapalle, Aswaraopeta and Dammapeta.

3) Kothagudem Division: (11 Mandals) Kothagudem, Yellandu, Gundala, Tekulapalle,Singareni, Bayyaram, Garla, Kamepalle, Julurpad, Chandrugonda and Enkuru.

4) Khammam Division: (17 Mandals) Sathupalle, Vemsoor, Penuballi, Kallur, Tallada,Konijerla, Khammam(Urban), Khammam(Rural), Thirumalayapalem, Kusumanchi, Nelakondapalle, Mudigonda, Chinthakani, Wyra, Bonakal, Madhira and Yerrupalem.

(c) Total number of Villages and Towns: As per 1991 Census, there were 1,242 villages in the district. Of which 1,092 inhabited and 135 un-inhabited villages and 15 villages were included in towns. Thus 1,227 villages were covered in rural areas. Of the 10 towns, there were 4 Statutory Towns and the remaining 6 were Census towns at 1991 Census.

While comparing the list of villages at 2001 Census with 1991 Census, 1,229 villages have fallen under rural areas and 13 villages were fully included in Towns. Thus total villages covered under rural was accounted for 1,229 at 2001 Census, which showed an increase of two villages in rural areas in the district. The increase was due to three Census Towns were declassified, as a result four Revenue Villages viz., Mothugudem, Sathupalle, Ayyagaripet and Madhira attained rural status. At the same time two other villages attained urban status and formed as new Census Towns viz., Sarapaka and Chatakonda in the district. At 2001 Census, the district had 4 Statutory Towns and 5 Census Towns covered with 13 Revenue Villages.

Regarding Urban Agglomerations, Khammam and Kothagudem formed as Urban Agglomerations in the district at 2001 Census. Khanapuram Haveli (partly) and Edulapuram (partly) have been taken as O.Gs to Khammam U.A., while Garimellapadu OG & Chunchipalle CT were constituent units to Kothagudem U.A.

d) Changes in Administrative Units during 2011 Census:During 2011 Census, there are 3 Reserved forest villages viz. Bandigumpu, Doramitta and Thottimadugu, of Bhadrachalam Mandal.Chatakonda(CT) has been declassified as chatakonda village. 4 villages namely Laxmidevipalle, Ballepalle, Khanapuram Haveli and

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Madhira have been upgraded as Census Towns, while Garimellapadu which was earlier fully outgrowth has attained the status of Census Town. Therefore altogether, there are 5 new CTs. Manuguru which was CT earlier is now upgraded as Statutory Town as Municipality. 6 villages are included in new Statutory Towns .Sathupalle village is upgraded as Nagar panchayat and Ayyagaripeta village is fully included in Sathupalle Nagar panchayat whereas Gundlasingaram, Annaram, Anantharam and Chinnaravigudem villages are included in Manuguru Municipality .

However, there are 1,223 villages in 2011 Census of which (120 Uninhabited and 1,103 habited including 3 reserved forest villages), 46 Mandals, 4 Revenue Divisions, 14 Towns (6 statutory [5 Municipalities & 1 Nagar Panchayat] and 8 Census Towns], and 3 Urban Agglomerations.

Statement Showing Urban Agglomerations along with its Constituent Units Sl. No. Name of U.A Constituent Units

1 Kothagudum (U.A) Kothagudum (M), Laxmidevipalle and Garimellapadu are New CTs and Chunchupalle is earlier CT. 2 Yellandu U.A (New) Yellandu (M), Rompaid and Sudimalla are New partly OGs

3 Khammam U.A Khammam (M) Bellepalle, Khanapuram Haveli are new CTs and Edulapuram is new partly OG.

Statement Showing Administrative units at various Censuses Khammam

Sl. No. Administrative Unit Census Years

1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 1 Revenue Divisions 2 2 3 3 3 4 2 Mandals (Sub-districts / Taluks) 7 (T) 7 (T) 12 (T) 46 46 46

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Villages 1234 1226 1223 1227 1229 1223 a. Inhabited villages 1092 1100 1101 1092 1101 1103 b. Un-inhabited villages 142 126 122 135 128 120 c. Villages fully included in towns 11 10 14 15 13 6 d. Villages partly included in towns 2 - 3 7 6 3

4 Towns 5 6 7 10 9 14

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Statutory towns 3 5 1 4 4 6 a. Municipal Corporations - - - - - - b. Municipalities 3* 1 1 4 3 5 c. Nagar Panchayats - - - - 1 1

6 Census Towns 2 5 6 6 5 8 7 Urban Agglomerations - - - - 2 3

*In 1961 Census, Municipalities were divided into C.M (City Municipalities) and T.M (Town Municipalities).

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DISTRICT HIGHLIGHTS

Khammam district stands 6th position in terms of area with 16,029.0 Sq. Kms and ranks 19th in terms of population with 27,97,370 persons in the State.

Khammam district stands 19th in terms of urban area with 211.36 Sq. Kms, and ranks 19th in terms of urban population with 6,55,911 persons in the State ,while it stands 5th in terms of rural area with 15,817.64 Sq. Kms and ranks 16th in terms of rural population with 21,41,459 persons in the State.

The district ranks 17th in terms of households with 7,54,034 as against 6,01,659 households in 2001.

The district ranks 9th in terms of total number of villages with 1,223 as against 1,229 in 2001.

The district ranks 4th position in the State in terms of sex-ratio with 1,011 as against 975 in 2001.

The district ranks 22nd in terms of density with 175 persons per Sq. Kms as against 161 in 2001.

The district ranks 19th in terms of literacy with 16,30,234 literates as against 12,67,944 in 2001.

The district is with 14,10,062 workers and 13,87,308 non-workers as against 12,44,376 workers and 13,34,551 non-workers in 2001.

Mandal [Sub-District]:

Gundala Mandal is having the largest area of 898.96 Sq. Kms, while Venkatapuram Mandal is having the least area of 95.74 Sq. Kms.

Manuguru Mandal is having the largest urban area of 45.18 Sq. Kms, while Madhira Mandal is having the least urban area of 2.50 Sq. Kms.

Gundala Mandal is having the largest rural area of 898.96 Sq. Kms, while Venkatapuram Mandal is having the least rural area of 95.74 Sq. Kms.

Khammam (Urban) Mandal is having the highest population of 3,13,504 persons, while the least population of 22,882 persons is found in Velairpadu Mandal.

The highest urban population of 2,50,182 is found in Khammam (urban) Mandal while the least urban population of 12,073 is found in Khammam (rural) Mandal.

The highest rural population of 81,138 is found in Khammam (Rural) Mandal, while the least rural population of 22,882 is found in Velairpadu Mandal.

Highest sex-ratio of 1,125 is found in Kunavaram Mandal and the least sex-ratio is 959 found in Chandrugonda Mandal.

Khammam (Urban) Mandal is having highest density of 1,256, while Gundala Mandal is having the least density of 31 persons per Sq. Km.

Highest no. of 2,23,380 literates are in Khammam (Urban) Mandal and least no. of 10,227 literates are found in Velairpadu Mandal.

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Khammam (Urban) is having highest no. of workers 1,24,639 and non-workers 1,88,865, while Velairpadu Mandal is having the least no. of workers 13,521 and non-workers 9,361 respectively.

Village:

Bethampudi Village of Tekulapalle Mandal is having the largest area of 13,890 hectares ,while Kotipallepadu Village of Dummugudem Mandal is having the least area of 2 hectares.

Samathsingaram village of Manuguru Mandal is having the highest no. of households 7,043, highest population 27,567 and highest 0-6 years population 2615 in Bethampudi village of Tekulapalle Mandal ,while the least no. of households 1 and least Population 3 are found in Chirtapalle village of Venkatapuram Mandal. Whereas nil 0-6 years population is found in Chirtapalle (G),Zalla(G) villages of Venkatapuram Mandal,Pragallapalle(Z),Cherukur(Z), Tekulagudem Chalk-II villages of Wazeed Mandal,Mummidaram (Z) village of Cherla Mandal and Bhimaram village of Vararamachandrapuram Mandal.

Highest sex-ratio is found in Allampalle village of Pinapaka Mandal (982 females, 77males) and least sex-ratio 364 is found in Zella(G) village of Venkatapuram Mandal.

Highest No. of 19,674 literates are found in Samathsingaram village of Manuguru Mandal and least no. of 0 Literates are found in Chalamala(G),Zella(G)and Doli(G) villages of Venkatapuram Mandal ,while highest no. of 12,750 illiterates are found in Bethampudi village of Tekulapalle Mandal and least no. of 1 illiterate is found in Mummidaram(Z) village of Cherla Mandal and Bhimaram village of Vararamachandrapuram Mandal.

Bethampudi village of Tekulapalle Mandal is having the highest workers of 13,203 and Chirtapalle village of Venkatapuram Mandal is having the least workers of 3, while Samathsingaram village of Manuguru Mandal tops with 17,694 non-workers and Chirtapalle village of Venkatapuram Mandal has the least no. of non-workers of nil persons respectively.

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Number of Villages Total 27,800 1,223 Inhabited 26,286 1,103 Uninhabited 1,514 120

Number of Towns Statutory 125 6 Census 228 8 Total 353 14

Number of Households Normal 2,09,27,188 7,51,206 Institutional 52,588 1,663 Houseless 42,812 1,165

Population Total Persons 8,45,80,777 27,97,370 Males 4,24,42,146 13,90,988 Females 4,21,38,631 14,06,382

Rural Persons 5,63,61,702 21,41,459 Males 2,82,43,241 10,66,781 Females 2,81,18,461 10,74,678

Urban Persons 2,82,19,075 6,55,911 Males 1,41,98,905 3,24,207 Females 1,40,20,170 3,31,704

Percentage Urban Population 33.36 23.45

Number Percentage Number Percentage

Persons 83,70,770 10.98 2,18,443 8.47

Males 39,14,733 10.16 85,445 6.54

Females 44,56,037 11.83 1,32,998 10.44

Area (in sq Km.) 275045 16029.00

308 175

Sex Ratio Total 993 1,011 (Number of females per 1000 males) Rural 996 1,007

Urban 987 1,023

District

Important Statistics

Decadal Population Growth 2001-2011

Density of Population (Persons per sq Km.)

State


9

Important Statistics

Number Percentage Number Percentage

Literates Persons 5,05,56,760 67.02 16,30,234 64.81Males 2,82,51,243 74.88 9,01,640 72.30Females 2,23,05,517 59.15 7,28,594 57.44

Scheduled Castes Persons 1,38,78,078 16.41 4,62,896 16.55Males 69,13,047 16.29 2,29,905 16.53Females 69,65,031 16.53 2,32,991 16.57

Scheduled Tribes Persons 59,18,073 7 7,65,565 27.37Males 29,69,362 7 3,78,532 27.21Females 29,48,711 7 3,87,033 27.52

Workers and Non-WorkersPersons 3,94,22,906 46.61 14,10,062 50.41Males 2,41,85,595 56.98 8,02,906 57.72Females 1,52,37,311 36.16 6,07,156 43.17

(i) Main Workers Persons 3,30,37,378 39.06 12,15,871 43.46Males 2,14,60,081 50.56 7,22,620 51.95Females 1,15,77,297 27.47 4,93,251 35.07

(ii) Marginal Workers Persons 63,85,528 7.55 1,94,191 6.94Males 27,25,514 6.42 80,286 5.77Females 36,60,014 8.69 1,13,905 8.10

Non-Workers Persons 4,51,57,871 53.39 13,87,308 49.59Males 1,82,56,551 43.02 5,88,082 42.28Females 2,69,01,320 63.84 7,99,226 56.83

(i) Cultivators Persons 64,91,522 16.47 2,24,972 15.95Males 43,57,304 18.02 1,51,970 18.93Females 21,34,218 14.01 73,002 12.02

(ii)Agricultural Labourers Persons 1,69,67,754 43.04 8,04,537 57.06Males 81,30,022 33.62 3,61,946 45.08Females 88,37,732 58 4,42,591 72.90

Persons 14,39,137 3.65 19,799 1.40Males 6,43,092 2.66 11,966 1.49Females 7,96,045 5.22 7,833 1.29

(iv) Other Workers Persons 1,45,24,493 36.84 3,60,754 25.58Males 1,10,55,177 45.71 2,77,024 34.50Females 34,69,316 22.77 83,730 13.79

Total Workers (Main and Marginal)

Category of Workers (Main & Marginal)

(iii)Workers in household industry

State District

10

ANALYTICAL NOTE


PHYSICAL FEATURES Location and size: Khammam district, the central North-eastern district lies approximately between and 1645 to 1835 North latitudes and 7947 to 8047 East longitudes. The district is bounded in the North by Chhattisgarh and Odisha states, East by East and West Godavari districts, South by Krishna and West by Warangal and Nalgonda districts. The total area of the district is 16,029 Sq. Km and ranks 6th position contributing 5.83% area of the state. The shape of the district is irregularly rectangle with three major projections in the North, East and Southern directions.

Physiography: Khammam district is a part of Godavari depression as delineated physiographically. On account of the Eastern Ghats, the district in general, represents rough topography consisting of dissected uplands and hills sometimes exceeding a height of 600 metres above the mean sea level. The central and Eastern parts of the district are mainly hilly. Important hills are Marrigutta, Rajagutta, Yerragutta and Bison hills. The district has a very complex geological structure. The central part is mainly composed of Upper Carboniferous. Lower Triassic rocks, the South-western, Northern and South-central parts are developed on Archaean gneisses. The extreme North-western and some Western parts are made up of upper Pre-Cambrian rocks. The hilly areas of the district comprise Lower Pre-Cambrian deposits while Recent Alluvium is found along Godavari River; the proximity is wide in the Western part. Major part of the district is occupied under Ustalf soils. In the Western part Ustalfs-Tropepts occur in large areas. Udalfs-Ustalfs associated with rock outcrops are found in some parts of Eastern Ghats of the district. More than 50% area of the district is covered under forest of reserved category which is of dense mixed jungles of teak, Bijasal, Tunki, Sandra, Auduk, Banboo and Tapsi. Keeping these physio-geographical factors into consideration, the district is divided into eight regions as follows:

NugurCherla Forested Upland: (Area 776 Sq. Km): The region extends parts of Nugur area and it is the smallest region, covering Northern most part of the district and lying adjacent to Godavari basin. It is mainly covered with reserved forests of dry teak. The entire region is hilly composed of rocks belonging to upper Pre-Cambrian period. The soils are red loamy, red sandy and alluvial. The main sub-order associated is Ustalfs.

Godavari Basin: (Area 1,351 Sq. Km): The region covers parts of Nugur, Bhadrachalam, Bhoorgampadu and Mangoor areas. The region extends in a narrow belt along the river Godavari. This elongated region has a varied geology. The Western part of the region mainly belongs to Recent, Middle Triassic-Lower Cretaceous and Upper Carboniferous-Lower Triassic periods, while Eastern part is mainly composed of Archaean rocks. An intrusion belonging to Pre-Cambrian period is also visible in the Eastern margin of the region. The main soil sub-order is Ustalfs; however there are local variations in the soil distribution. There are few scattered patches of reserved forest as well.

NarakondaTatilankaBandangudem Forested Region: (Area 1,226 Sq. Km): It is a forested region extending parts of Nugur and Bhadrachalam areas. The region is hilly which slopes towards South and is crisscrossed by the tributaries of Godavari. Notable rivers are Sabari in the East and Talperu in the West. The region is mainly composed of Archaean rock while a patch of Recent Alluvium occurs in the central part of the region. Conforming to its geological structure, the soils mainly belong to Ustalfs sub-order associations. Besides, there

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occur Aqualfs-Ustalfs deposited in the Western part along river Talperu and UstalfsOchrepts in North-western parts. The region is mainly covered under reserved forests of dry teak.

Rekapalle Hills (Eastern Ghats): (Area 1,201 Sq. Km): The region forming parts of the Eastern Ghats cover parts of Bhadrachalam, Bhoorgampadu and Aswaraopet areas. It has the highest altitude in the district exceeding 600 mts above Mean Sea Level, with rough hilly topography; the region is covered with reserved forests (dense mixed jungles mainly of Teak). Geologically, the region is made up of lower Pre-Cambrian rocks. An intrusive belonging to Pre-Cambrian period separates the region from Godavari Basin. The main soil sub-order found is Ustalfs. In higher altitudes at the Southern part of the region, rocky outcrops Utalfs-Ustalfs occur in significant area while the Northern most part of the region has deposits of Aqualfs-Ustalfs. The soils are Red Loamy and alluvial.

KannegiriPengadapaDamarcherla Forested Region: (Area 2,650 Sq. Km): The region covers the parts of Bhoorgampadu, Kothagudem, Aswaraopet and Sathupalle areas. Falling in the vicinity of the Eastern Ghats, the region represents rugged topography with steep to modulate slopes and the general slope is towards West. Some parts of the region are sandy. The region is mostly covered with reserved forests consisting of Bijasal, Teak, Tunki, Sandra, Bamboo and Tapsi trees. Geologically, most part of the region is composed of Upper Carboniferous-Lower Triassic rocks. A few areas in the Western and North-eastern parts have deposits of lower Pre-Cambrian Rocks. The soils are red loamy and red sandy (Ustalfs), Udalfs-Ustalfs associated with rock out crops occur in relatively higher areas in the South-eastern part of the region.

KhammamMadhiraKalluruKothagudem Plain: (Area 4,875 Sq. Km): The region includes the complete Thirumalayapalem, Madhira and Khammam areas and parts of Aswaraopet, Kothagudem, Yellandu, Sudimalla and Sathupalle areas. This is a plain in character with isolated hills and scattered patches of forests mainly concentrated along the Northern border of the region and in some Western and central parts. Paleru River flows on the Western border while river Muneru, Wyra and Kattaleru flows from North to South following the general slope of the region. Geologically, most part of the region consists of Archaean Gneisses. The Eastern part falling towards the East of river Wyra is composed of lower Pre-Cambrian rocks. Recent Alluvium is found deposited along rivers, mainly Wyra and Kattaleru. To the West of Wyra River, Wyra rocks of Upper Pre-Cambrian period occur in a North-South elongation. The main soil sub-order found in Eastern part is Ustalfs while Ustalfs-Tropepts occur in rest part of the region.

MahbubabadGundalaChimalpad Forested Region: (Area 2,050 Sq. Km): The region covers parts of Sudimalla, Yellandu, Kothagudem and Mangoor areas. The entire region is hilly and mostly covered with reserved forests of dense mixed jungles. The altitude sometimes exceeds 600 meters. Geologically, major part of the region is composed of Upper Pre-Cambrian rocks. In some parts Upper Carboniferous-Lower Triassic rocks occur along the Eastern border while Archaean gneisses are found in Southern border of the region. Soils are red-loamy and red-sandy belonging to Ustalfs-Tropepts sub-order association.

DamartogerBhoorgampadu Forested Region: (Area 1,900 Sq. Km): The region covers the parts of Sudimalla, Mangoor, Bhoorgampadu and Kothagudem areas. It is a forested region covered with reserved forests which are dense mixed jungles mainly of dry teak. The

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entire region is hilly with steep rocky slopes in the Western side. There are hills of more than 500 meters in height. A few tributaries of Godavari River drain the region in West-East direction. Kinnarasani is an important river flowing along the Southern border of the region. Geologically, the region is composed of Upper Carboniferous Lower Triassic rocks. In the Eastern part near the confluence of river Godavari and Kinnarasani, deposits of Upper Pre-Cambrian and Lower Pre-Cambrian rocks are also found. The main soil sub-order found is Ustalfs. In Western part Tropepts is associated with Ustalfs.

Soils: The soils of the district comprise Ustalfs in the Western part, while white sandy loams occur in the Eastern and Western region. The hilly areas of the district comprise Lower Pre-Cambrian deposits, while alluvial soil is also found along river Godavari. The variation in the fertility of the soils is the main cause of the difference in the cropping pattern of the Eastern and Western regions in the district.

Flora and Fauna: The flora of the district can be broadly classified into Timber, Firewood and Bamboo. These are the main forest produces which gained considerable market in the district. Of these, the important timber species found in the district are teak (Tectona grandis), Bijasal or yegi (Pterocarpus marsupium), Tunki (Diospyros melanoxylon), Sandra (Acacia sundra). Among the softwood species Anduk (Boswellia Serrata), Tapsi (Sterculia urens), Burugu (Bombax malabarcium), Gumpena (Lannea grandis), Garuga (Garuga pinneta), Punki (Givotia rattlers - formis), pala kodsheor Repela (Wrightia tinctoria) etc.

Bongu Veduru or Mullu Veduru (Basbusa arundinacea) and Sadanapu Veduru or Sadanam (Dendrocalamus Strictus) are two important species of Bamboos in the district. The commonly found varieties of shrubs in the district are Danti (Gymnosporia montana), Nulthada (Helicteres isora), Pala Bariki (Holarrhena antidysenterica), chittita (Phoenix humilis), Vempali (Tephrosia purpurea), Panchothkam (Bridelia Hamiltoniana), Chittijana (Grewia hirsuta), Jaji (woodfordia floribunda) and Papadi (Pavetta indica). Indigenous upland flora like Guruginja, Gachcha tiga (Ceasalpinia crista), Sugandhapala (Hemidesmus indicus), Tippa Tiga Tinospora cardifolia), Pariki, Pala tiga (Cryptolepis buchanani), Kondagurva tiga (Smilax macrophylia) Korinta(Acacia-Intsia), Palligaddalu (Asparagus-racemosus), BonthaTiga (Calycopteris floribunda), Tumki (Beedi leaf), Karakkaya or Halela (Terminalia- Chebula), Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) etc., are worth mentioning species yielding a little forest produce in the district.

Drainage: The entire drainage of the district is controlled by the river systems of Godavari and Krishna. However, the river/streams flowing towards the North-east join Godavari while those flowing in Southern direction join the river Krishna. The important tributaries of river Godavari are Sabari and Kinnarasani while that of Krishna River are Wyra, Muneru, Paleru and Kattaleru. The other streams are Talperu, Nirudavagr, Sileru etc. Tanks/Ponds/lakes/kuntas/canals and numerous seasonal channels are also present in the district. The River Godavari flows through a distance of about 180 Km. in the district in South-eastern direction. It rises near Triambak in Nasik district of Maharastra State and enters this district near Tekulagudem chalk which is an uninhabited village of Wazeed Mandal. It leaves Khammam district at Kollur village of Vararamachandrapuram Mandal. The famous temple of Lord Rama located at Bhadrachalam is on the bank of this river. Apart from these

15


rivers, two important tributaries of Godavari and Muneru rivers namely Kinnerasani and Wyra flow into this district. Kinnerasani forms the boundary between Burgampahad and Palwancha Mandals and after traversing in the South eastern direction finally joins Godavari River near Sridhara village of Burgampahad Mandal. River Muneru rising in Warangal district flows southwards passing through Kothagudem and Khammam revenue divisions and finally joins the river Krishna. Another famous river Paleru rising in Warangal district flows almost parallel to Muneru and passes through Kakaravai village of Thirumalayapalem Mandal and joins river Krishna. The third river Akheru which also rises in Warangal district flows in the South eastern direction joins river Muneru at Thirthala village of Khammam rural Mandal. The Wyra tributary flows towards South direction and joins Muneru River in Krishna district.

Irrigation: The total area of Ayacut from various irrigation projects is 4,36,931.99 hectares. There irrigation projects are divided into three types viz., major irrigation projects with an area of 2,73,251.31 hectares, Medium irrigation projects with an area of 44,088.61 hectares while an area of 1,19,591 hectares is under minor irrigation projects. Further details of these irrigation projects are given below:

Table 1: Major, Medium and Minor Irrigation Projects Sl. No. Type Name of Project Ayacut in Hectares Status

1 2 3 4 5

1 Major

Nagarjuna Sagar Project 1,11,951.84 Completed Sri Ram Sagar project Stage - II 27,889.11

Ongoing Rajiv Dummugudem Lift Irrigation Scheme 79,724.81 Indira Dummugudem Lift Irrigation Scheme 53,685.55 P.V. Narasimha Rao Kantanapalli Lift Irrigation Scheme Stabilization Total 2,73,251.31

2 Medium

Wyra Project 7,037.64

Completed Lanka sagar Project 2,974.50 Peddavagu Project 6,475.11 Bayyaram Tank 2,913.80 Taliperu Project 9,995.95 Gundlavagu Project 1,044.11

Ongoing Palemvagu Project 4,100.36 Modikuntavagu Project 5,500.20 Kinnerasani Project 4,046.94 Total 44,088.61

3 Minor

Minor Irrigation Tanks (above 100 acres ayacut) (410 Nos) 59,612.71

Completed

Small and ITDA tanks (below 100 acres ayacut) (2,479 Nos) 28,773.78 Mini Lift Irrigation Schemes Scheduled Cast Corporation (65 Nos) 1,447.19 Mini Lift Irrigation Schemes ITDA (304 Nos) 5,963.17 Lift Irrigation Schemes (Andhra Pradesh State Irrigation Development Corporation) (312 Nos) 17,908.13

Minor Irrigation Tanks (above 100 acres ayacut) (10 Nos) 2,656.82 Ongoing Minor Irrigation Tanks (Below 100 acres ayacut) (12 Nos) 216.92

Lift Irrigation Schemes (13Nos) 3,013.35 Total 1,19,592.07

Grand Total 4,36,931.99 Source: Irrigation and CAD Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Hyderabad

The area irrigated by different sources is given below: Table 2: Area Irrigated by Different Sources

Sl. No. Net area irrigated by 2000-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06 06-07 07-08 08-09 09-10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 Tanks 52970 33689 34831 47774 49551 51892 47655 42199 49102 12532 2 Canals 66279 46178 23123 18065 28762 49627 51428 69820 63772 44524 3 Tube wells 16008 20018 17758 24764 28303 26870 38060 72162 38419 49212 4 Dug wells (other wells) 36383 34888 35711 41286 44981 39290 41346 NA 44857 38914 5 Other sources 23576 20295 16442 21128 21647 21407 18501 19213 22241 13340

Total area Irrigated 195216 155068 127865 153017 173244 189086 196990 203394 218391 158522 6 Area irrigated more than once 13644 12694 7838 18815 32172 51651 28868 40612 36911 23021

Gross area irrigated 208860 167762 135703 171832 205416 240737 225858 244006 255302 181543 Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics year books from 2001 to 2010

16


Climate: There are no remarkable fluctuations in the temperature as the district generally tends to be dry. It gets quite warm during the summer months of April, May and June and also continues to be warm in the rest of the year except during December and January where the temperature drops slightly. The maximum and minimum temperatures have been recorded as 42.90 and 16.20 centigrade respectively. The hot weather period in the district is between March to May, followed by South-west monsoon period between June to September, North-east monsoon period between October to December and winter period during January to February.

Winds: Winds are generally light to moderate with some increase in force during May and South-west monsoon season. During the post-monsoon season winds are very light and variable in direction in the mornings and mostly North-eastern in the afternoons. During the latter half of the cold season and in March and April morning, winds continue to be light and variable in direction, while the afternoon winds are being mostly Eastern to South-western. Winds from Western direction begin to blow from May and in the South-West monsoon season; winds are mainly from Western to North-western direction.

Temperature: The districts mean daily maximum temperature is about 42C and a mean daily minimum 28C is experienced during the summer. The days are intensively very hot and on individual days the temperature may go up to about 46C. The maximum temperature of 41.4C during the decade is recorded during the year 2003 in the hottest month of May. With advance of South-west monsoon by about middle of June there is an appreciable drop in temperature. By October the day temperature begins to increase slightly, but the night temperature steadily decreases. After November both day and night temperature decreases rapidly. The minimum temperature of 15.9C is recorded in the early decade i.e., during the year 2000 and in the month of December. The following table indicates the maximum and minimum temperatures month-wise during the decade from 2000 2005, as the data from July 2005 is not available:

Table 3: Month-wise Maximum and Minimum Temperature during the Decade from 2000-10

Sl. No. Max / Min Year / Month JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

1 Maximum

2000 30.2 31.2 34.3 38.4 38.8 33 31.7 30 32.5 32.5 30.8 28.8

Minimum 17.8 22.2 23 26.4 28.1 25.6 24.9 24.7 25.5 23.9 20.7 15.9

2 Maximum

2001 29 33.1 34.8 36 40.8 34.5 33.1 30.5 32.4 31.1 30.7 28.6

Minimum 17.7 20.2 24.1 26 28.9 27.2 25.9 24.7 25.1 23.8 21.6 17.1

3 Maximum

2002 28.9 31 34.7 37.1 40.4 35.1 34.8 31 33.8 32 30.1 29.7

Minimum 18.7 20.7 23.8 26.4 28.5 26.2 26.2 23.1 23.8 22.2 18.2 17.4

4 Maximum

2003 29.4 32.4 35.9 38.4 41.4 38.4 31.4 30.7 32.4 31 30.1 27.7

Minimum 18.3 21.6 23.7 25.7 28.7 25.2 23.7 23.8 24.5 23.3 19.7 16.3

5 Maximum 2004 28.2 30.9 36 38.2 37.3 35.6 31.7 32.1 32.1 31.8 NA NA Minimum 17.1 19.7 22.9 25.9 24.9 24.5 22 22.7 23.1 20.8 NA NA

6 Maximum 2005 28.9 30 35.6 37.7 40.3 40.2 NA NA NA NA NA NA Minimum 17.6 21.7 23.5 25.9 26.9 27.3 NA NA NA NA NA NA

7 Maximum

2006 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

Minimum NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA

8 Maximum



9 Maximum



10 Maximum


Minimum NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Source: Indian Meteorological Department, Hyderabad

17


Rainfall: The rainy season starts in June and ends in September which constitutes about 71% of the annual rainfall. The rainfall in the district increases from South-west to North-east. There is some rainfall during the summer and post monsoon months and it is mainly in the form of thundershowers. The normal rainfall of the district is 1124 mm per annum. The maximum rainfall of 1,540 mm is recorded in the year 2005-2006 with a rainfall variation of 37.01 % on the positive side [an addition of 316 mm of rainfall]. The minimum rainfall of 766 mm is recorded in the year 2002-2003 with a rainfall variation of -31.85 % on the negative side [a deficit of 358 mm of rainfall]. During the decade the district received a total rainfall of 11,342.2 mm of rainfall as against 11,240 mm of normal rainfall with a rainfall variation of 0.91 % on the positive side [an addition of 102.20 mm of rainfall during the decade].

Table 4: Rainfall Season-Wise: (in Millimetres) Sl. No. Name of the season 2000-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06 06-07 07-08 08-09 09-10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1 South-west Monsoon (June-September): Normal Rainfall = 890 Mm (a) Actual 1151 736 636 976 864 1160 946 947.9 1171.7 498.5 % Deviation from Normal 29.33 -17.30 -28.54 9.66 -2.92 30.34 6.29 6.51 31.65 -43.99

2 North-east Monsoon (October to December): Normal Rainfall = 130 Mm (a) Actual 56 117 114 188 110 193 69 138.8 87.3 133.6 % Deviation from Normal -56.92 -10.00 -12.31 44.62 -15.38 48.46 -46.92 6.77 -32.85 2.77

3 Winter Period (January to February): Normal Rainfall = 17 Mm (a) Actual 0 37 3 25 21 0 16 30 0 33.4 % Deviation from Normal -100 117.65 -82.35 47.06 23.53 -100 -5.88 76.47 -100 96.47

4 Hot-Weather period (March to May): Normal Rainfall = 87 Mm (a) Actual 55 39 13 51 63 187 49 154.5 67.9 203.6 % Deviation from Normal -36.78 -55.17 -85.06 -41.38 -27.59 114.94 -43.68 77.59 -21.95 134.02

5 Total Annual Rainfall (June to May): Normal Rainfall = 1124 Mm (a) Actual 1262 929 766 1240 1058 1540 1080 1271.2 1326.9 869.1 % Deviation from Normal 12.28 -17.35 -31.85 10.32 -5.87 37.01 -3.91 13.10 18.05 -22.68

Sources: Directorate of Economics and Statistics year books from 2001 to 2010

Minerals: Khammam is rich in Mineral sources. Dolomite and Coal are the major minerals of the district. The Singareni Collieries Company Limited or SCCL is a government-owned coal mining company in India. One of the public sector undertakings, the company is jointly owned by the state government (51 percent) and the Union Government (49 percent). The Union Government's administration of the company is through the Ministry of Coal. The production of Coal on an average in this district is about 17,000 tonnes per year. The coal fields at Yellandu, Manuguru and Kothagudem are of national importance. Coal is the most important mineral and very much useful for Thermal Power Stations.

Several other minerals like Iron ore, Barytes, Corundum, Granite, Limestone and Mica are found in the district. Iron ore occur in Bayyaram, Ramachandrapuram and Appalanarasimhapuram of Bayyaram Mandal. The important villages where Barytes is found are Pocharam, Siripuram, Rudramakota and Venkatayapalem. The good quality Graphite is found in the Jeediguppa, Kavadigundla and Gundlamadugu areas of Bhadrachalam and Palwancha Revenue Divisions. The Limestone is found in Yellandu and Khammam Mandals for use of fluxing agent in steel metallurgy marbles. The following table shows the production of some of the principal minerals [apart from coal] in the district for the year 2000 to 2010.

18


Table 5: Minerals [Quantity in Tonnes; Value in '000 Rs]

Sl. No. Year Baryte Dolomite Garnet Iron ore Quartz Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2000-01 Data Not Available 2 2001-02 19775 3955 531940 119139 80 48 NA NA NA NA 3 2002-03 7428 2228 583540 138950 15 9 NA NA 1616 338 4 2003-04 NA NA 180952 71790 NA NA NA NA 1680 260 5 2004-05 923 323 620432 176823 NA NA NA NA 2437 73 6 2005-06 13,980 6,731 740843 114549 64 26 65,100 5,540 3095 333 7 2006-07 10,050 4,647 727482 158271 1,019 448 119,810 15,539 5110 584 8 2007-08 8,519 4,931 783950 187615 1701 823 97,982 28522 3422 412 9 2008-09 16,066 9,615 607465 159915 258 137 124,542 96361 3293 382

10 2009-10 14,614 19,272 593,401 126,857 90 8 90,183 74,881 2,674 420 Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics year books from 2001 to 2010

The area utilized for the food crops and non-food crops varied from year to year. The highest of 5,24,952 hectares is used for both the food and non-food crops during the year 2008-2009 while the least area of 3,68,172 hectares is used for food and non-food crops during 2002-2003. However, it is to mention that the area of food crops was extensive during 2005-2006 with 3,82,975 hectares and least area under food crops is during the year 2009-2010 with 2,68,503 hectares. Following table indicates the details of food crops and non-food crops during the decade.

Table 6: Area under Food Crops and Non-Food Crops (in hectares) Sl. No. Type of Crops 2000-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06 06-07 07-08 08-09 09-10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 Food Crops 364964 307838 275856 350195 349846 382975 355190 353278 356983 268503 2 Non-Food Crops 106416 121366 92316 106103 129460 139534 142227 156085 167969 170547

Total 471380 429204 368172 456298 479306 522509 497417 509363 524952 439050 Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics year books from 2001 to 2010

The principal crops are bifurcated into Cereals, Pulses, Oilseeds and other crops. Of which under Cereals Rice, Jowar and Maize are the prominent crops of the district. Red gram, Green gram and Black gram are the prominent Pulses, Groundnut and Sesamum are the prominent Oil-Seeds of the district. Cotton, Mangoes and Cashew nut are the other prominent crops; Nimma Acid (Lime), Behndi, and Tomatoes are the important vegetables and fruits of the district. The table below indicates the details of the principal crops for the decade.

Table 7: Area (in Hectares) under Principal crops and their Out-turn (in Tonnes) and yield (per Hectare in Kgs) Sl. No. Name of the Crop 2000-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06 06-07 07-08 08-09 09-10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

1 Cereals

Rice: Area 183311 138262 103894 142108 162596 200091 178201 176277 194799 103100 Out-turn 504295 392627 181091 412482 474092 530957 448121 548203 595609 306495 Yield 2751 2840 1743 2903 2916 2654 2515 3110 3058 2973 Jowar: Area 12658 14944 9354 11942 6758 5037 4482 3331 3161 8336 Out-turn 7962 4813 6555 14741 4949 3543 3850 3961 2902 6584 Yield 629 791 701 1234 732 703 859 1189 918 790 Maize: Area 21059 16203 21956 25568 23311 23241 27488 28528 37646 36989 Out-turn 66101 49844 32842 113638 72039 114842 141020 178021 246757 181968 Yield 3139 3076 1496 4445 3090 3455 5130 6240 6555 4928

2 Pulses

Red Gram 26392 21645 25225 29950 27539 26742 22921 18865 14682 12385 Out-turn 14358 10282 10519 15814 15642 16500 12492 10867 8751 5920 Yield 544 262 417 528 568 617 545 576 596 478 Green Gram (Mung): Area 32120 25514 28287 47320 34576 26352 25500 26000 19220 20589

Out-turn 19296 11567 11108 21962 17832 15526 14672 15958 10827 5907 Yield 601 453 393 464 516 589 575 614 563 287 Black Gram 6564 7834 5868 8066 4234 5640 7210 8630 6805 7146 Out-turn 4811 1491 1583 3552 2904 4133 8247 8683 4725 5380 Yield 733 190 270 446 686 733 1144 1006 694 753

19


Table 7: Area (in Hectares) under Principal crops and their Out-turn (in Tonnes) and yield (per Hectare in Kgs) Sl. No. Name of the Crop 2000-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06 06-07 07-08 08-09 09-10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

3 Oil Seeds

Ground Nut: Area 7451 6040 4396 6717 6057 6025 5355 6573 6804 6580 Out-turn 10792 10044 5463 8219 7941 8281 8674 9553 10875 9232 Yield 1448 1663 1243 1224 1311 1375 1620 1453 1598 1403 Sesamum: Area 8521 8084 9482 13488 8111 7559 5530 5139 5084 4369 Out-turn 1374 1253 1359 2120 1910 1931 1238 1304 1562 759 Yield 161 155 143 157 235 256 224 254 307 174

4 Other Crops

Cotton: Area 82875 99040 70138 76338 105398 109752 110101 118513 124516 131900 Out-turn 192075 208557 11717 176475 242415 220150 249346 379242 317150 300266 Yield 394 358 284 393 391 341 385 544 433 387 Mangoes: Area 32447 32727 33157 32889 33400 33229 33179 33514 31301 30503 Out-turn NA NA NA NA NA 33811 82051 146867 168038 140924 Cashew nut 10041 10314 10618 10477 10393 9276 9324 9119 7903 7532 Out-turn NA NA NA NA NA NA 1650 6195 3680 3314

5 Fruits and

Vegetables Area

Nimma-Acid (lime) 496 452 484 545 560 33811 33741 34091 392 457 Behndi 400 441 362 432 410 461 502 526 492 530 Tomatoes 662 588 823 787 851 1156 989 1012 906 938

Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics year books from 2001 to 2010

The Agricultural Machinery and the implements being utilized in the district are as follows:

Table 8: Agricultural Machinery and Implements 2003 and 2007 Sl. No. Items 2003 2007

1 2 3 4 5

1 Ploughs a) Wooden 109148 111258 b) Iron/Steel 74039 71669

2 Sugar Cane Crushers a) Worked by power 9 548 b) Worked by bullocks 2254 NA

3 Animal Carts NA 37167 4 Ghannis NA 1139 5 Water lifting devices(Animal) NA 87


The livestock plays a multi-faceted role in providing drought power for the farm, manure for crops and energy for cooking, food, milk and meat for household consumption as well as for the market. Livestock also provides raw material such as hides and skins, blood, bone, fat etc. required for industrial use. Livestock development service at the close of each financial year is shown below:

Table 9: Live Stock Development Services at the close of each Financial Year Sl. No. Subject 31.3.01 31.3.02 31.3.03 31.3.04 31.3.05 31.3.06 31.3.07 31.3.08 31.3.09 31.3.10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1

No. of Veterinary institutions catering to veterinary aid Veterinary poly clinic 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Veterinary hospitals 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 Dispensaries 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 78 Rural livestock units 148 148 149 149 149 149 149 155 157 157 MVCs * NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2 2 2 Total 237 237 238 238 238 238 238 246 248 248

2

No. of Technical Persons employed in veterinary institutions Deputy Directors 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 Asst. Directors 17 19 17 10 10 18 15 14 14 19 Veterinary Asst. Surgeons 82 82 79 46 47 44 46 49 48 43 Para-Veterinary Staff 244 244 240 203 200 186 214 193 206 139 Total 344 346 337 260 258 250 277 258 270 202

3

No. of cases treated (incl. livestock forms) Out patient 2457660 2678000 3068049 2947577 2952240 2899625 1441234 1522895 1625882 1622145 In patient 40 NA 42 715 26 26 74 45 NA 61 Total 2457700 2678000 3068091 2948292 2952266 2899651 1441308 1522940 1625882 1622206

4 No. of castration done 44000 43606 50476 50872 64404 59656 30966 32607 30843 30603 5 No. of vaccination done 2642000 2657566 3089262 3204640 3809138 3796698 2971749 3002433 2687885 3279382

20


Table 9: Live Stock Development Services at the close of each Financial Year Sl. No. Subject 31.3.01 31.3.02 31.3.03 31.3.04 31.3.05 31.3.06 31.3.07 31.3.08 31.3.09 31.3.10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

6

Artificial Insemination done in Nos Exotic 1150 1000 1135 983 1235 1598 1641 1602 2289 2699 Indigenous 7790 12000 12264 11843 14585 13566 16023 19650 23005 25468 Murrah 59630 63000 67203 66735 83833 85543 96428 107324 155535 140262 Total 68570 76000 80602 79561 99653 100707 114092 128576 180829 168429

7

Calves born (Nos) Exotic 364 390 465 377 349 386 446 505 578 817 Indigenous 3177 3607 5044 5261 5691 6079 5626 6753 8354 7742 Murrah 19623 21169 23952 25361 27227 31259 30979 33503 38812 47282 Total 23164 25166 29461 30999 33267 37724 37051 40761 47744 55841

8 No. of Artificial Insemination Centres 216 226 228 228 228 238 228 231 239 228

9 Area under fodder development in acres 22887 28235 62515 65125 62349 58348 58254 38326 37108 37386

Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics year books from 2001 to 2010 * Mobile Veterinary Clinics

The livestock population is conducted by the Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India. Livestock Census is a complete count of the livestock and poultry at a pre-defined reference point of time. As in population Census, primary workers were engaged to undertake house to house enumeration and ascertain the number, age, sex, etc., of livestock/poultry possessed by every household/household enterprises/ non-household/ non -household enterprises and institutions in rural and urban areas. The following table gives the details of the Livestock census conducted in 2003 and 2007.

Table 10: Live Stock and Poultry Population (in numbers) Sl. No. Particulars 2003 2007

1 2 3 4

1

Cattle (a) Males over 3 years 207943 264519 (a) Females over 3 years 187107 262760 (c) Young Stock 178316 232252 Total Cattle 573366 759531

2

Buffaloes (a)Males over 3 years 18626 27,428 (b) Females over 3 years 287298 403655 (c) Young Stock 254620 335138 Total Buffaloes 560544 766221

3 Sheep 415985 465762 4 Goats 343126 629697 5 Pigs 28943 31,441 6 Other Live Stock 41 8917 7 Total Live stock 1922005 2661569 8 Dogs 56559 48424 9 Rabbits 1242 1347

10 Poultry 1925914 2801130 Source: Directorate of Economics and Statistics year books from 2001 to 2010

The total number of factories working under the factories Act and the number of workers engaged in it according to the various category of the industry is shown below:

21


Table 11: No. of Factories Working under Factories Act, Industry-Wise and Persons Employed Sl. No. Name of the Industry 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1 Mining and Quarrying Factories Data Not Available No. of Workers Data Not Available

2 Food products and beverages 597 602 527 410 389 446 422 467 413 1 No. of Workers 5050 4658 4559 3156 2771 2665 1883 5813 2015 10

3 Textiles NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 14 No. of Workers NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 4614

4 Wood and Wood Products and Cork except Furniture 105 108 108 108 100 98 80 80 81 4

No. of Workers 414 323 323 323 303 294 210 210 216 125

5 Paper and Paper Products 5 5 4 4 6 7 12 13 14 2 No. of Workers 2653 2541 2717 2594 3378 3597 3679 4451 4502 87

6 Publishing, Printing and Reproduction of Recorded Media 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 7 2

No. of Workers 41 79 80 108 127 147 204 280 285 22

7 Chemicals and Chemical Products 7 7 9 9 10 10 6 8 9 5 No. of Workers 146 142 165 162 429 216 172 154 190 1027

8 Rubber and Plastic products 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 10 No. of Workers 20 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 96

9 Other Non-Metallic Mineral Products 214 240 231 267 301 402 473 523 568 NA No. of Workers 2702 2494 2408 2733 2867 3650 4032 7829 5468 NA

10 Basic metals 5 5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 2 No. of Workers 886 869 849 840 917 977 905 820 882 835

11 Fabricated Metal Products except Machinery and Equipment. 11 12 12 13 11 10 11 11 11 NA

No. of Workers 120 133 130 124 103 97 107 107 107 NA

12 Machinery and Equipment NEC Data Not Available No. of Workers Data Not Available

13 Electricity, Gas, Streams Hot Water Supply 4 5 6 6 7 6 5 5 5 NA No. of Workers 3133 3181 3594 3609 3414 3902 3910 3168 3156 NA

14 Collection, Purification and Distribution of Water 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 NA No. of Workers 20 12 24 24 12 22 34 34 34 NA

15 Sale, Maintenance, Repairs of Motor Vehicles and Retail 10 10 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 NA

No. of Workers 489 474 464 464 463 463 461 461 461 NA Total No. of Factories 962 999 917 838 845 1000 1034 1133 1127 40 Total No. of Workers 15674 14927 15334 14158 14805 16051 15618 23348 17337 6816 Sources: Directorate of Economics and Statistics year books from 2001 to 2010

The total number of factories and their fixed capital, working capital and productive capital, loans, number of employees, number of workers, consumption of raw material, net value added, gross value added of the factories registered under section 2m (i) and 2m (ii) during the decade from 2000-2001 to 2009-2010 is shown below:

Table 12: Working of Factories Registered under Section 2m (i) and 2m (ii) Sl. No. Particulars 2000-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06 06-07 07-08 08-09 09-10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 No. of Factories 266 341 316 359 396 532

Data

Not

Ava

ilabl

e

591 682

Data

Not

Ava

ilabl

e

2 Fixed Capital ( Lakhs) 29814 102,085 194317 130,844 125523 126787 231,206 338,956 3 Working Capital 9176 19,606 35761 26,000 54110 43286 37,893 95,285 4 Productive Capital 38990 121,691 230078 156,844 179630 170073 269,099 434238 5 Outstanding Loans NA NA NA NA 20107 16259 41,382 49,410 6 No. of Workers 8529 8641 11963 8085 8599 10743 12020 14692 7 No. of Employees 11203 11857 14,965 10750 11250 13780 15505 19939 8 Wages to Workers 2720 4,001 4903 4,406 5284 5932 11,119 7,915 9 Total emoluments 4040 6,478 7881 7,839 8955 9122 11,214 13,873

10 Fuel etc. consumed NA NA NA NA 32339 24448 34,592 30,672 11 Material Consumed NA NA NA NA 68619 87152 120412 195252 12 Total Inputs 42758 79,404 103253 100,377 101782 123363 180279 309428 13 Total Output 55217 103786 145900 136243 137920 159211 251271 403066 14 Products NA NA NA NA 124533 144414 205734 283484 15 Depreciation 2689 6455 8462 8737 8683 7734 11851 17441 16 Net value added 9770 17,927 34185 27,129 27456 28114 59,141 76197 17 Gross value added NA 24,382 42647 35,866 36139 35848 30,992 93638


22


The annual average cost of the Construction material including different bricks, stone, timber, tiles, sanitary ware steel, cement asbestos corrugated cement sheets utilized in the district during the decade from 2000-2001 to 2009-2010 is shown below:

Table 13: Annual average Prices (in Rupees) of Building Material for the Selected Materials Sl. No. Item and Quantity 2000-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06 06-07 07-08 08-09 09-10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 Bricks 1st class (1000 Nos)

Data

Not

Ava

ilabl

e

1000 1075 1237.5 1562.5 1750 1788 2675 3088 2900 2 Bricks 2nd class (1000 Nos) 887.5 975 1100 1300 1625 1463 2275 2738 2500 3 Sand medium (cu. meters) 270.75 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 4 Sand fine (cu. meters) NA NA NA NA NA NA 300 483 620

5 Stone Ballast 20mm. gauge (cu. meters) 663 660.75 766.5 781.75 741.5 819 522 465 782.5

6 Timber G.P. Teak (cu. meters) 44,405.50 48426.5 53061 57170 56768.8 57925 55060 57757 71967.5 7 Timber Sal wood (cu. meters) NA NA NA NA NA NA 44500 NA NA 8 Ordinary Cement (M. Tonnes) 2640 2325 2685 2500 2525 3825 4175 4100 3525

9 M.S. Round Bars 6mm Dia (M. Tonnes) 16325 16575 20,475 27325 26,875 30875 39800 43000 34,125

10 M.S. Round Bars 10mm Dia (M. Tonnes) 15,400 15750 20,350 25500 25,975 30900 38550 41000 33,075

11 M.S. Round Bars 12mm Dia (M. Tonnes) 15,375 15650 20,275 26275 25,925 30825 38575 41500 32,750

12 Tiles (Mangalore) 1000 Nos

Data

Not

Ava

ilabl

e

2980 2375 2,000 2000 2,000 2375 2950 NA NA 13 Tiles (Glazed) 1000 Nos 3950 3000 3193.25 1

census of india 2011 andhra pradesh village and town

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