cellulose-based composites: from tunicates to timber · cellulose nanofibre composites 11 caterina...
TRANSCRIPT
Cellulose-based
Composites: From
Tunicates to Timber
Professor Steve Eichhorn
ACCIS/NCC Conference
21st November 2019
Talk Overview2
• What is cellulose?
• Where does it come from?
• Natural fibre composites
• Nanocellulose
• Project case studies
• Back to Timber
• Future perspectivesAnselme Payen (1795 – 1871)
Died on 13th May, 1871
My History with Cellulose and Aviation3
Pete Eichhorn – built a VJ23 (Volmer Jensen design) from scratch and flew it for many years
Mainly made from woodLeading edge – poplar plywood
Nose ribs – marine grade plywood
Wing spar cap strips and tail ribs - spruce
Me
What is cellulose and where from?4
6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
Chlorophyll
The most important equation on the planet!
Trafficking of the cellulose synthase complex in developing xylem vessels
Raymond Wightman, Simon Turner
Biochemical Society Transactions, 2010, 38 755-760.
Bicton Gardens, April 2018 (Spring!)
Natural Fibres5
CottonFlax
Jute
Hemp Kenaf
Bluebell tunicate Wood
Nettle (Ramie) Eichhornia crassipes
Natural Fibre Composites6
Henry Ford and the hemp/Soybean
oil composite
George Washington Carver(1860s – 1943)
Mercedes A-200 using flax
reinforced panels Hemcrete –
hemp fibre lime
for insulation
materials
Nanocellulose7
Material Density (g cm-3) Modulus (GPa) Specific modulus (GPa g-1 cm3)
Cellulose (crystal) 1.6 137 86
Cellulose (fibril) ~1.5 39-65 ~26-43
Cellulose (fibre)* ~1.5 Flax: 27.6Jute: 26.5Ramie: 61.4 –128(!)
~18-85
Steel 7.8 200 26
Wood (pine) 0.5 9-16 (parallel to grain)
18-32
What if you were able to extract the crystalline properties of cellulose?
Nanocellulose8
8
H2SO4
Wood Cotton TunicinBacterial Cellulose
Native cellulose
(microfibrilar)
Cellulose
Nanocrystals
Tunicate cellulose nanocrystals
Nanocellulose Properties9
1025 1050 1075 1100 1125 1150
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
1.5%
0%
Inte
nsity (
Arb
itra
ry U
nits)
Raman Wavenumber (cm-1)
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75-2.50
-2.25
-2.00
-1.75
-1.50
-1.25
-1.00
-0.75
-0.50
-0.25
0.00
Slope = - 2.4 cm-1/%)
R2 = 0.94
Ram
an B
and S
hift
(cm
-1)
Strain (%)
Modulus of a single nano-whisker of tunicate
cellulose is found to be 143 GPa by this
Calculation. Expected high stiffness – potential exploitation
Sturcova, A., Davies, G.R., Eichhorn, S.J.
2005. Biomacromolecules, 6, 1055-1061.
Iwamoto, S.; Kai, W. H.; Isogai, A.;
Iwata, T. Biomacromolecules 2009,
10, 2571-2576.
Modulus values of 150.7 ± 28.8 GPa (unmodified)145.2 ± 31.3 GPa (TEMPO oxidated)
Saito et al. Biomacromolecules 14 (2013) 248−253
Strength values: Wood: 1.6 – 3 GPa; Tunicate : 3 – 6 GPa
Taking Waste from Paper Mill Sludge10
Cynthia Adu
(Cranfield)
Chenchen Zhu
(Bristol)
Adu, C., Berglund, L., Oksman, K.,
Eichhorn, S.J., Jolly, M., Zhu, C.
2018. Journal of Cleaner Production,
197 765-771.
Cellulose Nanofibre Composites11
Caterina Palange
(Fiberlean/UoB)
200µm
• FiberLean is a form “microfibrillated cellulose”
(MFC) produced by mechanical disintegration of
pulp.
• MFC is formed by interconnected and
entangled flexible cellulose fibrils of different
length and thickness which forms a complex
networked morphology.
• MFC is naturally hydrophilic and incompatible
with polyolefins Tannic acid(natural extract from plants) Tannic acid modified MFC + resin
Polarised light micrograph of Fiberlean Confocal image of PPPE/Fiberlean
EngD within the IDC in Composites Manufacturing
Palange, C., Johns, M.A., Scurr, D.J.,
Phipps, J.S., Eichhorn, S.J. 2019. Cellulose - in press
The Future – what is sustainable?12
Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the needs of future generations to meet their own needs (Bruntland1987)
http://www.uq.edu.au/research/impact/stories/indigenous-opportunity-sprouts-from-desert-discovery/
• Non- renewable
• Renewable
• Replenishable
Oil Coal Natural Gas
Timber Plants Wool
Water Soil Air
“The fact is that we live in a world that has beenprofoundly shaped by empire and its disparities.Differentials of power between and within nations areprobably greater today than they have ever been. Thesedifferentials are, in turn, closely related to carbonemissions. The distribution of power in the world lies atthe core of the climate crisis”
Ghosh “The Great Derangement: Climate Change and the Unthinkable. Chicago, IL. University of Chicago Press.
Solomon Islands Flooding in India
Acknowledgements13
Many thanks to the EPSRC and Royal Society for funding of the research.
Cynthia Adu
(Cranfield)
Caterina Palange
(Fiberlean/UoB)
