cellular respiration. catabolism “entropy” energy for: anabolismwork chemical potential energy
TRANSCRIPT
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Cellular Respiration
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CATABOLISM
“ENTROPY”ENERGY FOR:
ANABOLISM WORK
Chemical Potential Energy
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Energy+
Energy+
Coupled Reaction
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Energy+
Energy+
ATP ADP + P + Energy
Coupled Reaction
Coupled Reaction
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III. Cellular Respiration Overview:
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MATTER and ENERGY in FOOD
MONOMERS and WASTE
DIGESTION AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION
ADP + P ATP
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III. Cellular Respiration Overview:
Focus on core process…Glucose metabolism
GLYCOLYSIS
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III. Cellular Respiration Overview:
Focus on core process…Glucose metabolism
GLYCOLYSIS
Oxygen Present? Oxygen Absent?Aerobic Resp. Anaerobic Resp.
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III. Cellular Respiration Overview:
Focus on core process…Glucose metabolism
GLYCOLYSIS
Oxygen Present? Oxygen Absent?
Fermentation
A little ATP
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III. Cellular Respiration Overview:
Focus on core process…Glucose metabolism
GLYCOLYSIS
Oxygen Present? Oxygen Absent?
Fermentation
A little ATP
GatewayCACETC
LOTS OF ATP
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III. Cellular Respiration Overview:1. Glycolysis:
- Occurs in presence OR absence of oxygen gas. - All cells do this! (very primitive pathway) - Occurs in the cytoplasm of all cells
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LE 9-8
Energy investment phase
Glucose
2 ATP used2 ADP + 2 P
4 ADP + 4 P 4 ATP formed
2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+
Energy payoff phase
+ 2 H+2 NADH
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
2 ATP
2 NADH + 2 H+
Glucose
4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used
2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+
Net
Glycolysis
ATPATPATP
III. Cellular Respiration Overview:1. Glycolysis:
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LE 9-8
Energy investment phase
Glucose
2 ATP used2 ADP + 2 P
4 ADP + 4 P 4 ATP formed
2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+
Energy payoff phase
+ 2 H+2 NADH
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
2 ATP
2 NADH + 2 H+
Glucose
4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used
2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+
Net
Glycolysis
ATPATPATP
What's needed to keep the reaction going?
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LE 9-8
Energy investment phase
Glucose
2 ATP used2 ADP + 2 P
4 ADP + 4 P 4 ATP formed
2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+
Energy payoff phase
+ 2 H+2 NADH
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
2 ATP
2 NADH + 2 H+
Glucose
4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used
2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+
Net
Glycolysis
ATPATPATP
What's needed to keep the reaction going?
- glucose.... (moot)
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LE 9-8
Energy investment phase
Glucose
2 ATP used2 ADP + 2 P
4 ADP + 4 P 4 ATP formed
2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+
Energy payoff phase
+ 2 H+2 NADH
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
2 ATP
2 NADH + 2 H+
Glucose
4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used
2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+
Net
Glycolysis
ATPATPATP
What's needed to keep the reaction going?
- glucose....
- ATP... but previous rxn made some, so that's there
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LE 9-8
Energy investment phase
Glucose
2 ATP used2 ADP + 2 P
4 ADP + 4 P 4 ATP formed
2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+
Energy payoff phase
+ 2 H+2 NADH
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
2 ATP
2 NADH + 2 H+
Glucose
4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used
2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+
Net
Glycolysis
ATPATPATP
What's needed to keep the reaction going?
- glucose....
- ATP... but previous rxn made some, so that's there
-and you need NAD to accept the electrons....
-(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
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LE 9-8
Energy investment phase
Glucose
2 ATP used2 ADP + 2 P
4 ADP + 4 P 4 ATP formed
2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+
Energy payoff phase
+ 2 H+2 NADH
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
2 ATP
2 NADH + 2 H+
Glucose
4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used
2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+
Net
Glycolysis
ATPATPATP
What's needed to keep the reaction going?
- glucose....
- ATP... but previous rxn made some, so that's there
- and you need NAD to accept the electrons....
AS GLYCOLYSIS PROCEEDS, THE [NAD+] DECLINES AND CAN BECOME LIMITING....
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LE 9-8
Energy investment phase
Glucose
2 ATP used2 ADP + 2 P
4 ADP + 4 P 4 ATP formed
2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+
Energy payoff phase
+ 2 H+2 NADH
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
2 Pyruvate + 2 H2O
2 ATP
2 NADH + 2 H+
Glucose
4 ATP formed – 2 ATP used
2 NAD+ + 4 e– + 4 H+
Net
Glycolysis
ATPATPATP
What's needed to keep the reaction going?
- glucose....
- ATP... but previous rxn made some, so that's there
- and you need NAD to accept the electrons....
AS GLYCOLYSIS PROCEEDS, THE [NAD+] DECLINES AND CAN BECOME LIMITING....
CELLS HAVE EVOLVED TO RECYCLE NAD+..... SO GLYCOLYSIS CAN CONTINUE....
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LE 9-18
Pyruvate
Glucose
CYTOSOL
No O2 presentFermentation
Ethanolor
lactate
Acetyl CoA
MITOCHONDRION
O2 present Cellular respiration
Citricacidcycle
NAD+ NAD+PYRUVATE
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III. Cellular Respiration Overview:1. Glycolysis2. Anaerobic Respiration
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LE 9-17a
+ 2 H+
P
2
Alcohol fermentation
CO22 NADH2 NAD+
2 Acetaldehyde
2 ATP2 ADP + 2 i
2 Pyruvate
2 Ethanol
Glucose Glycolysis
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LE 9-17b
i
2 Lactate
Lactic acid fermentation
+ 2 H+
2 NADH2 NAD+
2 ATP2 ADP + 2 P
2 Pyruvate
Glucose Glycolysis
Lactate
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III. Cellular Respiration Overview:1. Glycolysis2. Anaerobic Respiration3. Aerobic Respiration
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III. Cellular Respiration Overview:1. Glycolysis2. Anaerobic Respiration3. Aerobic Respiration
- Had Glycolysis: C6 (glucose) 2C3 (pyruvate) + ATP, NADH
a - Gateway step: 2C3 2C2 (acetyl) + 2C (CO2) + NADH
b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl) 4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP
c - Electron Transport Chain: convert energy in NADH, FADH to ATP
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LE 9-10
Pyruvate
NAD+
Transport protein
NADH + H+
Coenzyme ACO2
Acetyl Co A
energy harvested as NADH
Gateway step: 2C3 2C2 (acetyl) + 2C (CO2) + NADH
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III. Cellular Respiration Overview:1. Glycolysis2. Anaerobic Respiration3. Aerobic Respiration
- Had Glycolysis: C6 (glucose) 2C3 (pyruvate) + ATP, NADH
a - Gateway step: 2C3 2C2 (acetyl) + 2C (CO2) + NADH
b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl) 4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP
c - Electron Transport Chain: convert energy in NADH, FADH to ATP
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b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl) 4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP
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b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl) 4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP
1. C2 (acetyl) binds to C4 (oxaloacetate), making a C6 molecule (citrate)
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b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl) 4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP
1. C2 (acetyl) binds to C4 (oxaloacetate), making a C6 molecule (citrate)
2. One C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts energy (NADH)
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b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl) 4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP
1. C2 (acetyl) binds to C4 (oxaloacetate), making a C6 molecule (citrate)
2. One C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts energy (NADH)
3. The second C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts the energy…at this point the acetyl group has been split!!
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b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl) 4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP
1. C2 (acetyl) binds to C4 (oxaloacetate), making a C6 molecule (citrate)
2. One C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts energy (NADH)
3. The second C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts the energy…at this point the acetyl group has been split!!
4. The C4 molecules is rearranged, regenerating the oxaloacetate; releasing energy that is stored in ATP, FADH, and NADH.
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b - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl) 4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP
1. C2 (acetyl) binds to C4 (oxaloacetate), making a C6 molecule (citrate)
2. One C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts energy (NADH)
3. The second C is broken off (CO2) and NAD accepts the energy…at this point the acetyl group has been split!!
4. The C4 molecules is rearranged, regenerating the oxaloacetate; releasing energy that is stored in ATP, FADH, and NADH.
5. In summary, the C2 acetyl is split and the energy released is trapped in ATP, FADH, and 3 NADH. (this occurs for EACH of the 2 pyruvates from the initial glucose).
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III. Cellular Respiration Overview:1. Glycolysis2. Anaerobic Respiration3. Aerobic Respiration
a - Glycolysis: C6 (glucose) 2C3 (pyruvate) + ATP, NADH
b - Gateway step: 2C3 2C2 (acetyl) + 2C (CO2) + NADH
c - Citric Acid Cycle: 2C2 (acetyl) 4C (CO2) + NADH, FADH, ATP
d - Electron Transport Chain: convert energy in NADH, FADH to ATP
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d - Electron Transport Chain: transfer energy in NADH, FADH to ATP
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LE 9-13
ATP ATP ATP
GlycolysisOxidative
phosphorylation:electron transportand chemiosmosis
Citricacidcycle
NADH
50
FADH2
40 FMN
Fe•S
I FAD
Fe•S II
IIIQ
Fe•S
Cyt b
30
20
Cyt c
Cyt c1
Cyt a
Cyt a3
IV
10
0
Multiproteincomplexes
Fre
e en
erg
y (G
) re
lati
ve t
o O
2 (k
cal/m
ol)
H2O
O22 H+ + 1/2
electron
ADP + P
ATP
RELEASES ENERGY
STORES ENERGY
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LE 9-13
ATP ATP ATP
GlycolysisOxidative
phosphorylation:electron transportand chemiosmosis
Citricacidcycle
NADH
50
FADH2
40 FMN
Fe•S
I FAD
Fe•S II
IIIQ
Fe•S
Cyt b
30
20
Cyt c
Cyt c1
Cyt a
Cyt a3
IV
10
0
Multiproteincomplexes
Fre
e en
erg
y (G
) re
lati
ve t
o O
2 (k
cal/m
ol)
H2O
O22 H+ + 1/2
electron
ADP + P
ATP
RELEASES ENERGY
STORES ENERGY
HEY!!! Here’s the first time O2 shows up!!! It is the final electron acceptor, and water is produced as a waste product!
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LE 9-15
Protein complexof electroncarriers
H+
ATP ATP ATP
GlycolysisOxidative
phosphorylation:electron transportand chemiosmosis
Citricacidcycle
H+
Q
IIII
II
FADFADH2
+ H+NADH NAD+
(carrying electronsfrom food)
Innermitochondrialmembrane
Innermitochondrialmembrane
Mitochondrialmatrix
Intermembranespace
H+
H+
Cyt c
IV
2H+ + 1/2 O2 H2O
ADP +
H+
ATP
ATPsynthase
Electron transport chainElectron transport and pumping of protons (H+),
Which create an H+ gradient across the membrane
P i
ChemiosmosisATP synthesis powered by the flow
of H+ back across the membrane
Oxidative phosphorylation
ETC: energy and electrons from NADH and FADH are used to pump H+ against gradient to inner membrane space…potential E.
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LE 9-15
Protein complexof electroncarriers
H+
ATP ATP ATP
GlycolysisOxidative
phosphorylation:electron transportand chemiosmosis
Citricacidcycle
H+
Q
IIII
II
FADFADH2
+ H+NADH NAD+
(carrying electronsfrom food)
Innermitochondrialmembrane
Innermitochondrialmembrane
Mitochondrialmatrix
Intermembranespace
H+
H+
Cyt c
IV
2H+ + 1/2 O2 H2O
ADP +
H+
ATP
ATPsynthase
Electron transport chainElectron transport and pumping of protons (H+),
Which create an H+ gradient across the membrane
P i
ChemiosmosisATP synthesis powered by the flow
of H+ back across the membrane
Oxidative phosphorylation
ETC: energy and electrons from NADH and FADH are used to pump H+ against gradient to inner membrane space…potential E.
Chemiosmosis: E in flow of H+ used to make bond in ATP.
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III. Cellular Respiration Overview:1. Glycolysis2. Anaerobic Respiration3. Aerobic Respiration
d - Electron Transport Chain: convert energy in NADH, FADH to ATP
- OXYGEN is just an electron ACCEPTOR - WATER is produced as a metabolic waste - All carbons in glucose have been separated - Energy has been harvested and stored in bonds in ATP
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If O2 is NOT present, the ETC backs up and NADH and FADH can’t give up their electrons and H+ to the ETC
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If O2 is NOT present, the ETC backs up and NADH and FADH can’t give up their electrons and H+ to the ETC
What happens then????
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If O2 is NOT present, the ETC backs up and NADH and FADH can’t give up their electrons and H+ to the ETC
NADH is recycled through FERMENTATION to NAD so at least GLYCOLYSIS can continue!!
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FOOD CO2, water, and waste
ADP + PATP
ANABOLISM WORK
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Phosphorylation of myosin causes it to toggle and bond to actin; release of phosphate causes it to return to low energy state and pull actin…contraction.
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FOOD CO2, water, and waste
ADP + PATP
ANABOLISM WORK