cellular metabolism and reproduction: mitosis and...

O B J EC T I V ES

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C H A P T E R 4

After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

1. Define metabolism.

2. Describe the basic steps in glycolysis and indicate the major products and ATP production.

3. Describe the Krebs citric acid cycle and its major products and ATP production.

4. Describe the electron transport system and how ATP is produced.

5. Compare glycolysis with anaerobic production of ATP in muscle cells andfermentation.

6. Explain how other food compounds besides glucose are used as energy sources.

7. Name the discoverers of the anatomy of the DNA molecule.

8. Know the basic structure of the DNA molecule.

9. Name the nitrogen base pairs and how they pair up in the DNA molecule.

10. Define the stages of the cell cycle.

11. Explain the significance of mitosis in the survival of the cell and growth in the human body.

12. Understand the significance of meiosis as a reduction of the genetic material and for the formation of the sex cells.

Cellular Metabolism and Reproduction:Mitosis and Meiosis

NAME: DATE:

38736_04_Ch04_p051-068.indd 5138736_04_Ch04_p051-068.indd 51 8/26/09 11:38:24 AM8/26/09 11:38:24 AM

52 Section 2 • Chapter Exercises


ACTIVITIES

A. CompletionFill in the blank spaces with the correct term.

1. To maintain structure and function, must occur in cells.

2. The total chemical change occurring inside a cell is called .

3. builds and requires energy.

4. breaks down and releases energy.

5. These processes are called .

6. The process using CO2, H2O, light, and chlorophyll to produce food is called .

7. Anaerobic glucose decomposition in yeast is called .

8. is the process for adding a phosphate to glucose during glycolysis.

9. is the result of cleaving fructose diphosphate.

10. Glycolytic breakdown of one glucose molecule provides two molecules.

11. The transition from C3 pyruvic acid to C2 acetyl-CoA has a first transitional conversion of .

12. The Krebs citric acid cycle produces five acids in transition; they are , , , , and .

13. When yeast breaks down glucose, the resultant products are , , and .

14. During fermentation, the enzyme decarboxylase breaks down and .

15. Anaerobic breakdown of glucose in muscle cells produces .

16. Fatty acids and glycerol are products of digestion.

17. Digestion breaks down protein into .

18. Meiosis occurs only in the .

19. A(n) is a sequence of organic nitrogen base pairs that codes for a polypeptide or a protein.

20. Two purines in DNA are and .

21. Two pyrimidines in DNA are and .

22. The four letters in the alphabet of life are , , , and .

23. The cell cycle’s three stages are , , and .

24. Strands of DNA duplicate themselves during the .

25. The four stages of mitosis are , , , and .

26. A(n) cell is an exact duplicate of a parent cell resulting from mitosis.

27. are a group of microtubules between cell poles.

28. Chromosomes first form a ring during .

29. The shortest and most dynamic phase is .

30. Actual cell division into two daughter cells is accomplished by a(n) .

31. During , a nuclear membrane forms around each group of daughter chromosomes.

32. The male gamete is the and the female gamete is the .

33. Mitosis has one cell division; meiosis has .


Chapter 4 • Cellular Metabolism and Reproduction: Mitosis and Meiosis 53


34. There are daughter cells produced during meiosis and each contains chromosomes.

35. Meiosis resembles mitosis during its second stage; however, there is no duplication of .

36. In telophase I, each pole has a cluster of “ ” chromosomes.

37. Crossing-over occurs only in .

38. The two hydrogen atoms that come off each of the two PGALs go to the system.

B. MatchingMatch the term on the right with the definition on the left.

39. sex cells a. crossing-over

40. citric acid cycle b. G2

41. defective cells spread c. spermatogenesis

42. two chromatids, one centromere d. diploid

43. cells divide continuously e. gametes

44. disruption of DNA code copying f. telophase II

45. occurs in testes g. adenine

46. occurs in ovaries h. Rosalind Franklin

47. result in 4 haploid daughter cells i. Krebs

48. chromosomes exchange genetic material j. metaphase II

49. full number of chromosomes k. mutation

50. forms new cell wall l. oogenesis

51. fi nal phase for cell division preparation m. NAD

52. always pairs with thymine n. cancer

53. always pairs with cytosine o. ATP

54. DNA a winding staircase p. 2NADH2

55. 2 ATP produced q. metastasize

56. 6 ATP produced r. cell plate

57. energy from glucose s. guanine

58. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide t. glycolysis

C. Key TermsUse the text to look up the following terms. Write the definition or explanation.

59. Acetaldehyde:

60. Aerobic:




61. Alpha-ketoglutaric acid:

62. Anaerobic respiration:

63. Cellular respiration metabolism:

64. Chiasmata:

65. Chromatid:

66. Chromatin:

67. Cleavage furrow:

68. Crossing-over:

69. Electron transfer/transport system:

70. Fermentation:




71. Flavin adenine dinucleotide:

72. Gametogenesis:

73. Gerontologists:

74. Glycolysis:

75. Haploid:

76. Kinetochore:

77. Lactic acid:

78. Metastasize:

79. Mutation:

80. Phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL):




81. Phosphorylation:

82. Polar bodies:

83. Quinone:

84. Synapsis:

85. Tetrad:




D. Labeling Exercise 86. Label the cellular respiration steps as indicated in Figure 4-1.

A. B. C.

ATP

NADH

D. NADH

NADH E.

H O 2

G.

O 2

F.

Plasma membrane

Extracellular fluid

Cytoplasm

H.

Electron transport system

Lactic acid

A.

B.

C.

D.

E.

F.

G.

H.

Figure 4-1




87. Label the mitosis phase as indicated in Figure 4-2.

Centrioles

Nucleolus

Nucleus

Nuclearmembrane

Cellmembrane

A. F.

B. G.

C. H.

D. I.

E.

Figure 4-2

A. B. C.

D. E. F.

G. H. I.




E. Coloring Exercise 88. Using Figure 4-3, color the thymine molecule yellow, the adenine blue, the guanine green, and the cyto-

sine orange.

CH2

O�

O�

P

O

O

O�

O

P

O

O

O

HH

H

HH

H

HH

CH2 O

HH

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

HH

CH2 O

HH

H

H

O

H H

O

O�

P

O

O

H2C

O�

O

P

O

O

H

H

H

H

H

O

O�

P

O

O

H2C

CH2

H

O�

O

P

O

O

3' end

3'

5' end

5'

5' end

3' end

3'

CH3

H

N N

N

N

N

NN

O

O

O

H

H

H

H

H

O

H

H

H

N

HH

H H

H

N N

O

N

N

NN

O

N

H

HN N

HHN

N HN O

O

O�

P

O

O

H2C

O�

O�

P

O

O

H2C

H

H

H

H

H

O

H

H

H

H

H

O

O

N N

CH3

N

H N

H

H

N N

H

H

N H

N O

O

N N

HH

_____________ _____________

_____________ _____________

Adenine (A) Thymine (T)

Guanine (G) Cytosine (C)

Sugar-phosphatebackbone of

one DNA strand

Nitrogenous bases of thetwo DNA strands connected

by hydrogen bonds

Sugar-phosphatebackbone of

complementary DNA strand

5'

Figure 4-3




89. Using Figure 4-4, color the deoxyribose red. Connect the TA, AT, GC, and CG with their respective colors (those used in Figure 4-3).

S

P P

TA

AT

S

S S

P P

TAS S

P P

GCS S

P P

CGS S

P P

GCS S

P P

ATS S

S = Deoxyribose, P = Phosphate, C = Cytosine,G = Guanine, A = Adenine, T = Thymine

F. Critical ThinkingAnswer the following questions in complete sentences.

90. Why do we continue to breathe hard after exercise?

91. Why is meiosis necessary?

Figure 4-4




92. Explain the difference between anabolism and catabolism.

93. Explain the plant/animal energy cycle.

94. Why is the biochemical production of energy more efficient than that of a man-made machine?

95. Why do alanine and lactic acid enter the cellular furnace at the pyruvic acid stage?

96. Why was the revelation of Rosalind Franklin, James Watson, and Francis Crick so important?

97. What is a gene?

98. Why is the genome project so important?




G. Crossword Puzzle

14

1 2 3 4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11 12

13

15

16

17

18

19

20 21 22

23

24

25

26

28

27

99. Is interphase really a resting phase? Explain.

100. Which of the three cellular reproduction careers interest you the most? Why?




Complete the crossword puzzle using the following clues.

ACROSS DOWN

1. Formation of sex cells 1. Cell respiration

5. Cellular respiration 2. Visible pair of chromosomes

6. Disk of protein 3. Sequence of organic nitrogen

10. 23 chromosomes 4. Between phases

11. Pinched in area 7. Yeast cells feed on glucose

13. Friedreich the chemist 8. Exchange genetic material

15. Disruption of genetic code 9. Fertilized egg

16. Phosphate group 12. Tumor moves

17. Bone cancer 14. Needing oxygen

18. Organelle duplication 18. From epithelial tissue

19. Reduction division 21. Dark threads

20. Cancer causing 22. Pairs with cytosine

24. Normal cell division 23. X-shaped structure

26. Formation of female egg 25. Break down molecule

27. Builds molecules

28. Without oxygen

CHAPTER QUIZ

1. The complete chemical process of chemical change in a cell is called

a. anabolism d. glycolysis b. metabolism e. digestion c. catabolism

Answer:

2. Breaking down molecules with a release of energy is


Answer:

3. Using energy to construct molecular material is


Answer:

4. The ultimate source of food is the result of a process called

a. metabolism d. aerobics b. glycolysis e. mitosis c. photosynthesis

Answer:




5. Which of the following is NOT used in photosynthesis?

a. H2O d. chlorophyll b. 6CO2 e. O2

c. light

Answer:

6. The fi rst step in the process of breaking down a glucose molecule is

a. digestion d. glycolysis b. aerobic e. photosynthesis c. anabolism

Answer:

7. During the latter part of prolonged exercise, human muscles start to break down glucose by the process of

a. anaerobic respiration d. anabolism b. aerobic respiration e. electron transport c. respiration

Answer:

8. During glycolysis, glucose is broken down to

a. lactic acid d. citric acid b. malic acid e. folic acid c. pyruvic acid

Answer:

9. Phosphoglyceric acid is formed in which step of glycolysis?

a. fi rst d. fourth b. second e. fi fth c. third

Answer:

10. When the phosphoglyceric acids are broken down, how many ATP molecules are formed?

a. 2 d. 8 b. 4 e. 10 c. 6

Answer:

11. Aerobic glycolysis produces how many molecules of ATP?

a. 2 d. 8 b. 4 e. 10 c. 6

Answer:

12. During the fi rst part of the Krebs citric acid cycle, pyruvic acid is converted to

a. acetic acid d. malic acid b. lactic acid e. succinic acid c. oxaloacetic acid

Answer:




13. The Krebs citric acid cycle takes place in the

a. lysosome d. mitochondria b. vacuoles e. ribosomes c. nucleus

Answer:

14. Alpha-ketoglutaric acid is broken down into

a. malic acid d. succinic acid b. pyruvic acid e. folic acid c. acetic acid

Answer:

15. The electrons of which element are the primary substance carried by the electron transport system?

a. hydrogen d. sulfur b. oxygen e. potassium c. phosphorus

Answer:

16. The fi nal product of fermentation is

a. malic acid d. sugar b. alcohol e. bread c. yeast

Answer:

17. During anaerobic production of ATP in muscle, which acid is formed?

a. pyruvic d. oxaloacetic b. folic e. lactic c. malic

Answer:

18. Which of the following is NOT a carbohydrate?

a. glucose d. monosaccharides b. starch e. glycerol c. glycogen

Answer:

19. The actual separation of the cell into two daughter cells is called

a. cytokinesis d. phosphorylation b. mitosis e. catabolism c. meiosis

Answer:

20. The two purines are composed of

a. folic acid and oxygen d. cytosine and adenine b. thymine and cytosine e. adenine and thymine c. adenine and guanine

Answer:




21. The two pyrimidines are composed of

a. folic acid and oxygen d. cytosine and adenine b. thymine and cytosine e. adenine and thymine c. adenine and guanine

Answer:

22. Certain cells divide only if damaged; they are

a. skin cells d. blood cells b. hair cells e. muscle cells c. liver cells

Answer:

23. The longest phase of the cell cycle is

a. prophase d. interphase b. telophase e. mitosis c. cytokinesis

Answer:

24. Which of the following is NOT a stage of mitosis?

a. interphase d. anaphase b. prophase e. telophase c. metaphase

Answer:

25. Which of the following is NOT part of prophase?

a. aster d. spindle fi ber b. kinetochore e. none of the above c. centromere

Answer:

26. All of the following are a part of metaphase EXCEPT

a. aster d. spindle fi ber b. kinetochore e. none of the above c. centromere

Answer:

27. Which of the following is the shortest phase of mitosis?

a. interphase d. anaphase b. prophase e. telophase c. metaphase

Answer:

28. The fi nal stage of mitosis is

a. interphase d. anaphase b. telophase e. metaphase c. prophase

Answer:




29. A cell with 23 chromosomes is

a. diploid d. haploid b. muscle e. gonad c. zygote

Answer:

30. Which of the following cancers is considered hereditary?

a. colon d. breast b. lung e. none of the above c. skin

Answer:

31. The second stage of mitosis is

a. metaphase d. telophase b. anaphase e. prophase c. cytokinesis

Answer:

32. In the citric acid cycle, citric acid is formed from acetyl-CoA reacting with which of the following?

a. oxaloacetic acid d. PGAL b. acetic acid e. glucose c. carbonic acid

Answer:

33. Which of the following professionals establish daily balanced dietary intakes for individuals?

a. cell biologists d. genetic engineers b. gerontologists e. consultants in planned parenthood c. dieticians

Answer:


cellular metabolism and reproduction: mitosis and...

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