cells the building blocks of life. cells cell: the smallest unit of an organism that can carry on...
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CellsCells
The Building Blocks of LifeThe Building Blocks of Life
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Cells• Cell: The smallest unit of an organism that
can carry on life functions.
• They are organized, grow, reproduce, use energy, and respond to stimuli.
Blood cellsNerve cells
Muscle cells
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I. History of Cells
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• Robert Hooke was the first to see and name cells in 1665.
A thin slice of cork showing cells
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• 10 years later in 1675, Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe living cells (bacteria and protozoa)
Microscope he invented
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• The nucleus was not described until 1833
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• DNA was not described until the 1950s.
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Timeline of Cell Discoveries
1665 cells named
Today19001600 1700 1800
1950s DNA described
1833 nucleus observed
1675 bacteria observed
Why did it take so long to make these discoveries?
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The technology did not exist!
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http://www.mos.org/sln/SEM/sem.html
Scratch and sniff paper x1000
Mascara brush x35
Staple in paper x35 Mosquito head x200
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II. Cell TheoryA collection of ideas that forms the foundation
for all biology.
Equivalent to the Theory of Gravity (Physics), Atomic Theory (Chemistry), and Theory of Evolution (Evolutionary Biology)
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1. All living things are made of one or more cells.
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2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things. (The building blocks of life)
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3. Living cells only come from other living cells.
http://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-wacky-history-of-cell-theory
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III. Types of Cells
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• Prokaryotic-cells that have no membrane (“skin”) bound nucleus
• DNA floats freely inside the cell
• Seen in the Monera Kingdom (bacteria)
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• Eukaryotic-cells with membrane (“skin”) bound nucleus
• Seen in the protist, fungi, plant, and animal kingdoms
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“Nucleus”
• New-clee-us
NOT
• new-cue-lus
• “nu-cue-ler bombs”
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Which cell is which?
Prokaryotic
or
Eukaryotic?
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Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
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IV. Single or Multicelluar
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• Some organisms are only one cell big. (unicellular)
diatoms
protozoa
paramecium
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• Some organisms are made of millions or billions of cells working together. (multicellular)
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• In a single celled organism, the cell has to do all of the life characteristics by itself.
Division (reproduction)
Eating (using energy)
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• In a multicellular organism, each cell is assigned a specific job. Together, they make the organism complete.
Blood, nerve, and muscle cells working together make our heart
complete.
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http://www.teachersdomain.org/resource/tdc02.sci.life.stru.singlecell/
Monera Protista Fungi Plant Animal
Unicellular
Multicellular
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
The 5 Kingdoms and their Cell Types
X
X
X
X
XX
XX
X
X X
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The more cells, the more complex the organism
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V. Cell Organization
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• Within each cell, there are small structures that help the cell do its job, they are called organelles. (tiny organ)
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• Cell Membrane: Protective outer covering for plant and animal cells. It controls what moves into and out of the cell. (revolving door)
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• Cytoplasm: Supportive, gelatin-like structure found inside plant and animal cells. Helps maintain cell shape. (jell-o)
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• Nucleus: Directs all cell activities in plant and animal cells. It also holds a copy of the chromosomes for the organism. (coach)
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• Chromosomes: Found inside the nucleus, they contain the DNA which holds all of your hereditary information. (play-book)
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• Nucleolus: Found inside the nucleus, it manufactures ribosomes. (ribosome factory)
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• Ribosomes: Makes proteins for cells. (protein factory)
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• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Helps transport materials around the cell. (hallway)
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• Golgi Apparatus/Bodies: Sorts, packages, and mails proteins around the cell. (post office)
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• Lysosomes: Contains digestive enzymes (acids) to help break down food, wastes, and worn out cell parts. (recycler)
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Lysosomes “eat” the tadpole tail.
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• Mitochondria: breaks down food into energy for the organism. (batteries)
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Which type of cell would have more mitochondria? Why?
• Muscle cells or fat cells?
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• Vacuole: Storage containers for food, water, or waste. Plant cells have one large vacuole. (lunchbox)
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Plants with empty vacuoles have limp leaves and stems
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• Cell Wall: Outermost covering of a plant cell. Provides protection and support for the plant. (brick wall)
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Humans do not have the right digestive enzymes to break down the
cellulose in cell walls
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• Chloroplasts: In plants cells only, it converts sunlight into food. Chlorophyll inside the chloroplasts gives plants their green color. (solar panel)
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Organelles all work together to make a cell function
Organelle review video: http://www.watchknowlearn.org/Video.aspx?VideoID=39968&CategoryID=579
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Cells work together to make the whole organism function
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VI. Levels of Organization in Biology
O rga n ism
O rg an S ys tem
O rg a ns
T issu e
C e lls1
2
3
4
5
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These levels continue through ecology
5. Organism
6. Population
7. Community
8. Ecosystem
9. Biome
10. Biosphere
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Modeling the levels using building blocks
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Level 1 - Cell
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Level 4- Organ System
• Circulatory system
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Level 5 - Organism
Organ systems combine to
form an organism
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Level 6 - Population
• A group of alike organisms
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Level 7 - CommunityGroups of different
populations
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Level 8 - Ecosystem
• All the living and non-living things in an area
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Level 9 - BiomeAreas of similar
climate (weather)
Grassland Biome
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Level 10 - Biosphere
• Earth