CELLS

Prokaryotic Cells• Less advanced and less

complex (more primitive)• No nucleus: DNA is free

floating• Still carry out all

characteristics of life• a.k.a: bacteria!

Eukaryotic Cells• Cell of organisms more

advanced than bacteria (animals, plants, fungus, and some single celled protists).

• More complex• DNA contained inside the

nucleus

PLANT CELL (eukaryotic)

ANIMAL CELL (eukaryotic)

NUCLEUS

NUCLEUS• FUNCTION: Control

center of the cell: “brain of cell”– CONTAINS GENETIC

MATERIAL (DNA)– CONTROLS ALL

CELL ACTIVITIES– FOUND IN ALL

CELLS EXCEPT BACTERIA (EXCEPT PROKARYOTES)

• In both PLANT and ANIMAL cells

Factory analogy:

The ‘BOSS’ ---

management/ CEO

CELL MEMBRANE

• ALL CELLS HAVE CELL MEMBRANE– PROTECTS CELL – CONTROLS WHAT

ENTERS AND EXITS CELL

– CONSISTS OF 2-LAYERS OF LIPIDS AND PROTEIN CHANNELS

• In both PLANT and ANIMAL cells

FACTORY ANALOGY:

Security or doors

CELL WALL

• PROTECTS the cell and provides SUPPORT structure (at cellular level) for plant cells

• In PLANT cells and some bacterial cells

FACTORY ANALOGY

outside walls

or

structure of the building

CYTOPLASM

• Cytoplasm is the contents of the cell that is inside the membrane but outside the nucleus.

• Suspends the other cell parts such as ribosomes, mitochondria, nucleus, etc.

• Essentially water with dissolved substances.

• In both PLANT and ANIMAL cells

FACTORY ANALOGY

Internal walls and ceilings

CYTOSKELETON

• Network of protein filaments that helps a cell to maintain its shape

• Also involved in transport around cell

• In both PLANT and ANIMAL cells

FACTORY ANALOGY:

Beams that support the walls & ceilings

or

Transportation system

MITOCHONDRIA

• FUNCTIONS: ‘POWER HOUSE’ OF CELL (‘mighty mitochondria”)– CONVERTS ENERGY

(GLUCOSE) INTO USABLE FORM (ATP) FOR CELL

• In both PLANT and ANIMAL cells

• Note: 1 mitochondrion, multiple mitochondria

FACTORY ANALOGY:

power supply/ generators

CHLOROPLASTS

FUNCTION: CONVERT SUNLIGHT ENERGY INTO SUGAR (GLUCOSE) via photosynthesis– GREEN because of

PIGMENT CHLOROPHYLL

FACTORY ANALOGY

solar panels

RIBOSOMES

• FUNCTION: PROTIENS MANUFACTURING

• SOME ARE ‘FREE’ AND SOME ARE ATTACHED TO ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

• IN BOTH PLANT AND ANIMAL CELLS

FACTORY ANALOGY

WORKERS

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)

• There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth)

• FUNCTION: assembles lipids, proteins, and other molecules for transport to other parts of cell or for export from the cell

• In both PLANT and ANIMAL cells

• FACTORY ANALOGY: assembly line

GOLGI APPARATUS also known as ‘golgi bodies’

• FUNCTION: modifies, sorts, packages and labels materials

• In both PLANT and ANIMAL cells

FACTORY ANALOGY:

Mailroom/ shipping or warehouse

LYSOSOMES

• FUNCTION: CLEAN-UP CREW OF CELL– Breaks down waste

and other molecules for disposal/ recycling

– Contain digestive enzymes that break down waste

• In both PLANT & ANIMAL cells

• FACTORY ANALOGY: custodians/ recycling

VACUOLESFUNCTION: PROVIDES A

PLACE FOR STORAGE – CONTAINS MAINLY

WATER, SALT, NUTRIENTS AND WASTE PRODUCTS

– THE ‘CENTRAL VACUOLE’ IN PLANT CELLS’ OCCUPIES ¾ OF CELL VOLUME

• Primarily in plant cells, but also some animal cells

• FACTORY ANALOGY: Storage rooms for extra supplies, overstock