cell theory: 跳躍式的歸納法則 ? 發展過程 : 新工具、新方法能決定視野。...

Cell theory: 跳躍式的歸納法則 ?

發展過程 : 新工具、新方法能決定視野。當時的文化背景中國當時在做什麼

有什麼道理說它們都由相同的基本架構組成？“ 跳躍式”常常是說不清楚的藉口 !

For lecture only; BC Yang

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農政全書、徐光啟 (1562-1633)

1600 1650 1800 1850 19001700

天工開物 :1637 、宋應星 (1587—1663)

本草綱目、明李時珍1518-1593 ）

http://www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Diverse/scientific.htm

徐霞客（ 1586-1642 ）


醫林改錯(1830); 王清任（ 1768 －1831 ）

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1800, Dalton

1890,Thomson + Rutherford

Albert Einstein's theory of General Relativity: 1915

風起雲湧的年代

Molecular structure of protein by Linus Paulin; 1954

Louis Pasteur, 1822-1895,

醫林改錯(1830)


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Cell theory

Micrographia; 1664

It takes 190 yearsFor lecture only; BC Yang

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Look into the tiny world

Zacharias Janssen is believed to be the first investigator to invent the compound microscope (2 lenses; ca. 1590s). However, most scholars believe that his father, Hans, must have played an important role in the creation of the instrument. (in Middleburg, Holland)

Hans Lippershey, another Dutch spectacle-maker, who is often alternatively credited with the invention of the microscope.

Hans LippersheyFor lecture only; BC Yang

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Robert Hooke (1635-1703)

• Robert Hooke is one of the most neglected natural philosophers of all time. The inventor of, amongst other things, the iris diaphragm in cameras, the universal joint used in motor vehicles, the balance wheel in a watch, the originator of the word 'cell' in biology, He fell out with Newton, and certainly had a difficult temperament.

http://www.geocities.com/alfreddungeon/Paper17.html ( 較易理解的虎克的故事 )

線彈性材料在複雜應力狀態下的應力應變關係稱為廣義虎克定律


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http://www.geocities.com/alfreddungeon/Paper17.html

Robert Hooke (1635-1730)

• http://www.rod.beavon.clara.net/chronolo.htm• http://starryskies.com/~kmiles/spec/hooks.html• http://www.rod.beavon.clara.net/robert_hooke.htm

「你什麼都不懂，怎麼會做出東西來？」虎克答道︰「我是懂不多，但我會抓住問題的關鍵。」

http://uk.geocities.com/alfredcavekimo/Paper17.html


關鍵是什麼 ?

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Micrographia (1664): There are sixty chapters in this book with titles such as "Of an Ant or Pismire," "Of the curious texture of Sea-weeks," and "Of a Louse." The chapter entitled "Of the Schematisme or Texture of Cork, and of the Cells and Pores of some other frothy bodies" is of the greatest

significance because its contains the world's first description of cells. http://www.cco.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/earlyobs/micrographia.jpg


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"I told (meaning counted) several lines of these pores, and found that there were usually about threescore (60) of these cells placed end-ways in the eighteenth part of an inch in length...and therefore in a square inch about a million or 1166400, and in a cubic Inch, about twelve hundred million, or 1259712000, a thing almost incredible, did not our microscope assure us of it by ocular demonstrations..."

Hook noted that the cells of green plants were filled with juices and were separate from each other, but he was not able to take his studies much further; his microscope was too crude and he knew nothing about specimen preparation. However the new science of cell biology was definitely under way.

A mathematic calculation by Hook


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To Make a Van Leeuwenhoek Microscope Replica (1 lens)

by Alan Shinn

http://www.mindspring.com/%7Ealshinn/Leeuwenhoekplans.html

Van Leeuwenhoek was a minor city official who built microscopes as a hobby. He became probably the best microscope builder in Europe, a people traveled long distances to look through his instruments, although he kept his construction methods secret.

Comment by TD Brock (1961)

Van Leeuwenhoek


為什麼 Van Leeuwenhoek 會那麼有名 ?

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Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

. . . my work, which I've done for a long time, was not pursued in order to gain the praise I now enjoy, but chiefly from a craving after knowledge, which I notice resides in me more than in most other men. And therewithal, whenever I found out anything remarkable, I have thought it my duty to put down my discovery on paper, so that all ingenious people might be informed thereof. Antony van Leeuwenhoek. Letter of June 12, 1716 http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/leeuwenhoek.html

Very traditional words in the West land


他說了一種新態度。只是看見新東西不能稱之為知識 !

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In the later part of the 17th century, a Dutch amateur scientist named Anton van Leeuwenhoeck made some really fantastic discoveries - but they made essentially no impact on science (Why???).

Using tiny single-lens microscopes of his own design, Leeuwenhoeck made the first descriptions of protozoa, bacteria, and spermatozoa which he called "animalcules" and made the first detailed descriptions of the red blood cell. He looked at everything - rain water, canal water, his saliva, his feces. He saw an entirely new world which had never been seen before. He also discovered the first protozoal parasite - Giardia.

He wrote letters to the Royal Society in London from 1673 to 1700, which were published.


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資料來源：

DIY 的年代http://www.funsci.com/fun3_en/antoni/vlen.htm


Leeuwenhoeck was proud of his white teeth - he rubbed them with salt, picked with a toothpick and rubbed again.

I took a very little wine-vinegar and mixt it with the water in which the scurf was dissolved, whereupon the animals dyed presently. From hence I conclude, that the vinegar with I washt my teeth, kill’d only those animals which were on the outside of the scurf, but did not pass thro the whole substance of it. [Sep. 17, 1683; Philosophical Transactions of the Royal society of London 14 (159) :568-574]

科學的源頭只是樂趣？


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知道了小小小生物之後 , 科學家能想出什麼研究 ?

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1800, Dalton


For too long the cell has been regarded as a basic body structure analogously as an atom is regarded as the basic component of chemical compounds (ca.1590-1840). Why?

A paradigm shift


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Atom, the element

The word ATOM means 'indivisible" and was used by the ancient Greeks to signify the smallest particle of matter that could exist.

New Zealands Ernest Rutherford proved that the atom had a positive nucleus and negative electrons on the outside.


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Atom and element concepts date back to the Greek philosophers. Thales (640-546 B.C.) of Miletus in Ionia, developed the idea of a

basic substance (water) from which everything was made. Anaximenes (~570 B.C.) thought air was the basic substance. Heraclitus (540-475 B.C.) thought fire was the one "element." Empedocles (490-430 B.C.) said there were four elements: water, air, fire and earth.

Leucippus (~450 B.C.), an Ionian, maintained that a piece of matter were repeatedly cut into pieces, eventually a piece was obtained that could not be cut again.

Democritus (470-380 B.C.), a disciple of Leucippus coined the term "atomos," meaning indivisible.

Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) of Cicily accepted the four-elements (and later added "ether" which means "to glow" to the list as a fifth element to describe the heavens.)

Atom: http://falcon.sbuniv.edu/~ggray.wh.bol/CHE1104/pcp3outl.html


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Greek "atomos" means "uncut or indivisible" to signify the smallest particle of matter that could exist.

Democritus: the atoms of each element were distinct in size and shape and that it was this distinction that made each element different in properties.

Aristotle rejected "indivisibility," and the idea died for 2,000 years. The atom concept was not adopted by modern science until early 1800's.


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The atom concept was "rediscovered“ and as the basis for modern atomic theory by

John Dalton (1766-1844).

English chemist who discovered the Law of Multiple Proportions in 1803.

3 parts C + 8 parts O ==> CO2 3 parts C + 4 parts O ==> CO

set up the first table of relative atomic weights, assuming hydrogen to be number 1.

published a series of papers from 1803 to 1807, and, in 1808 published A New System of Chemical Philosophy, which discussed his atomic theory in detail.

http://falcon.sbuniv.edu/~ggray.wh.bol/CHE1104/pcp3outl.htmlFor lecture only; BC Yang

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Postulates of Dalton's Atomic Theory:

All matter is made up of small, indivisible, indestructible particles called atoms.

All atoms of an element are identical and different from atoms of other elements.

Atoms of two or more different elements combine to form compounds. A particular compound is always made of the same number and kinds of atoms.

A chemical reaction involves rearrangement, separation or combination of atoms; but, atoms are not created or destroyed during a chemical reaction. "Atoms are the building blocks".

http://falcon.sbuniv.edu/~ggray.wh.bol/CHE1104/pcp3outl.html

To that day, the atom is still invisible


孟德爾的想法應該是由這裡來的 !

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www.pas-berlin.de/.../ch-e1/ atombau/atombau.html

Rutherford shot alpha particles (helium nuclei) at thin gold foil and observed the deflection of the particles by the nucleus. "It was the most incredible event that ever happened in my life. It was ... as if you had fired a 15-inch shell at a piece of tissue paper and it came back “ Enerst Rutherford


"If your experiment needs statistics, you ought to have done a better experiment."

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http://www.pas-berlin.de/chemie/ch-e1/atombau/atombau.html

Sir J. J. (Joseph John) Thomson (1856 - 1940)

Using a cathode ray scope, Thomson determined that all matter, whatever its source, contains particles of the same kind that are much less massive than the atoms of which they form a part.

It was originally called corpuscle, now as electron.

Thompson presented the "plum-pudding model" of the atom.


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知道了物質結構的基本單位之後 , 科學家能想出什麼研究 ?

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活力論 (Vitalism): 生命由非物質物來支援 (immaterial impulse: soul).

整體論 (Holism): “ 整體永遠大於部份的總合“ 一堆零組件，不會像車子一樣跑 .

還原論 (Reductionism): 所有的自然物都可以拆解成基本物質。( 化學的基礎是物理；生物學的基礎是物理與化學；心理學、社會學的基礎是生物學 ( 機械論、機械唯物論 ) 。

笛卡兒 :1596-1650

亞理士多德 : BC384-BC322

現代生命科學的特性是什麼？ ( 兩類思維，三種說詞 )


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Descartes.jpg

Matthias Jakob Schleiden (1804-1881)

http://home.tiscalinet.ch/biografien/biografien/schleiden.htm

http://caliban.mpiz-koeln.mpg.de/~stueber/schleiden/pflanze/

Die Pflanze und ihr Leben (1848)


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http://caliban.mpiz-koeln.mpg.de/~stueber/schleiden/pflanze/high/IMG_6400.html

He recognized nuclear structures similar to what Schleiden had observed in plants. In 1839, he extended Schleiden's cell theory to animals, stating that all living things are composed of cells. He believed that new cells form principally outside pre-existing cells, and wanted to draw an analogy to crystal formation.

Mikroskopische Untersuchungen über die Übereinstimmung in der Struktur und dem Wachstum der Thiere und Pflanzen ("Microscopic researches on the Conformity in Structure and Growth Between Animals and Plants," 1839)

http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Schwann.html

Theodor Schwann 1810-1882


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知道了生物的基本單位是細胞之後 , 科學家能想出什麼研究 ?

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Preliminary report on experiments concerning alcoholic fermentation and

putrefaction by T Schwann (1837)

Annalen der Physik und Chemie 41 (1837) 184-193

1. A boiled organic substance or a boiled fermentable liquid

does not putrefy or ferment, respectively, even when air is

admitted, so long as the air has been heated

..

5.Poisons which only affect infusoria and do not affect lower

plants prevent the manifestations of putrefaction which are

characteristic of infusoria, but do not affect alcoholic

fermentation or putrefaction with molds. Poisons which

affect both animals and plants (arsenic) prevent putrefaction

as well as alcoholic fermentation.

為什麼這時候還再談這種實驗？？


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It was not always obvious that cells come only from cells. It was generally accepted in the 1850s that new cells were created from a formless, fluid exudate within existing cells, the blastema. This was nothing short of spontaneous generation, but was nonetheless a theory adhered to by some of the most distinguished medical researchers and biologists of the time.

A cross section of the developing blastema in a larval walking stick about half way into the 1st instar.

http://ib.berkeley.edu/bioaape/staff/pang/cm/carausius.htmlFor lecture only; BC Yang

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1. All living things are composed of cells.

2. The cell is the structural and functional unit of

life. (life is lost by broken open into smaller components)

3. Cells come from pre-existing cells. (denies the

spontaneous generation of life; trace back to L Pasteur)

4. (Human disease often reflects abnormality at the

cellular level. )

Major components of the cell theory

Rudolf Virchow + Robert Remak

Matthias Schleiden + Theodor Schwann


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• Omnis cellula e cellula - every cell from a cell.

Virchow's law Also known as:Remak-Virchow law

"This terse phrase embodies one of the most important generalizations of modern science" WILSON EB 1925


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The idea that new cells arise from the division of preexisting cells was not original with Virchow, however; he regularly referred to the observations of his friend Robert Remak 1852, an embryologist, who as early as 1841 observed cell division in frog blood cells. But through Virchow's growing influence, amplified by the publication of Cellular Pathology (1863), the concept omnis cellula e cellula began to be generally accepted and led to the realization that life under existing conditions never arises de novo.

http://vlp.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/people/data/per130.html

Untersuchungen über die Entwickelung der Wirbelthiere


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Rudolf Virchow 1821-1902

http://home.tiscalinet.ch/biografien/biografien/virchow.htm

• In 1858 R. Virchow introduced the cellular theory into medical sciences. Hence, the human pathology reached a cellular level.


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He opposed spontaneous generation and carried out experiments in the 1850's to show that nematodes do not arise spontaneously.

Virchow opposed evolution on the grounds that it was speculative, dependent upon spontaneous generation, and a thinly veiled justification.

A speech on this topic at an 1877 scientific meeting in Munich had international repercussions. He argued that all variation was pathological, and therefore that apparently distinct fossil humans (including the original Neanderthal skeleton) were merely diseased individuals.

理智太強也會變成偏見


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1800, Dalton

1890,Thomson + Rutherford

Albert Einstein's theory of General Relativity: 1915

風起雲湧的年代Molecular structure of protein by Linus Paulin; 1954


醫林改錯(1830)


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1600 1650 1800 1850 19001700

1587 ，明萬曆十五年，論干支則為丁亥，屬豬。當日四海升平，全年並無大事可敘，縱是氣候有點反常，夏季北京缺雨，五六月間時疫流行，旱情延及山東，南直隸卻又因降雨過多而患水，入秋之後山西又有地震，但這種小災小患，以我國幅員之大，似乎年年在所不免。

1587 年，在西歐歷史上為西班牙艦隊全部出動征英的前一年。

For lecture only; BC Yang37

農政全書、徐光啟 (1562-1633)

1600 1650 1800 1850 19001700

天工開物 :1637 、宋應星 (1587—1663)

本草綱目、明李時珍 1518-1593 ）

http://www.chinaknowledge.de/Literature/Diverse/scientific.htm

徐霞客（ 1586-1642 ）


醫林改錯(1830); 王清任（ 1768 －1831 ）

元朝王禎撰《農書》三十六卷，明嘉靖九年﹝ 1530﹞山東布政司刊本。全書對我國傳統農家蠶桑耕織技術，無不繪圖，詳為說明。圖中所刻為「圃田」一幅。

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清朝帝王年表


這三百年是陸沉還是盲瞽 ? 或者 , 只是缺了新工具及眼界 ? 科學的基礎是什

麼 ?

1600 1650 1800 1850 19001700

知古不知今，謂之陸沈 ; 知今不知古，謂之盲瞽。 --- 《論衡 .謝短》

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cell theory: 跳躍式的歸納法則 ? 發展過程 : 新工具、新方法能決定視野。...

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