cell structure & function. objectives discoveries important to the cell theory state the parts...
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Cell Structure & Function
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Objectives
Discoveries important to the cell theory
State the parts of the cell theory
Identify the limiting factor on cell size
Describe the relationship to cell shape and function
Differentiate between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
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Cell Theory
All living things are composed of cells
Cells are the basic units of structure and function of an organism
Cells come only from other cells
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Diversity
Size: limited by the ratio of volume to surface area
Shape: depends on the function of the cell
Internal Organization: organelles
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Limits to Cell SizeMore demands on the cells DNA
• increase in volume means more materials are needed• nucleus must keep up with cell’s needs• volume increase places strain on the nucleus
Trouble moving materials across the cell membrane• materials have a long way to travel• takes more time to travel farther• cell needs more food and oxygen greater volume
Surface area to volume ratio• volume increases more rapidly than surface area• surface area must allow needed materials to enter• greater volume requires more materials
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Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic cells are unicellular and lack organelles and a nucleus
Eukaryotic cells have membrane bound organelles and nucleus
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Eukaryotic Cells
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Objectives
Describe the structure and function of the cell membrane
Name and describe cell organelles by function
Describe the function of the nucleus
Differentiate between plant and animal cells
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Cell Membrane
Selectively Permeable – allows only substances to cross
Made of phospholipids • Polar heads
• Non-polar tails
• Form a bilayer (2 layers)
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Membrane Proteins
Cell recognition
Cell transportation
Sites of attachment
May be peripheral or integral
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Fluid Mosaic Model
Membrane behaves like a fluid
Proteins are free to move
Like beach balls on the surface of water
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Organelles
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Cytoplasm – gelatin-like substance between the cell membrane and nucleus (cytosol)
Mitochondria – site of energy production (ATP); two layers• Outer layer – barrier
• Inner layer – called christae
• Has its own DNA
Ribosomes – smallest organelle; important in protein synthesis; small bits of RNA
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Endoplasmic Reticulum – shipping• RER – has ribosomes attached; makes proteins
for export from the cell
• SER – makes new parts for cell membrane
Golgi Apparatus – modifies proteins; exports from cells
Lysosomes – digestion and protection
Cytoskeleton – shape and movement• Mitrotubules – spindle fibers for cell division
• Microfilaments - movement
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Cilia and Flagella – movement• Cilia – short hair-like; many
• Flagella – long whip-like; 1 or 2
Nucleus – cell activities and inheritance• Nuclear envelope – surrounds (membrane)
• Chromatin – thread-like strands of DNA
• Chromosomes – condensed chromatin for cell division
• Nucleolus – site of ribosome production
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Plant CellsCell wall – • Outside the cell membrane
• Supports and protects
• Made of cellulose
Vacuole – storage for enzymes and wastes
Plastids – similar to mitochondria• Capture light for photosynthesis (chloroplasts)
• Flattened sacs called thylakoids (photosynthesis)
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Multicellular Organization
Tissues – cells working together
Organ – tissues working together
Organ System – organs working together
Colonial Organization – genetically identical cells living together
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Cell Transportation
PASSIVE
• Osmosis
• Diffusion
• Filtration
Active
• Exocytosis
• EndocytosisPhagocytosisPinocytosisIon Pumps
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DNA
Deoxyribose
Double Helix
Nitrogenous Bases• Adenine
• Cytosine
• Guanine
• Thymine
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Protein Synthesis
Replication -
Transcription -
Translation -
DNA makes a copy of itself
DNA template used to make RNA
RNA moves to cytoplasm to make protein
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Cell Division: Mitosis
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
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Parts of a CellStructure
Plasma MembraneRibosomesEndoplasmic ReticulumSmooth ERRough ERMitochondriaLysosomesCentriolesGolgi ApparatusNucleusCilia / Flagella
FunctionProtectionMake protein
Makes lipids / carbohydratesTransports proteins Energy (ATP)Digestive enzymesCell divisionPackages from ERHeredity / MetabolismMovement