cell structure and function essential knowledge 2b3 – eukaryotic cells maintain internal membranes...
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Cell Structure and Function
Essential Knowledge
• 2B3 – Eukaryotic cells maintain internal membranes that partition the cell into specialized regions.• 4A2 – The structure and function of subcellular components, and
their interactions, provide essential cellular processes.• 4B1 – Interactions between molecules affect their structure and
function.• 4B2 – Cooperative interactions within organisms promote efficiency
in the use of energy and matter.
Cell Theory
1. Every living organism consists of one or more cells.2. The cell is the structural and functional unit of all organisms.3. All living cells arise by division of preexisting cells.4. Cells contain heredity material, which they pass to their offspring
during division.
Prokaryotebacteria cellsTypes of cells
Eukaryoteanimal cells
Eukaryoteplant cells
Differences?
• Identify at least 3 differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Cell Size
• We already decided that a smaller cell is more efficient.• Why are eukaryotic cells successful despite their significantly larger
size?
Why organelles?
• What is an evolutionary advantage to having organelles?
What do cells do?•It depends on the cell, but some important functions are:•They make proteins!!•They convert energy•They divide
Structure and Function?
• We often learn the functions of all the organelles.
• How are they related?
The parts of the cell must work together
• Making proteins: Nucleus, ER, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, cytoskeleton• Converting energy: Cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, mitochondria,
chloroplasts• Dividing: Nucleus, centrioles
Cells gotta work to live!
• What jobs do cells have to do?• make proteins
• proteins control every cell function
• make energy• for daily life• for growth
• make more cells• growth• repair• renewal
Who makes the proteins?
nucleus ribosome ER Golgiapparatus vesicles
The Protein Assembly Line
nuclearpores
nuclearpore
nuclear envelopenucleolus
histone protein
chromosome
DNANucleus
•Function?• Structure?
DNA
NucleusmRNA
nuclearmembrane
smallribosomalsubunit
largeribosomalsubunit
cytoplasm
mRNA
nuclear pore
production of mRNA from DNA in nucleus
mRNA travels from nucleus to ribosome in cytoplasm through nuclear pore
1
2
Nucleolus
• Function • ribosome production
• build ribosome subunits from rRNA & proteins• exit through nuclear pores to cytoplasm &
combine to form functional ribosomes
smallsubunit
large subunit
ribosome
rRNA &proteins
nucleolus
smallsubunit
largesubunit
Ribosomes
0.08mm
RibosomesRoughER
SmoothER
Structure function?
membrane proteins
Types of Ribosomes
• Free ribosomes• Bound ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• How is the structure of the ER related to its function?
Types of ER
rough smooth
Smooth ER function
•Membrane production•Many metabolic processes• synthesis• synthesize lipids • oils, phospholipids, steroids & sex hormones
• hydrolysis• hydrolyze glycogen into glucose• in liver
• detoxify drugs & poisons• in liver• ex. alcohol & barbiturates
Synthesizing proteins
cytoplasm
cisternalspace
mRNA
ribosome
membrane ofendoplasmic reticulum
polypeptide
signalsequence
ribosome
Golgi Apparatus• Structure and function?
transport vesicles
secretoryvesicles
Golgi Apparatus
Vesicle transport
vesiclebuddingfrom roughER
fusionof vesiclewith Golgiapparatus
migratingtransportvesicle
protein
ribosome
DNA
RNA
ribosomes
endoplasmicreticulum
vesicle
Golgi apparatus
vesicle
proteinon its way!
protein finishedprotein
Making Proteins
TO:
TO:
TO:
TO:
nucleus
proteins
transportvesicle
Golgiapparatus
vesicle
smooth ER
rough ER
nuclear porenucleus
ribosome
cellmembrane protein secreted
cytoplasm
Making proteinsPutting it together…
Cell Membrane
• Structure• Fluid Mosaic Model
• How does this contribute to its function?
Modeling
• Diagram the cell membrane. Label the following parts: lipid bilayer, integral proteins, peripheral proteins, cholesterol, cytoskeleton, extracellular matrix, glycoproteins, glycolipids. Explain the function of each part of the cell membrane in contributing to the functioning of the cell.
Vacuole
Lysosome
Lysosomes maintain a pH of 5.0 and contain 40 different enzymes. Structure/Function?
Mitochondria
Chloroplast
Cell Wall
How does the structure of the cytoskeleton contribute to its function?
Cytoplasm
Centrioles
Cilia & Flagella
Not all cells are built the same way…
• The structure of a cell dictates the function!
Why?!?!?
• Muscle cells are packed with mitochondria and protein fibers (actin & myosin)• Fat cells contain globular structures filled with fatty acids• Leaf cells are packed with chloroplasts• Potato cells are packed with large vacuoles