cell structure and function - cell wall –a rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
![Page 2: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
EARLY STUDIES LED TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CELL THEORY
![Page 3: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
HISTORY OF CELL THEORY
• 1665 Robert Hooke: looked at cork-saw cell walls and named them “cells”
• 1674 Leeuwenhock: invented the 1st light microscope-saw first organisms using pond water
![Page 4: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
HISTORY OF CELL THEORY
• 1838 Scleiden: plants are made of cells!!
• 1839 Schwann: animals are made of cells!!
• 1855 Virchow: recognized dividing cells-all living things come from other cells!!
Cell Theory is Complete
![Page 5: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
CELL THEORY
• All organisms are made of cells
• All existing cells are produced by other living cells
• The cell is the most basic unit of life
![Page 6: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
SMALL CELL SIZE = GOOD
• Function more efficiently than large cells
• Substances do not have to travel as far to reach the center of a smaller cell
• Can exchange substances more readily than large cells
• Higher surface-to-volume ratio than larger cells
![Page 7: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
COMMON FEATURES OF CELLS
• Cell Membrane
• Cytoplasm
• Ribosomes
![Page 8: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
CYTOPLASM
• The region of the cell within the membrane that includes the fluid, the cytoskeleton, and all of the organelles except the nucleus
• Jellylike
• In other words… the cell fluid
![Page 9: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
TWO MAJOR CELL TYPES
![Page 10: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC
• Prokaryotic cell: cell that does not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles
• Eukaryotic cell: cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles
![Page 11: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
ORGANELLES
• Membrane-bound structure that is specialized to perform a distinct process within a cell
![Page 12: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
PROKARYOTIC CELLS LACK A NUCLEUS AND MOST
INTERNAL STRUCTURES OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS
![Page 13: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
PROKARYOTIC CELLS • Smallest, simplest cells
• Originated 3.5 billion years ago
• Single-celled organisms
• Can live in a broad range
of environmental conditions
![Page 14: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
CHARACTERISTICS OF PROKARYOTES
• No internal structures
– Enzymes and ribosomes are free to move in the cytoplasm
• Genetic Material
– Singular, circular molecule of DNA…NO NUCLEUS to contain it!!
• Cell wall
– A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell
• Flagella
– Long, hair-like structure that grows out of a cell and enables the cell to move
![Page 15: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
EUKARYOTIC CELLS: PLANT, ANIMAL, FUNGI & PROTIST
• Single celled or multi-celled organisms
• Organism whose cells have a nucleus
• Have organelles
![Page 16: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
• Many single-celled eukaryotes move:
• Flagella
• Cilia – Example: cilia in
human respiratory tract moves mucus out of lungs
![Page 17: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
ANIMAL CELLS
white blood cell
red blood cell
cheek cells sperm
nerve cell
muscle cell
Amoeba
Paramecium
![Page 18: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
CELLS HAVE AN INTERNAL STRUCTURE
• Cytoskeleton: network of proteins, such as microtubules and microfilaments, inside a eukaryotic cell
• Supports and shapes cell
• Role in cell movement and division
![Page 19: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
THE CYTOSKELETON… A WEB OF PROTEIN FIBERS
• Actin Fibers
• Major role in determining the SHAPE of animal cells
![Page 20: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
THE CYTOSKELETON… A WEB OF PROTEIN FIBERS
• Microtubules
• Transport route of information from the nucleus to different cell parts
![Page 21: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
THE CYTOSKELETON… A WEB OF PROTEIN FIBERS
• Intermediate Fibers
• Stabilize organelles
![Page 22: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
NUCLEUS
• Organelle composed of a double membrane that acts as the storehouse for most of a cell’s DNA
• DNA – Hereditary information stored in the
nucleus – Found in the form of long strands called
chromosomes
![Page 23: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
THE NUCLEUS… THE CONTROL CENTER
• Nuclear envelope: double membrane that surrounds the nucleus
• Nuclear pores: small channels in the nuclear envelope
• Items made in the nucleus exit to the cytoplasm
• Nucleolus: location where ribosomes are made
![Page 24: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
• Interconnected network of thin, folded membranes that produce, process, and distribute proteins
• Found in a cell’s cytoplasm
• Assists in the production of lipids
![Page 25: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
THE ER
• Rough ER
• Part of the ER with ribosomes attached
• Where proteins are made and released by a vesicle
![Page 26: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
THE ER
• Smooth ER
• Part of the ER that lacks ribosomes
• Where steroids are created and stored
![Page 27: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
RIBOSOMES
• Organelle that links amino acids together to form proteins
• Composed of RNA and protein
• Can be free-floating or attached to the ER
![Page 28: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
GOLGI APPARATUS
• Stack of flat, membrane-enclosed spaces containing enzymes that process, sort, and deliver proteins
• Helps make and package materials to be transported out of the cell
![Page 29: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
VESICLES
• Small organelle that contains and transports materials within the cytoplasm
![Page 30: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
SEVERAL ORGANELLES ARE INVOLVED IN MAKING AND
PROCESSING PROTEINS
![Page 31: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
PACKING & DISTRIBUTION OF PROTEINS
• Ribosomes make proteins (Where? The rough
ER)
• The proteins are packaged into vesicles
• The vesicles transport the newly made proteins (Where? rough ER Golgi apparatus)
• In the Golgi apparatus, proteins are processed and then packaged into new vesicles
![Page 32: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
PACKING & DISTRIBUTION OF PROTEINS
• Many of these vesicles move to the cell
membrane and release their contents outside the cell
• Other vesicles, including lysosomes, remain within the cytoplasm
• Lysosomes digest and recycle the cell’s used components by breaking down proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates
![Page 33: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
MITOCHONDRION (A)
• Bean-shaped organelle, surrounded by two membranes
• Site of cellular respiration
• Supplies energy (ATP) to the cell
• Has its own ribosomes to make its own proteins and has its own DNA
• Endosymbiosis Theory
![Page 34: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
VACUOLE
• Organelle that is used to store materials such as water, food, or enzymes, that are needed by the cell
![Page 35: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
CENTRAL VACUOLE • Found in plant cells or
protozoans
• Contains air or partially digested food
• Stores water
• Can contain ions, nutrients and/or waste
• When it is full, the cell becomes rigid, enabling the plant to stand upright
![Page 36: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
LYSOSOME
• Organelle that contains enzymes
![Page 37: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
CELL WALL
• Rigid structure that gives protection, support, and shape to cells in – Plants
– Algae
– Fungi
– Bacteria
![Page 38: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
CELL WALL
• Surrounds the cell membrane
• Composed of proteins and carbohydrates, including the polysaccharide cellulose
![Page 39: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
CELL WALL
• Provides support to the cell
• Helps maintain cell shape
• Protects the cell from damage
• Connects cell with adjacent cells
![Page 40: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
CHLOROPLASTS…SITE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Use light energy to make carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water
• Also found in eukaryotic algae, such as seaweed
![Page 41: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
CHLOROPLASTS…SITE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
• Supply much of the energy to power plant cells
• Surrounded by two membranes, contain their own DNA
![Page 42: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
CELL MEMBRANE
• Double-layer of phospholipids
• Forms a boundary between a cell and the surrounding environment
• Controls the passage of materials into and out of a cell
![Page 43: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
PHOSPHOLIPID
• Molecule that forms a double-layered cell membrane
• Consists of: – a glycerol molecule
– a phosphate group
– two fatty acids
![Page 44: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
CELL MEMBRANES ARE COMPOSED OF TWO
PHOSPHOLIPID LAYERS
![Page 45: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
• Model that describes the arrangement and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane
![Page 46: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
MRS. B’S INTERPRETATION OF THE FLUID MOSAIC MODEL
![Page 47: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
MEMBRANE PROTEINS “FLUID-MOSAIC MODEL”
• How are proteins held in the membrane?
• Flashback: some amino acids are polar, some are nonpolar
• Nonpolar part of membrane protein is attracted to the interior of the lipid bilayer
• Polar part of the membrane protein is attracted to the water on the exterior of the lipid bilayer
![Page 48: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
THE CELL MEMBRANE… THE SELECTIVELY-PERMEABLE
BARRIER!
• Phospholipid Bilayer
• Phosphate group
• 2 fatty acids
![Page 49: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER
• Interior nonpolar tails
• Exterior polar heads
• Allows lipids and substances that dissolve in lipids to pass through
• Ions and most polar molecules are repelled by the nonpolar interior of the lipid bilayer
![Page 50: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY
• Condition or quality of allowing some, but not all, materials to cross a barrier or membrane
![Page 51: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
CHEMICAL SIGNALS ARE TRANSMITTED ACROSS
THE CELL MEMBRANE
![Page 52: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
MEMBRANE PROTEINS
• Marker Protein
• Attach to a carbohydrate on the cell’s surface
• Advertise cell type-i.e. liver cell, heart cell
![Page 53: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
MEMBRANE PROTEINS
• Receptor Protein
• Bind specific substances, such as signal molecules, outside the cell
![Page 54: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
MEMBRANE PROTEINS
• Enzyme
• Involved in important biochemical reactions in the cell
![Page 55: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
MEMBRANE PROTEINS
• Transport Protein
• Aid in the movement of substances into and out of the cell
![Page 56: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
SIGNAL MOLECULES
• Molecules that carry information to and from nearby cells and throughout the body
• Example: Hormones…Made in one part of the body and transported in the blood stream where they have their effects
![Page 57: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
RECEPTOR PROTEINS
• A protein that binds to a specific signal molecule, enabling the cell to respond to the signal molecule
• Example: The muscles of a person exercising would not contract without receptor proteins and signal molecules to tell the muscles when to contract and when to relax.
![Page 58: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
FUNCTIONS OF RECEPTOR PROTEINS
• Changes in Permeability
• Second Messengers
• Enzyme Action
![Page 59: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
DIFFUSION
• The movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
![Page 60: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
RANDOM MOTION AND CONCENTRATION
• Concentration gradient: the difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance
• Equilibrium:
concentration of a substance is equal throughout a space
![Page 61: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
BACK TO THE CELL MEMBRANE
• It is Selectively Permeable!!
• Allows Readily: – Very small molecules – Nonpolar molecules
• Does Not Allow Readily: – Large molecules – Polar molecules
![Page 62: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
PASSIVE TRANSPORT
• The movement of substances across a cell membrane
• Without the use of energy
• Very small molecules
• Nonpolar molecules
![Page 63: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
DIFFUSION THROUGH ION CHANNELS
• Transport proteins with a polar pole through which ions can pass
• Some pores are always open
• Some pores can be closed by ion channel gates
![Page 64: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
OSMOSIS
• The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
• LOWER SOLUTE concentration HIGHER SOLUTE concentration
![Page 65: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
HYPERTONIC SOLUTION
• A solution whose solute concentration is higher than the solute concentration inside a cell
• Water moves out of the cell and the cell shrinks
![Page 66: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
HYPOTONIC SOLUTION
• A solution whose solute concentration is lower than the solute concentration inside a cell
• Water moves into the cell and the cell swells or bursts
![Page 67: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
ISOTONIC SOLUTION
• A solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell
• Water flows into and out of the cell at equal rates
![Page 68: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Isotonic Hypertonic Hypotonic
![Page 69: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
WATER MOVES: HYPOTONIC HYPERTONIC
![Page 70: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
SOME MOLECULES DIFFUSE THROUGH TRANSPORT PROTEINS
• Facilitated diffusion: diffusion of molecules assisted by protein channels that pierce a cell membrane
![Page 71: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
DIFFUSION AND OSMOSIS ARE TYPES OF PASSIVE
TRANSPORT
![Page 72: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
• The movement of chemical substances, usually across the cell membrane, against a concentration gradient
• Requires cells to use energy – Large molecules
– Polar molecules
![Page 73: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
PROTEINS CAN TRANSPORT MATERIALS AGAINST A
CONCENTRATION GRADIENT
![Page 74: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
SODIUM-POTASSIUM (NA+-K+) PUMP
• 3 Na+ out of the cell (more abundant outside) • 2 K+ into the cell (more abundant inside) • Therefore…this is ACTIVE TRANSPORT
![Page 75: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
ENDOCYTOSIS AND EXOCYTOSIS TRANSPORT MATERIALS ACROSS THE MEMBRANE IN VESICLES
![Page 76: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
MOVEMENT IN VESICLES
![Page 77: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
ENDOCYTOSIS
• Cell membrane surrounds a particle and encloses it in a vesicle to bring into the cell
![Page 78: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
ENDOCYTOSIS
• Pinocytosis –Liquid being taken in by
endocytosis
• Phagocytosis –Large particles being
taken in by endocytosis
![Page 79: Cell Structure and Function - Cell wall –A rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell • Flagella –Long, hair-like structure that grows](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022030415/5aa0d0eb7f8b9a76178e8961/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
EXOCYTOSIS
• A substance is released from the cell through a vesicle
• The vesicle transports the substance to the cell surface and then fuses with the membrane to let the substance out