cell structure and cell organism
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8/3/2019 Cell Structure and Cell Organism
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NAME : NUR AFIQAH ABDULLAH
CLASS : 5 BERSIH (2012)
SCHOOL : SEKOLAH TUN FATIMAH
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Animal Cell
and
Plant Cell
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ANIMAL CELL
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PLANT CELL
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FUNCTION OF CELLULAR
COMPONENTS OF
ANIMAL AND PLANT CELL
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Plasma MembraneFunction:
y Separates a cell f rom its external environment.
y Holds the cell contents together.
y Control the exchange of molecules between the
cell and its external environment through active transport, passivetransport and simplediffusion.
Also known as the cell membrane.
Is a thin membrane
around the cytoplasm of the cell.
Is selectively permeableor semi-permeable.
Is made up of two lipid layers.
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CELL MEMBRANEStructure:y Is the rigid cellulose
layer surrounding the plasma membrane of plant
cell.
Function:yProvides support and
protection for the cell.
yPrevents the cell
from burs ting in dilute solution.
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CYTOPLASMStr uctur e:
y Refers to everything between the cell
membrane and thenucleus.
y Is a continuous aqueous solution, containing organelles except nucleus.
Function:
y Gives shape to cell
y Supports and protects thecell organelles.
y In general, its provides a medium f or all cellular metabolic r eactions to
occur. y Provides a medium to
produce energy to manuf actur e materials.
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NUCLEUSStructure:
y Is an organelle bounded by the
nuclear membrane (two layers)containing a
nucleolus,chromosomes, and
nucleoplasm.
Function:
y Controls all the cell activities.
y Separates the genetic
material (chromatin)f rom the cytoplasm.
y Has many pores(nuclear pores) in the nuclear membrane for the material to enter and exit the nucleus.
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ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUMStructure:
y Is a flat sealed sac that is
continuous with the nuclear membr ane.
y Is ER with r ibosomes
embedded on its sur face.
Function:
y Tr ansport protiens made
by r ibosome.y Present in large amounts
in cells that mak e protiens,
such as the rough ER in
gut cells that manufacture digestive enzymes.
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SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUMStructure:
y Is tubular rather than
f laty Does not have the
ribosomes.
y May extend separately
f rom the outer membrane of the nucleus
or extend f rom the rough
ER.
Function:
y Synthesises and
transport lipids.y Present in large amounts
in cells that make lipids
and steroids, such as the
cells of the liver and testes.
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GOLGI APPARATUSStructure:
y Also called the golgibody.
y
Consist of a stack membrane-bound s acswith sm all vesiclesbudding of the edges.
Function:
y Receives protien fromthe RER then modifies and combines the protien with carbohydrates toform glyco-proteins.
y Transport and store lipids.
y
Forms lysosomes.y Producesdigestive enzyme.
y Secretes w aste product from the cell.
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MITOCHONDRIANStructure:
y Is rod-shaped
yHas two membranes: aninner membrane and
outer membrane.
y The outer membrane
limits the organelle.
y The inner membrane is
folded inwards to form
the cristae.
Function:
y Form the cell·s
powerhouse.y Produces adenosine
triphosphate (ATP), which
is an energy source for
the cell.
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LYSOSOMESStr uctur e:
y Ar e sac-like organelles
bounded by a membraneand contain digestive
enzymes (hydrolytic
enzymes).
Function:
y Generally f or br eaking
down f ood and f or eign materials.
y Digest protein, lipids, and
carbohydrates.
y Transport undigested
material to the cell
membrane f or r emoval.
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RIBOSOMESStr uctur e:
y Ar e small dot-like
organelles f ound in large numbers in all
cells.
y Ar e either attached to
the ER or occur f r eely in the cytoplasm.
Function:
y A small ³protein
f actories´ f or protein synthesises.
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CHLOROPLASTStr uctur e:
y Ar e lens-shaped
organelle.y Have an inner and an
outer membrane.
y Contain chlorophyll in
the grana µtrap¶ sunlight energy.
Function:
y Carry out
photosynthesis in thechlorophyll of the grana.
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CENTRIOLESStructure:
y Are paired cylindrical
organelles just outsidethe nucleus.
y Lie at right angles to
each other.
y Each centriole consists
of nine tubes, each tube
with three tubules.
y Are found in only animal
cell.
Function:
y Are involved in cell
division (mitosis and meiosis).
y Migrate to the opposite
poles of the cell, produce
spindle to assist the
movement of chromoses.
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VACUOLEStructure:
y is a small cavi ty inthe cytop lasm of a
ce ll, bou nd by single me mb r ane andco ntaining water ,food or metabo li c waste.
y Ge ner ally for stor age,dige st i o n and waste re mo val.
yCe ntr al vacuo le inp lant ce lls for stor age and ce llexpansi o n.
y Food vacuo le s in
amoeba for phagocyto sis.
y Co ntr act ile vacuo le s in pa r amec i u m expe l water.
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Comp are and contract an anim al
cell and a pl ant
cell
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SIMILARITIESHave a nucleus, cytoplasm, a cell membrane , ribosomes, golgi
apparatus, mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum
ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL
y Smaller than plant cell.
y Not fixed shape.
y Cell wall is absent.
y Vacuole usually not present
y Chloro plast is absent.
y Centr ioles is present.
y Car bohydr ates stor age isglycogen.
y Lysosomes common.
y Larger than an animal cell.
y Fixed and regular shape.
y Has a thick wall.
y Has a large centr al vacuole.
y Chloro plast is present.
y Centr ioles absent.
y Car bohydr ates stor age is starch.
y Lysosomes is uncommon.
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Cell
org anisms
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The Living Processes of
Unicellular OrganismsUnicellular organisms are singlecelledorganisms capable of carrying out thefollowing basic life processes:
y Feeding
y Reproduction
y Respiration
y Excretion
y Locomotion
y Sensitively
y Growth
y
Osmoregulation
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Living Processes of Unicellular
Organisms Amoebay Found in f resh water puddles, ponds.
y Have a irregular shape, with diameter 0.1mm.
y Its move by f ollowing its cyto plasm f or ward, f or ming
pseudo podium that helps it to move f or ward slowly.y A pseudo podium means a ³false f oot´.
y Is an omnivore and eats algae, bacter ia, plant cells, and other microsco pic organisms.
y Feeds by engulfing tiny f ood particles with its pseudo podia,f or ming a bu bble-lik e f ood vacuole to contain the f ood.
y This is called phagocytosis
y Digestive enzymes are produced in the f ood vacuole to digest the f ood particles.
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AMOEBA
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Living Processes of Unicellular
Organisms Parameciumy F
ound in fresh water, especially indecaying organic matter.
y Its has a slipperlike shape, with a lengthabout 0.3mm.
y
The outer surface of the cell membrane iscovered with fine hairs called cilia.
y It uses its hairlike cilia to beat againstthe water, enabling it to swim.
yTo swim forward, its beats its backwardsdiagonally; to swim backwards, it beat itscilia forward.
y Paramecium eats bacteria and other
microscopic organic material.
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PARAMECIUM
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The uniqueness
ofthe
ce
ll
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THEUNIQUE CELLThe word uniqueness of the cell used with reference totissues, organs, and organs systems gives an exact description of the cell as:
y Each cell is one its kind after specialisation.
y Each cell performs a specialised fuction.
The cell unique because each cellular component:y Has its own distinctive structure.
y Has its own specialised function.
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Cell without particular cellular component
Organelle missing Predicted State of the cell
Nucleus All cell activities stop
Cell does not live for long
The cell dies.
Mitochondrion No energy for cell activity
The cell dies
Ribosomes Cell unable to synthesisenzyme.
Cell growth stop.
Cell unable to repair itself.
Finally, the cell dies.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough and
smooth)
Less enzyme produced.
Synthesis and transport of
protien and glycerol stop.
Golgi apparatus Protiens produced became
defective.
Cell unable to produce certain
types of protien