cell energy ch.9. all living organisms must be able to produce energy, store the energy for future...
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Cell energyCh.9
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• All living organisms must be able to produce energy, store the energy for future use and use energy.
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Cell processes that require energy
• Active transport• Movement• Cell division• Production and storage of proteins• Cells use energy to maintain
homeostasis
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ATP• Molecule in your cells that is a
quick source of energy for any organelle in the cell that needs it.
• This energy is stored in the chemical bonds of
the molecule ATP
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• Adenosine Triphosphate is composed of an adenosine molecule with 3 phosphate groups attached.
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• AMP - adenosine monophosphate - small amount of energy
• ADP - adenosine diphosphate - more substantial amount of energy
• ATP - When bond is broken, a great amount of energy is released & the cell can use the energy for activities. ADP can then reform ATP by bonding with another phosphate group
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Photosynthesis• The process plants use to trap the
sun’s energy and build carbohydrates, called glucose, that store energy.
• Occurs in 2 phases
1. Light-dependent reactions
2. Light-independent reactions
• 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2
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Light-dependent reactions
• Convert light energy into chemical energy
• ATP produced in LDR are used to fuel LIR that produce glucose
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Chloroplasts
• Cell organelle where photosynthesis occurs
• Within chloroplasts, thylakoid discs contain pigments
• Most common pigment is chlorophyll• Light-dependent reactions take place
in the thylakoid discs
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Chlorophyll
• Absorbs most wavelengths of light except green which it reflects, giving leaves a green appearance
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Light-dependent reactions
• Requires sunlight• Sunlight strikes molecules in
thylakoid membrane & light energy is transferred to electrons
• These electrons are passed to an electron transport chain
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Electron transport chain
• A series of proteins embedded in the thylakoid membrane
• Each protein passes energized electrons along from protein to protein
• At each step the electron loses energy
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• ETC allows small amounts of energy to be released at time
• This energy can be used to form ATP• This energy is not wasted, the
electron is transferred to the stroma of the chloroplast
• NADP+ is used & becomes NADPH
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Photolysis
• Electrons must be restored to chlorophyll because many leave with NADPH
• To replace the lost electrons, molecules of water are split through a process called photolysis
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Light-independent reactions
• Does not require light• Calvin cycle• Series of reactions that use carbon
dioxide & ATP from Light-dependent Reactions to form carbohydrates
• Takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast
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• We know that plants use sunlight energy to split water (H2O) into hydrogen and oxygen.
• The hydrogen is added to the carbon dioxide to make CARBOHYDRATES such as glucose.
• The oxygen produced from this splitting of water is released into our atmosphere.
• We summarise this using a chemical equation:6 CO2 + 6 H20 ------------ C6H12O6 + 6 O2
carbon water glucose oxygendioxide
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Cellular Respiration
• The process by which mitochondria break down food molecules to produce ATP
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3 Stages
1. Glycolysis (anaerobic)
2. Citric acid cycle (aerobic)
3. Electron Transport Chain (aerobic)
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• Anaerobic – no oxygen required
• Aerobic – oxygen required
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Glycolysis
• A series of chemical reactions in the cytoplasm of a cell that break down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
• Uses 2 molecules of ATP to start & only produces 2 molecules of ATP per glucose broken down
• Not very efficient but can occur in the absence of oxygen
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• Uses an electron carrier called NAD+
• NAD forms NADH when it is carrying an electron
• Following glycolysis, the pyruvic acid molecules move to the mitochondria
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Citric Acid Cycle• Occurs in mitochondria
• One molecule of ATP is produced for every turn of the cycle
• 2 electron carriers are used– NAD+
– FAD
• Electron carriers pass energized electrons along to the electron transport chain in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
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Electron Transport Chain
• NADH & FADH2 pass energized electrons from protein to protein within the membrane slowly releasing small amounts of the energy contained within the electron
• Some energy is used to form ATP & some is used to pump H+ ions into the center of the mitochondrion.
• Mitochondrion inner membrane becomes positively charged because of the high concentration of positively charged hydrogen ions.
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• Exterior of membrane is negatively charged which further attracts hydrogen ions
• Inner membrane of the mitochondrion forms ATP from this electrochemical gradient of H+ ions across the membrane.
• Overall ETC produce 32 ATP molecules
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Fermentation
• When your cells are without oxygen for a short period of time, an anaerobic process called fermentation follows glycolysis.
• Two major types– Lactic acid fermentation– Alcoholic fermentation