cell communication chapter 11 - abridged. slide 2 of 23 cell-to-cell communication critical for...
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Cell Communication
Chapter 11 - Abridged
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Cell-to-Cell Communication
Critical for multicellular organisms Trillions of cells must communicate in order to
coordinate their activities
Recent research indicates: cancer results from corrupted communication
Unimportant for the AP Exam Crucial for understanding the breakthroughs in cancer
and genetics that are occurring almost monthly now
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Recent Nobel Prizes in Medicine
2001 – Hartwell, Hunt, & Nurse – cyclin pathways and cell cycle regulation (yeast)
2002 – Brenner, Sulston, Horvitz – used C. elegans to elucidate the mechanism of apoptosis
2006 – Fire & Mello - used C.elegans to discover the pathway of RNA interference
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Simon Sez…
Signaling is a lot like the game “Simon Says…”
The signal is received: the game players hear: “Simon says take a step forward”
The signal is transduced: players must decide whether to step forward or not
The signal elicits a response: players step forward if the command was preceded by “Simon says”
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3 Stages of Signaling
Thesis: external signals are received & converted to responses within the cell
1. Reception Signaling molecule binds to receptor protein = Shape Change
2. Transduction Cascades of molecular interactions relay signals from
receptor proteins to target molecules in the cell
3. Response Regulation of transcription or cytoplasmic activities
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1st form of signaling
Yeast (fungi) mating
Process:1.Release mating factor2.Receive complementary factor3.????4.Response: grow toward opp. Type5.Nuclei fuse = genetic recombination
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Overview of Cell Signaling
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View Animation
11_06 SignalingOverview_A.swf
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Reception
Reception involves getting the signal to the correct receiver
Only certain cells have the correct receptor = only certain cells can receive the signal
Signaling molecule usually called ligand receptor-ligand binding causes a conformational change
in the receptor molecule (remember induced fit?) Conformational change = Activation of the receptor
molecule
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2 Types of Signal Receptors
1. Plasma Membrane Receptors Hydrophilic or water-soluble ligands or signal molecules G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCR) Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) Ion Channel Receptors
2. Intracellular Receptors
Hydrophobic or Nonpolar ligands
Carry out transduction by themselves
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View Animation
11_13SignalTransduction_A.swf
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G Protein-Coupled Receptor
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Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK)
Amplification
Kinase = enzyme for transfer of phosphate group
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Ligand-Gated Ion Channel
Membrane receptor with a region that acts as a “gate” when the receptor changes shape.
When the signal molecule binds, gate opens or closes
Important in the nervous system
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Intracellular Receptor
Hydrophobic signal molecules
Testosterone
Most intracellular receptor signals do the entire transduction on their own
Testosterone behaving as a transcription factor
-- controls which genes (DNA) are transcribed into mRNA
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Transduction
Multistep Pathway
Transduction = shape change
Signal amplification
Signal Transduction Pathways often involve a phosphorylation cascade
Molecule is phosphorylated = activated Phosphate removed = deactivation
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Protein Kinases (PK) -- enzymes that transfer phosphate groups
Protein Phosphatases (PP) -- enzymes that remove phosphate groups
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Second Messengers
1st messenger = receptor Only GPCR & RTK have 2nd messengers
Other important component of transduction pathways Most components are enzymes or proteins
Small & polar
Calcium Ions & Cyclic AMP
Initiate a phosphorylation cascade
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Response
Response may occur in the cytoplasm or nucleus
2 Types of typical response:1. Enzyme activity is regulated (turned on or off)2. Synthesis of enzymes is regulated (promoted or inhibited)
Transcription Factors – control which genes are transcribed (DNA RNA)
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Transcription Factors
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GF = Growth factor
RTK = Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
Ras = G Protein Associated with tumor growth
Rho = G protein
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RTK = Receptor Tyrosine Kinase
GPCR – G-protein coupled receptor
Apoptosis = Programmed cell death
PDK1 = Protein dehydrogenase kinase
Akt = Protein kinase -- Involved in apoptosis
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Day 1 Complete