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Infrastructure

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A Short Survey

1. How much is all the transportation infrastructure in Seattle worth?

2. How do you rate Washington’s road conditions? (poor, mediocre, good, excellent)

3. Is the Alaskan Way viaduct bored tunnel project necessary? Is it too expensive?

4. Is the SR 520 Bridge project necessary? Is it too expensive?

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Infrastructure

The basic physical systems of a community's population, including roads, utilities, water, sewage, etc. These systems are considered essential for enabling productivity in the economy.

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Transportation Infrastructure

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U.S. Gross Domestic Product

2008 data from the Bureau of Transportation Statistics

a Includes all consumer and government purchases of goods (e.g., vehicles and fuel) and services (e.g., auto insurance) and exports related to transportation. b Includes all other categories (e.g., entertainment, personal care products and services, and payments to pension plans).

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Federal Funding for Transportation

• 2010 Federal Transportation Bill (THUD)– HR3288 (Transportation, Housing and Urban

Development, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2010)

– Reauthorizes federal highway, public transportation, highway safety, and motor carrier safety programs for six years

– $447 billion over 6 years– FY2010: $117.1 billion– 56% increase over SAFETEA LU

• SAFETEA LU (old version)– Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation

Equity Act: A Legacy For Users– $286.4 billion in funding– 42% increase over last bill (TEA-21)– December 2010: extended through March 4th, 2011

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Public Expenditures on Construction of Highways and Streets

Notes:•Annual spending (Nov 2010 seasonally adjusted): $86.9 billion total

• Almost all public spending•Highways and streets = largest component of public transportation spending• Pavement is by far the largest part of that spending (about 70%)

Data from BTS: FIGURE 1-3-19State and Local Expenditures on Highways and Streets Construction: January 1998–June 2009

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Public Expenditures on Non-Roadway Transportation Construction

Data from BTS: FIGURE 1-3-11 Public Expenditures on Nonroadway Transportation Construction: 1998-2009

Notes:•Only state and local numbers reported•March 2010 seasonally adjusted annual spending: $32.2 billion total (about 37% of roads)

• $15.8 billion on air transportation• $14.5 billion on land transportation (e.g., rail, bus, etc.)• $2.0 billion on water transportation

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Private Expenditures on Transportation Infrastructure Construction

Data from BTS: FIGURE 1-3-12A Private Expenditures on Transportation-Related Construction: January 1998–March 2010

Notes:•March 2010 seasonally adjusted annual rate: $8.26 billion total

• $0.35 billion on air transportation• $7.77 billion on land transportation• $0.14 billion on water transportation

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American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA)

• $787 billion economic stimulus bill– $30 billion for transportation

• Washington Funding– $535 million for WA highway projects– $179 million in transit system capital projects

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American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA)

Data and graph from WSDOT

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Seattle Transportation Infrastructure Inventory(not all are shown here but the total is right)

Category Some of the Inventory Value

Pavement 3,943 lane-miles $3.25 billion

Structures 125 bridges205 wallsRetaining walls (incl. seawall)

$3.1 billion

Traffic and parking 1,001 traffic signals46 cameras150,000 signs1,845 parking pay stations1,000 traffic circles

$125 million

Pedestrian/bike system 2,256 miles of sidewalks120 miles of bike routes6 miles of stairs39.4 miles of trails

$2.77 billion

Street landscaping 35,000 trees $49 million

Grand Total $12.1 billion

2008 data from http://www.ci.seattle.wa.us/transportation/inventory.htm

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General Condition (old) and Age (poor)From the ASCE Report Card for America’s Infrastructure

Rockefeller Road Bridge in Cleveland, OH from ASCE website

from ASCE website

• Total estimated 5-yr funding need: $930 billion• Total estimated 5-year spending: $381 billion• Projected 5-year shortfall: $549 billion

Information from: ASCE Report card for Roads (http://www.infrastructurereportcard.org/fact-sheet/roads)

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I-5 Bridge Decks in Seattle

Damaged beam after 2001 Nisqually earthquake

Eroded viaduct deck

Alaskan Way Viaduct(current)

All photos from WSDOT websitewww.wsdot.wa.gov

Alaskan Way Viaduct(2006)

Column support

Installing column supportsafter the Nisqually earthquake

Alaskan Way Viaduct(current)

All photos from WSDOT websitewww.wsdot.wa.gov

SR 520 BridgeAll photos from WSDOT website

www.wsdot.wa.gov

Damage to hollow column in 1999 due to barge collision

Cracks on the inside of floating pontoons

Simulated Failure by Windstormhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qchD9ltCPG8

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Rural Road ConditionsRuralRoads in Poor or Mediocre Condition

by Functional Class: 1995–2006

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Urban Road ConditionsUrban Roads in Poor or Mediocre Condition

by Functional Class: 1995–2006

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Bridge ConditionsStructurally Deficient and Functionally Obsolete Bridges

All Roadways,1990–2007

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Structurally deficient bridges, total

Functionally obsolete bridges, total

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July 1967 – Minneapolis Tribune

6:05 p.m. 1 August 2007

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Building Transportation Infrastructure

Mega-ProjectProjects with an estimated total cost greater than $1.0 billion, or projects approaching $1.0 billion with a high level of interest by the public.

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Periods of Mega-Projects in the U.S.• Pre-1950s era

– Minimal higher-level aid– Very little disruption of existing areas

• Great mega-project era (1950 – late 1960s)– Large amounts of federal aid– Retrofit cities for new preferences

• Transition era (mid 1960s – early 1970s)– Community & environment become important– Citizen protests

• Do no harm era (mid 1970s – present)– Investment is substantial at all levels– Must avoid or mitigate any significant

disruption

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Panama Canal

Proposed: ~1530

Completed:

1914

Total time:

~384 years

Cost: $375 million2008 cost: $8 billion

Issues: FundingPolitics

TechnologyMalaria

From pancanal.com (official site)Information from www.pancanal.com

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Golden Gate Bridge

Proposed: 1869

Completed:

1937

Total time:

68 years

Cost: $35 million2008 cost: $511 million

Issues: FundingPolitics

From Metropolitan Transportation CommissionInformation from the Virtual Museum of the City of San Francisco

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Lake Washington Ship Canal

Proposed: 1854

Opened: 1917

Completed:

1934

Total time:

80 years

Cost: $3 million2008 cost: $50 million

Issues: FundingPolitics Under construction (1916)

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Lake Washington Floating Bridge

Proposed: 1921

Completed:

1940

Total Time:

19 years

Cost: $8.8 million2008 cost: $132 million

Issues: Funding

UW Libraries

1940

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Evergreen Point Floating Bridge

Proposed: 1948

Completed:

1963

Total Time:

15 years

Cost: $34 million2008 cost: $234 million

Issues: LocationFundingPolitics

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Alaskan Way Viaduct

Proposed: 1930

Completed:

1959

Total Time:

29 years

Cost: $ 11 million(phase 1)

2008 cost: $80 million

Issues: FundingPolitics

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First Concession to Citizens

San Francisco, 1959City officials veto most further planned expressway construction in the city

Picture from Halttheramp.com

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Embarcadero (San Francisco)

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Mitigation Begins

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Philadelphia, 1965State alters Delaware Expressway design along the waterfront from elevated to depressed and covered.

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Environmentalism

• National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) (1970)– Environment to be considered for all major

federally aided projects– Public hearings– Authorizes citizen suits to ensure all issues are

addressed fully and candidly– Agency still free to decide after EIS

• Clean Water Act amendments (1972)– Difficult to fill wetlands (Section 404)– Runoff cannot pollute water resources (Section

402)• Clean Air Act amendments (1990)

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Westway (Manhattan Island)

1974 plan• $1.2 billion• Covered structure• On fill in the Hudson River• General political support

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Westway (Manhattan Island)

Relatively Minor Issue Sinks ProjectDo young stripped bass winter under rotting, unused piers that are scheduled to be removed by the project?• EIS: Few fish live under piers• NY and federal studies: Fish live under piers

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers needs further study

Failed to prove “no significant impact”

Clean Water Act says no fill permit can be issued

1985 U.S. House vote to ban further federal funding (NJ backs ban because Westway would move the bass over to the NJ side and potentially block NJ development)

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Mitigation Costs

• Century Freeway (I-105) – Los Angeles– 1977 cost estimate: $500 million– 1979 cost estimate: $1.6 billion

• 4,200 units of affordable housing• Job training program• Minority contracting

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Consensus/Mitigation CostsBoston Central Artery/Tunnel Project (“Big Dig”)

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Consensus/Mitigation Costs

• Boston Central Artery/Tunnel (CA/T)

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Public Financing

• Local sources– Private investment (not likely)– Excise taxes (hotel rooms, restaurants, rental cars, taxis)– Sales tax– Airport passenger facility charges (PFC)– Airport landing fees– Sales/lease of land at below-market prices– Loans, access to credit at below-market rates

• State sources– Non-tax revenue: lotteries, tolls– Regional sales tax– Gas tax

• Federal sources

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Private Financing

Cintra, a subsidiary of the Spanish conglomerate, Ferrovial, develops and operates transportation infrastructure (http://www.cintra.es):• Chicago Skyway: 7.8 miles of toll road in Chicago, part of I-90• Texas SH 130 Segments 5 & 6: Toll road • Indiana Toll Road: 157-miles long, leased for 75 years for $3.8 billion

Macquarie Infrastructure Group, part of Macquarie Bank (an Australian bank), develops and operates transportation infrastructure http://www.macquarie.com/mgl/com/mqa):• Chicago Skyway: 7.8 miles of toll road in Chicago, part of I-90• Indiana Toll Road: 157-miles long, leased for 75 years for $3.8 billion• Dulles Greenway: 13.7 miles, Dulles to Leesburg, VA, $533 million• South Bay Expressway: 9.3 miles of toll road in SD, built for $635 million • Sea-to-Sky: 62 miles, Vancouver to Whistler, $600 million

MQA Macquarie Atlas Roads

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Chicago Skyway

• $1.83 billion for 99 year lease by Skyway Concession Company

• Toll revenues = $38-45 million annually

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Chicago Skyway

Axles

Day Night

2 $3.00 $3.00

3 $7.60 $5.40

4 $10.10 $7.20

5 $12.60 $9.00

6 $15.20 $10.80

7+ $17.70 $12.60

Tolls

Map from Skyway Concession Company

http://www.southbayexpressway.com/

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South Bay Expressway

Pictures from SBX (www.southbayexpressway.com)

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South Bay Expressway

Picture from SBX (www.southbayexpressway.com)

Picture from Macquarie

Opened November 2007

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Trends in Mega-Projects

• Not routine after 1970• Support coalitions

– Usually led by business enterprise• Project ideas

– Usually originate in the public sector• Only successful if they “do no harm”• Mitigation is essential• Support and purpose is local• Avoid increases in broad-based local taxes• Costs rose dramatically from 1970 – 2000• Private investment (2004 – present)

From Altshuler and Luberoff (2003) Mega-Projects: The Changing Politics of Urban Public Investment

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Cost Effective?

The Stack (LA): I-105 (E-W), I-405 (N-S)

Rising Costs

0

500

1,000

1,500

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2,500

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Century Freeway I-90 (Mercer Island) Central Artery/Tunnel Alaskan Way Viaduct

Project

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$176 million

$3 billion

$1.9 billion

$272 million

Cost per Centerline Mile

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Some U.S. Mega-Projects

Big Dig (Boston)$14.6 billion

Underground existing viaducts2 underwater tunnel routes

New/upgraded highway interchangeshttp://www.masspike.com/bigdig

Central Texas Turnpike System$3.8 billion3 new highways around Austin areaNew/upgraded highway interchangeshttp://www.texastollways.com/tta

Miami Intermodal Center$1.7 billionMultimodal transportation facilityhttp://www.micdot.com

Tampa Bay Interstate System$1.5 billionFreeway improvementshttp://www.tbinterstates.com

New Mississippi River Bridge (St. Louis)$640 million

New bridge from St. Louis to IllinoisNew/upgraded highway interchanges

http://www.newriverbridge.org

Ohio River Bridges (KY, OH)$4.1 billion2 new bridges across Ohio RIverNew/upgraded highway interchangeshttp://www.kyinbridges.com

Katy Freeway (Houston)$2.7 billion

Reconstruct 23 miles of I-102 upgraded interchanges

27 upgraded crossingshttp://www.katyfreeway.org

I-4 (Orlando)$1.7 billionReconstruct 18 miles of I-4http://www.trans4mation.org

Detroit River International Crossing$1.8 billionNew border crossing, bridge, plazawww.partnershipborderstudy.com

Birmingham, AL Northern Beltline$3.32 billion

52-mile freeway to bypass BirminghamCompletion: 2025

Twin Span Bridge, Lake Pontchartrain, LA$800 millionReplace bridge damaged by Katrinahttp://www.twinspanbridge.com

BART Seismic Retrofit (San Francisco)$1.3 billion

Retrofit BARThttp://www.bart.gov/about/projects/eqs/index.aspx

I-215 San Bernardino Corridor Imp.$0.8 billion

12 new lane-mileshttp://www.sanbag.ca.gov/projects/mi_fwy_215-sb.html

I-15 Managed Lanes (San Diego)$1.2 billion20 miles of HOT-type lanesNew/upgraded highway interchangeshttp://www.sandag.org/index.asp?projectid=34&fuseaction=projects.detail

I-69 (Michigan to Texas)$10 billion?17 miles of highway improvementFreeway corridor from MI to TXMay happen

New Haven Harbor Crossing (I-95)$2 billion (doubled since 2002)7.2 miles of roadway improvementsTransit improvementshttp://www.i95newhaven.com

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Woodrow Wilson Bridge (Potomac)$2.5 billion

New bridge across PotomacNew/upgraded highway interchanges

http://www.wilsonbridge.com

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Benicia-Martinez Bridge$1 billionNew bridge in Vallejo areahttp://www.dot.ca.gov/hq/esc/tollbridge/Ben-Mar/Ben-Mar.html

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San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge$6.3 billionNew bridge from Oakland to Y.B. Islandhttp://www.newbaybridge.org

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Boulder City/Hoover Dam Bypass$0.9 billion

10 miles of 4-lane freewayhttp://www.bouldercitybypass.com

Not just the U.S.Large project in China

Photos from Professor Dave Timm, Auburn University

Akashi Kaikyo Bridge (Pearl Bridge)$3.6 billion10 years to construct¥ 2,600 ($22) each way for cars25,000 vehicles/day

Great Belt (Storebǽlt - Denmark)$3.5 billion (1988 value)

28 Euros ($34) each way for cars132 Euros ($159) each way for lorries

Picture from B. Kattanppuram Blog

Picture from Mount Holyoke College

Millau Viaduct$523 million to construct39 month constructionTolls

• $6.50 toll one way in winter• $8.62 toll one way in summer

Picture from arzan blog

Photo from Biz/ed

Channel Tunnel$21 billionCompleted 1994

Chek Lap Kok Airport (Hong Kong)$20 billion

Completed 1998

Picture from Balfour Beatty Rail

Strait of Messina (Italy mainland to Sicily)Projected $5 billion (60% by Italian government, 40% by private investors)Will be longest single span bridge in the world when (if) completedhttp://www.strettodimessina.it

Gotthard Base Tunnel (Switzerland to Italy)$6 billion20 year construction (2017 completion)35.4 mile tunnel under Swiss AlpsDrilling completed October 2010

Photo from ETH Life International

Thai Canal (Thailand)$20 billion projected

May or may not happen

Photo from Google Earth

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Next on the List

• SR 167, Tacoma, WA• SR 520 Bridge, Seattle, WA• I-405 Corridor, Bellevue, WA• SR 509, Seattle WA • Alaskan Way Tunnel, Seattle WA

SR 167 Extension (Tacoma)Tacoma to Edgewood$2.3 billionExtend SR 167 to I-5 and SR 509

SR 520 Bridge Replacement$4 to 5 billion

Replace SR 520 bridgeImprove SR 520 corridor

Pictures from WSDOT website

I-405 Corridor Improvements$3.2 billionNew lanesReconfigured interchangesBus direct access

SR 509 Freight/Congestion Relief$1 billionExtend SR 509 to I-5 south of Seatac6 miles of new I-5 lanes

Pictures from WSDOT website

Alaskan Way Viaduct & Seawall$2.4 billion in funding available now

Replace viaduct with bored tunnelReinforce/replace seawall

I-5 - Pavement Reconstruction and Bottleneck Improvement ProjectsUndetermined CostRepair/replace I-5 pavement from Tukwila to Northgate (14 miles)Anticipated construction: 2017+Must coordinate with: • Alaskan Way viaduct replacement project

• SR 520 bridge replacement project• Link Light Rail• I-405 corridor improvements• SR 509 extension

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Primary References

• Altshuler, A. and Luberoff, D. (2003). Mega-Projects: The Changing Politics of Urban Public Investment. Brookings Institute Press, Washington, D.C.

• Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). (2008). Mega Projects web page. Maintained by the Office of Program Administration. www.fhwa.dot.gov/programadmin/mega.