cec-chp workshop - boiler efficiency
TRANSCRIPT
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Boiler EfficiencyCEC Workshop on CHP
July 14, 2014
Dale FontanezProject Manager - SGIP
DOCKETEDCalifornia Energy Commission
JUL 22 2014
TN 73471
14-CHP-01
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» Boilers» Terminology» Types & Applications» Efficiency Measurement Components that affect Energy Efficiency Programs
» Conclusion
Boiler Efficiency
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Boilers
Source: ICF Consulting
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Water
Boiler
75 F160F or Steam + 212F
Hot Water or Steam
Energy
Exhaust
» Primary equipment used for building heat, sterilization, process steam and water heating
» Easily convertible energy source for cooling
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Boiler Terminology
Source: Energy Solutions Center
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» Horsepower – How a boiler is sized • One boiler horsepower equals 33,475 Btu per hour • Energy rate required to evaporate 34.5 lb (15.65 kg) of
water at 212F (100C) in an hour » Low vs. High – operating pressure
• Low pressure - below 15 psig or water at 250oF• High pressure - above these conditions
» Application Hot Water Steam
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Boilers – Types & Applications
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Fire Tube BoilerWater Tube Boiler
Water/Fire Tube (Most common)Produces hot water, low or high pressure steamSmall packaged systems up to about 7,500 hpEfficiency ranges from 75 to 85%Fabricated in large sizes and very high pressuresAvailable as packaged systems or can be field erected
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Boilers – Types & Applications
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» General Applications of Boilers: Space heating Water heating Process steam Cogeneration / Power Generation via steam
turbine» Markets
• Commercial• Industrial• Institutional• Educational Facilities
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Boiler ‐ Efficiency
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» Measurement Combustion Efficiency (CE) – measure of the ability of the
burner to completely burn the fuel. It is equal to 100 percent of input energy minus the percentage of heat lost up the stack (called "flue loss"). Considered to be the “steady-state” efficiency of a boiler. Value can be determined with a hand held analyzer.
Thermal Efficiency (TE) – is equal to the CE minus the jacket (skin of the boiler) and blow-down losses. Generally, 1 - 3%less than the CE. Value must be calculated.
Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency (AFUE) – measure that attempts to represent the actual, season-long, average efficiency of a piece of equipment, including transients
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Boiler ‐ Efficiency
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» Common components of a boiler that affect efficiency Burner Types
• Atmospheric• Power
– High efficiency– Low NOx– Flue exhaust heat recovery (inlet air heating)
O2 Trim• Sensor and control (excess air)
VFD on combustion air fan Stack Economizer
• Preheat boiler feed water (fresh water or condensate return)• Flue Gas Condensers
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Boiler Efficiency
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» To receive a rebate or incentive, measures must be taken to achieve required efficiency as standard units will not qualify http://socalgas.com/for-your-business/rebates/general-equipment.shtml
» Efficiency standards are based upon manufacturer’s specifications as provided to the CEC( Database), including the following figures
Source: Workpaper SCG, Process Boilers
Small Medium Large <= 300 Mbtuh 300 to 2,500 Mbtuh > 2,500 Mbtuh
(9 Hp) (9 to 75 Hp) (75 Hp)80 ‐ 87% 80 ‐ 87% 80 ‐ 87% 80 ‐ 83% 80 ‐ 83% 80 ‐ 83%
CE CE CE CE CE CESource Efficiencies (Manufacturer's)
State Energy Efficiency Rebate and Incentive
Program Requirements*
*Energy efficiency units may have one or more of the following features: high‐efficiency/low Nox burners, power burners, water tubes, relatively large heat exchange surfaces, and flue exhaust heat recovery
Hot Water Boiler Efficiency Steam Boiler Efficiency
BOILERS
84% AFUE
85% CE
85% CE
82% AFUE
83% CE
83% CE
Medium 300 to 2,500
Mbtuh
Large > 2,500 Mbtuh
Small <= 300 Mbtuh
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Boiler Efficiency
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Figure 1 – CEC Efficiency Data (Hot Water Boilers <= 200 Mbtuh)
Source: Work paper SCG, Process Boilers Efficiency standards are based upon manufacturer’s specifications as provided to the CEC( Database),
78
80
82
84
86
88Co
mbu
stion Efficiency
Product Number
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Boiler Efficiency
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Figure 2 – CEC Efficiency Data (Hot Water Boilers 200 – 1000 Mbtuh)
78
80
82
84
86
88Co
mbu
stion Efficiency (%
)
Boiler Number
Source: Work paper SCG, Process Boilers Efficiency standards are based upon manufacturer’s specifications as provided to the CEC( Database)
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Boiler Efficiency
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78798081828384858687
Combu
stion Efficiency (%
)
Boiler NumberFigure 3 – CEC Efficiency Data (Steam Boilers <= 200 Mbtuh (50 Hp))
Source: Work paper SCG, Process Boilers Efficiency standards are based upon manufacturer’s specifications as provided to the CEC( Database)
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Boiler Efficiency
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78
79
80
81
82
83
84Co
mbu
stion Efficiency (%
)
Boiler NumberFigure 4 – CEC Efficiency Data (Steam Boilers 200 – 1000 Mbtuh (50 – 300 Hp))
Source: Work paper SCG, Process Boilers Efficiency standards are based upon manufacturer’s specifications as provided to the CEC( Database)
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Boiler Efficiency
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» Conclusion Most existing boilers in California do not achieve 85%
combustion efficiency, especially steam boilers. 83% for steam boilers and 85% for hot water boilers
is the efficiency for which EE monies are provided, the goal.
Achieving 85% efficiency requires the addition of components that add cost to a boiler system
• O2 Trim • VFD on combustion air fan• Economizers• Flue gas condensers