ce estimates

8/9/2019 CE Estimates

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FINALS: CONCRETE MATERIALS

1. CONCRETE WORKS: Concrete Admixtures

Admixtures are those ingredients in concrete other than portland cement, water, and aggregates that areadded to the mixture immediatelybefore or during mixing (Fig. 6-1).

he ma!or reasons for using admixtures are"

1. o reduce the cost of concrete construction

#. o achie$e certain properties in concrete moreeffecti$elythan by other means

%. o maintain the &uality of concrete during thestages of mixing, transporting, placing, andcuring in ad$erse weather conditions

'. o o$ercome certain emergencies duringconcreting operations

oncrete should be wor able, finishable, strong,durable, watertight, and wear resistant. hese &ualitiescan often be obtained easily and economically by the selection of suitable materials rather than by resortingto admixtures (except air-entraining admixtures when needed).Admixturescanbe classified by function asfollows"

1. Air-entr inin! dmixtures- are used to purposely introduce and stabili*e microscopic air bubbles in concrete.

". W ter-reducin! dmixtures- are used to reduce the &uantity of mixing water re&uired to produce concrete of a certain slump, reduce water-

cement ratio, reduce cement content, or increase slump.

#.$% stici&ers- theseadmixtures are added to concrete with a low-to-normal slump and water-cement ratio to ma e high-slump

flowing concrete

'. Acce%er tin! dmixtures

- used to accelerate the rate ofhydration (setting) and strength de$elopment of concrete at an early age.

(. Ret rdin! dmixtures- are used to delay the rate of settingof concrete.

). *+dr tion-contro% dmixtures- consist of a two-part chemical system"(1) a stabili*er or retarder that essentially stops the hydration of cementing

materials, and (#) an acti$ator that reestablishes normal hydration and setting when added to the stabili*ed concrete.

,. Corrosion in i itors- are used in concrete for par ingstructures, marine structures, and bridges where chloride salts are present.

FIGURE 1 Liquid admixtures, from left to right: antiwashout admixture,shrinkage reducer, water reducer, foaming agent, corrosion inhi itor, andair!entraining admixture"


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/. S rin0 !e reducers- ha$e potential uses in bridge dec s, critical floor slabs, and buildings where crac s and curling must be

minimi*ed for durability or aesthetic reasons

. A%0 %i-si%ic re cti2it+ in i itors- hemical admixtures to control al ali-silica reacti$ity (al ali-aggregate expansion)

13. Co%orin! dmixtures- +atural and synthetic materials are used to color concrete for aesthetic and safety reasons

11. Misce%% neous dmixtures suc s 4or0 i%it+5 ondin!5 d m66roo7in!5 6erme i%it+ reducin!5!routin!5 ! s-7ormin!5 nti4 s out57o min!5 nd 6um6in! dmixtures

E77ects o7 Concrete Admixtures in Fie%d

Figure % lastici*ed, flowing concrete is easily placed in thinsectionssuch as this bonded o$erlay that is not much thic er than 11 # diametersof a &uarter.

Figure ' ed and blue pigments were used to color this terra**o floor.

# Flowa le concrete with a high slum$ %to$& is easil'%middle&, e(en in areas of hea(' reinforcing steelion % ottom&"


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T %e 1 Concrete Admixtures + C% ssi7ic tion

Mixin! $rocess8Li9uid W ter6roo7er

1. Pun or vibrate the concrete. To achieve the greatest resistance, it is essential thatconcrete is well punned or vibrated to eliminate trapped air.

2. Understand the efect o the additive. It is to 'plasticise' the mi , reducing the amounto gauging water re!uired, giving the mi additional strength and "e ibilit# to preventit crac$ing or cra%ing during a more controlled dr#ing out period. It provides a compacteasil# wor$ed mi when wet with a smoother hard wearing, less dust# sur ace whendr#.

Mixin! $rocess 8Mort r $% sticiser

1. Use a mortar plasticiser. It has all the advantages o lime and none o thedisadvantages. This li!uid admi ture plasticises a cement&sand mi using less gaugingwater than usual, giving an easil# wor$able ' att#' mortar with strong adhesion. It has areasonabl# ast initial setting period but leaves ample time or the ad ustment o bric$s.

2. (dd the plasticiser to the gauging water at a rate o 1&) litre o plasticiser to 2* litres owater.

Mixin! $rocess 8Cement ;+es

1. (llow to sel+mi . The granules have a sel+mi ing action simpl# b# being added to a dr#mortar or concrete mi , then turned over in the normal wa# be ore the gauging wateris added. The amount o colourant used will afect the shade produced so a care ul

/ 0uperplastici*ers are also referred to as high-range water reducers or plastici*ers. hese admixtures often meet both A0 '2' (AA03 4 12') and A0 151 specifications.


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chec$ must be $ept when mi ing successive batches that the same !uantit# is usedeach time. (s a guide, 2+1*$g per 1**$g o cement is recommended.

Mixin! $rocess 8Concrete ;ust $roo7er nd Sur7 ce * rdener

1. (dd a concrete dustproo er and sur ace hardener.2. Pour the dust+proo er in the concrete.

. (dd more i needed.

A66%ied $rocedure nd


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gaps and seams to create a good vapor seal. The wall is now read# to cover with e teriorbuilding materials or dr#wall.

#. FORMS AN; SCAFFOL;INr ces

0imilar to the traditional method, but stringers and !oist are replaced with aluminium formingsystems or steel beams and supports are replaced with metal props. his also ma es this methodmore systematic and reusable. Aluminum beams are fabricated as telescoping units which allowsthem to span supports that are located at $arying distances apart. elescoping aluminium beams can

be used and reused in the construction of structures of $arying si*e.

Inst %% tion $rocess

1. 7ecide i the ormwor$ is going to beconstructed on site.

2. 4easure the area where the orm willbe used and then measure it again.

. 7raw the design #ou need on graph

paper.. 7esign the e tra inches o the orminto the ormwor$ plan.

). 7esign ormwor$ pro ects withpremade orms or curved orunusuall# shaped areas.

8. 9uild walls with orms that are setand rein orced with metal post calledrebar. The orms are laid out in theshape desired and concrete pourinto them li$e bric$s.

. Met % Sc 77o%din!s0caffolding is a temporary structure used to

support people and material in the construction orrepair of buildings and other large structures. 7t isusually a modular system of metal pipes or tubes,although it can be from other materials.


1. 5elect a secure oundation on which tobuild and set #our scafold.

2. :pt or casters. I #ou plan on moving#our scafolding to wor$ on variousspots, include casters in #our scafoldingsetup. emember to loc$ the casterswhen #ou get it into place.

. (ssemble the scafolding rame. ;a# out the ends o the scafolding. 5ecure the ends o the cross braces to the bottom o the opposite end rame.

. 4a$e sure the scafold is stable.). Place the plan$s.

Figure 5 Styrofoam Wall Panel

Figure ) *etal Formwork in *ala'sia

Figure + *etal caffolding in *um ai, India"
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buildingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_(material)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_(material)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buildingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_(material)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium


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8. 5ecure access to the scafold. I ladders are used to access the scafold, use ones thatare designed or that speci6c scafold.


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A. Cei%in!?W %% M teri %s- he materials you use for the walls and ceilings in your home will affect how your home loo s(both inside and out), how it8ll stand up to fires, wind and physical stress, and how energy efficientyour home is as a whole.

A.1. * rdi7%ex-a tough, hard-wearing, low maintenance flat sheet which ma es it easy to achie$e a smooth

painted finish. As an ea$es lining, external wall cladding, $erandah and carport lining.


1. /ardi"e boards should be installed on theceilings 6rst. (pplication at rightangles to the raming is pre erable.

2. Unless speci6ed on 6re or sound ratedassemblies, hori%ontal wall application isrecommended to give added strength andreduce the number o oints.

. 5tarting in the upper corner o thewall, wor$ across and down. ?nds andedges o sheets should be touching butnot orced tightl# together.

. /olding /ardi"e board 6rml# against theraming, begin astening in the center o the sheet and moved outward toward endsand edges.

). 5et asteners heads slightl# indentedrom the sur ace without brea$ing the ace paper or damaging the g#psum core.

8. Installed sheet in a bric$ pattern with the ends staggered and supported b# ramingmembers. @oints shall not all on the same studs as those directl# on the opposite sideo the wall.


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2. Use #our ra%or $ni e to score and snap a piece o g#psum board at that length, runningthe blade alongside #our t+s!uare to $eep it straight.

. 5et up two ladders, one b# the starting wall, the other under the oists to which #oumeasured. Aith an assistant, hold the g#psum board up to the ceiling, with the cut endacing the wall and the uncut end lining up with the middle o the oist.

. 5hoot dr#wall screws ever si inches or so along the edge o the board where it isunder the oist.

). /ang the rest o the boards in the same manner, positioning them end to end, in

courses, alwa#s meeting at the oists.8. Press meshdr#walling tape over all the seams between the boards.


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1. ;a# an acoustic panel "at on the "oor, so that the bac$ o the panel is acing up.2. 4easure along the line that #ou ust drew and mar$ a point the same distance in rom

each side o the panel.. (ttach two panel clips to the bac$ o the panel at the mar$s that #ou made on each

side.. (dd a clip in the center o the bottom o the panel i hanging a long rectangular panel.). 7etermine the distance between the two clips on the top o the acoustic panel with the

tape measure.

8. 5crew two wall clips to the wall, using the mar$s #ou created as a guide.


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1. 4easure the wall where corrugated metal panels will be installed.2. 5tart at the bottom and side o a wallB hold a panel in place and asten it with

galvani%ed sheet metal screws through the metal into the wall raming.. :verlap the ne t panel b# one corrugated ridge and valle#.. 0over the wall completel#, cutting panels where needed to 6t with tin snips or a metal

saw.). -inish the wall b# installing sheet metal "ashing at the top, bent at an angle to prevent

water rom getting in behind the metal panel. Ahere two metal walls meet, screw in a

metal corner to oin them.

>. Met % Cei%in! @oists 7or Acoustic % >o rds- is a structural component found in buildings and is generally made of steel. hese bars connectstructural beams to each other or to other load-bearing ob!ects. hese !oists usually ser$e asconnectors to acoustic boards.


1. 4easure the ceiling and plotit out on graph paper,

mar$ing the e act locationso all windows and doors.4ar$ the direction o ceiling

oists. 4ar$ the oists on theceiling itsel , using a pencil orchal$ to draw the oist linesacross the ceiling.

". Aith the dealer, plan thela#out or the ceiling, 6guringull panels across the mainceiling and evenl# trimmedpartial panels at the edges.

#. 4ar$ the level the new ceiling will hang at, allowing at least inches clearancebetween the panels and the old ceiling.'. Install screw e#es ollowing the ceiling la#out diagram.(. -or each screw e#e, cut a length o hanger wire that is long enough to asten

securel# through the screw e#e.). 5et the main runners into place.,. Install the cross tee sections o the

ceiling grid.

. Met % Cei%in! @oists 7or o rds?$%+4ood

-are typically attached to metal furringmembers that are secured to or suspended fromsteel open-web !oists or light beams.4pen-websteel bar !oists are not designed to recei$ewallboarddirectly, and they are often spaced more than#' inches o.c. 3ence, theyre&uire suitablefurring or suspension systems, installed withappropriatespacing, to support gypsum boardceilings.

Figure 17 *etal ceiling 8oists with sound$roofing material"


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1. 4easure spacing between raming members. 0ut angle to distance betweenmembers plus si inches. T

2. 0ut a slit in the 1C leg, three inches rom each end. 9end each end o the mounting

angle D* .. (ttach the bent section o one o the mounting angles to the wood raming member. (ttach the ceiling oists to the 1C EC mounting angle using F= screws or &18C

rivets.). Position the remaining mounting angle on the opposite side o the rames between

the oists.8. (ttach the ceiling oists.

;. Met % W %% Studs 8;r+4 %%-are used to rame non+load+bearing walls and are an afordable, eco+ riendl# alternative towood studs. Gou will need to determine whether to use a heavier stud, which re!uirese pensive power tools, or install thinner+gauged studs closer together be ore #ou start thepro ect.


1. 4easure the distance betweenthe installed top and bottomtrac$, re erred to as runners.

2. e er to the metal studre erence chart to determinethe stud spacing re!uired orthe height o #our wall.

. 4ar$ the centerline or eachstud on the top runner with thepermanent mar$er, allowing thespacing recommended b# themetal stud re erence chart .

. Place a mar$ on a metal studat the dimension #oumeasured between the top and bottom runners in 5tep1.

). ? tend the mar$ across the "at bac$ ace o the metal stud b# aligning the carpenter'ss!uare with the mar$ #ou placed on the stud and dragging the permanent mar$er

along the edge o the carpenter's s!uare.8. 4a$e a cut down each leg o the metal stud with the aviation snips and score on theline #ou mar$ed in 5tep ), using the utilit# $ni e.


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12.Place the + oot level against the metal stud that #ou astened to the top runner.1 .0lamp the bottom o the metal stud to the bottom runner when the level reads that the

metal stud is plumb.1 . un a F< screw through the bottom runner and into the metal stud to secure the stud.1). epeat steps previous three steps to secure all the metal studs to the bottom runner.18.4ove to the other side o the wall. 0lamp and secure the top and bottom o each stud

to complete the installation o the metal studs.

E. L min ted F%oor $% n0s- is a multi-layer synthetic flooring product fused together with a lamination process. 9aminateflooring simulates wood (or sometimes stone ) with a photographic appli&ue layer under a clear

protecti$e layer. he inner core layer is usually composed of melamine resin and fiber board materials.


1. Prepare the area under the "oor. 9e ore installinglaminate "ooring plan$s, chec$ #our concrete slab or"atness. ;a# a 8+ oot straight edge on the sur ace. 4a$e

sure it touches the "oor completel#.2. (n# place that two concrete slabs meet, there will be aline in the "oor. 0over these lines with heav#+dut#pac$ing tape.

. Install the "ooring underla#.

. ;a# the laminate "ooring plan$s. The plan$s shouldnot directl# touch the wall.

). (dd trim. 5ince proper installation o laminate"ooring plan$s leaves 1& inch against each wall, "oor trimwill add a nice 6nish to #our "ooring sur ace. Use wood glueto attach the trim or a good 6nish.

(. ROOFWORKSoo6ng 5heets are used to protect the roo s o houses, sheds, or garages rom the

elements. It is a ver# important part o all aspects o construction. 4an# diferent t#pes o roosheeting are available to choose rom and each t#pe has its strengths and wea$nesses.

T+6es o7 Roo7 S eets

1. Corru! ted Roo7 S eets- The most common t#pe o roo6ng sheets have some sort o corrugation, that is, thesur ace has been olded or bent into a repetitive shape.

a. Type B Wide Rib+can be ound made o galvani%ed steel, painted steel, aluminum, stainless steel.

The standard sheet width is 8H.

b. Type F Intermediate Rib+is $nown as an Intermediate ib because o its spacing, which is not !uite as wideas T#pe 9.The intermediate rib is particularl# use ul or roo s that must nest with ane isting T#pe - roo .

c. 2 1/2" Rib

Figure 19 Laminated Floor /lank
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flooringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appliquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberboardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flooringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appliquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melaminehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberboard


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+The 2 1&2H ib is an improvement on an older t#pe o 2 3( 2 1 &2H 0orrugatedmetal. It has improved carr#ing capabilities over the older t#pe. 2 1&2H ib is mosto ten ound in *H sheets.

d. 1 1/2" Composite+1 1&2H 0omposite -loor 7ec$ is best or bonding with concrete because o theuni!ue shape o its web.

e. 2" Composite+The uni!ue indentations in the pro6le o this sheet allows or ideal bonding betweenconcrete and metal, creating a heart# composite dec$. The 2H 0omposite is ound in2 H widths, in galvani%ed steel, painted steel, and stainless steel, with a specialinterloc$ing side lap to oin it to neighboring sheets.

. ! ec# + have a ver# special, deep pro6le that allows or longer spans than shallowerpro6les. It is o ten a cost+efective choice because its abilit# to span larger distanceslets the user choose a lighter gauge than would be needed in a sheet with a depthshallower than dec$'s might# inches.

$. T%erma&'a&& Roo(n$ )ane&s+are sturd# with great load+carr#ing capabilit#. Its best to use this t#pe when #ou arenot using rigid insulation.

%. 4" Rib+ H ib corrugated sheets are highl# available and recogni%able, but these sheetsare primaril# used or as a siding product.

i. */+" and 1/2" Corr,$ated -eta& )ane&s+The


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-are a roo covering consisting o individual overlapping elements. These elements aret#picall# "at rectangular shapes laid in rows rom the bottom edge o the roo up, witheach successive higher row overlapping the oints in the row below. /istoricall#, at the roo ridge there was a cap consisting o copper or lead sheeting which in modern times hasbeen replaced b# shingles with a plastic underla#.

. Composition s%in$&es+are made o asphalt or 6berglass.

b. sp%a&t s%in$&es+uses an asphalt base that is then covered with granules o crushed minerals.c. Fiber$&ass s%in$&es +are similar in appearance to asphalt shingles, but don't have the same

tendenc# or curling.

d. Cedar s%in$&es +wood shingles made rom cedar provide a rustic loo$ as well as durabilit#.

). Roo7 Ti%es- oo tiles are designed mainl# to $eep out rain , and are traditionall# made rom locall#available materials such as cla# or slate . 4odern materials such as concrete and plastic

are also used and some cla# tiles have a waterproo gla%e.a. F&at ti&es+ the simplest t#pe, which are laid in regular overlapping rows.b. Imbre0 and te$,&a+an ancient oman pattern o curved and "at tiles that ma$e rain channels on a roo .c. Roman ti&es

+ "at in the middle, with a concave curve at one end at a conve curve at theother, to allow interloc$ing.

d. )anti&es+ with an 5+shaped pro6le, allowing ad acent tiles to interloc$. These result in aridged pattern resembling a ploughed 6eld.

e. -ission or barre& ti&es +are semi+ c#lindrical tiles laid in alternating columns o conve and concave tiles. Inter&oc#in$ roo ti&es+are similar to pantile with side and top loc$ing to improve protection rom waterand wind.$. nte(0es+vertical bloc$s which terminate the covering tiles o a tiled roo .i. C&ay ti&es

+ are onl# appropriate or a house that can support their heav# weight.It is ver#durable and long+lasting.

. &ate ti&es +cra ted rom stone last ver# long and are good choices or locations where 6re is

a concern. #. Concrete ti&es+are a less e pensive option when #ou want the loo$ o cla# tiles, but the weightma$es them suitable onl# or houses that can withstand such a load.

). Ro%% Roo7in!-is constructed li$e asphalt or 6berglass shingles, but comes in wide rolls. It is also lessthic$ than shingles and so it isn't as long+lasting and durable. Installed in double la#ers,roll roo6ng can last as long as a single la#er o shingles.

+. ertica& -eta& Roo(n$
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbrex_and_tegulahttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/concavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/convexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_(geometry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antefixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concretehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbrex_and_tegulahttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/concavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curvehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/convexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_(geometry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antefix


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Figure #0 '$es of Roofing hingles


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1. 7etermine what si%e e pansion bolt is re!uired or #our application.2. 4ar$ the location o the e pansion bolt locations on the "oor++this is where the bolt will be

secured to the "oor.. 7rill the proper si%e and depth hole or each anchor.. Insert the anchor into the hole. 4a$e sure the anchor is resting at the ver# bottom o the

pre+drilled hole be ore proceeding.). Insert the bolt through the device being secured and then into the anchor Jwhich is still

buriedK. Tighten the nut to the desired amount o tor!ue, or until it is tight i no tor!uespeci6cations are available.

,. $AINT-is any li&uid, li&uefiable, or mastic composition which, after application to a substrate in a thin layer, iscon$erted to a solid film. 7t is most commonly used to protect, color or pro$ide texture to ob!ects.

. W ter6roo7in! $ int>aterproofing is a ey step in protecting your home and personal possessions from water

damage.0e$eral types of waterproof paint exist on the mar et with $arying degrees of durability and price. 0ome paints also contain potentially ha*ardous materials, so follow proper safety procedureswhen using them.

T+6es o7 W ter6roo7in! $ int

.1. M sonr+ $ int-is designed to adhere to bric , concrete and other hard surfaces in and around the home.

.". E6ox+ $ int-is most commonly used for basement or garage flooring because of the paint8s durability and water-resistant capabilities.

.#. Acro%ein e% stici&ed 6 int-is a waterproof paint used on concrete surfaces. he compound also inhibits the growth of mold,mildew and other bacteria associated with the presence of moisture.

. E% stomeric $ int

Figure ## /arts of an Ex$ansion olt Figure #5 Ex$ansion olts


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=lastomeric paint is an alternati$e coating for parts of buildings that need extra protection againstad$erse weather. roperties include fully waterproofing an external surface, pre$enting water intrusionthrough hairline crac s and pro$iding lasting protection for years or e$en a


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-is a synthetic substance that wor s well as a pre$ention and repair tool. he chemical is thic and will help re-seal small crac s in the foundation.

d. Air < 6 Mem r ne- his sheet is polyethylene, which is a common

plastic, and has small dimples throughout it.


1. ? amine the sub"oor o the area.2. (ppl# a la#er o mortar to the "oor to orm a

slight slope toward the drain.. 5pread the waterproo membrane down

over the 6rst coat o mortar.. Install the tile bac$er boards around the

shower enclosure.). (ppl# another coat o mortar over the

waterproo membrane. -ollow the sameslope as be ore, and do not let the mortar get into the drain weep holes. (llow thisla#er to dr#.

. SOIL $OISONIN


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ce estimates

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