CE-332 CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND

MANAGEMENT

CHP 4 - PROJECT CHRONOLOGY

LECTURER : ASSOC. PROF. DR. AHMET ÖZTAŞ

UNIVERSITY OF GAZİANTEPDEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Lecture 4

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CHP4-PROJECT CHRONOLOGY

Introduction Project initiation Feasibility analysis Financing Design of project Procurement Construction Turnover and startup Operation of facility Disposal of facility Conclusion

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Learning Objectives

In this chapter you will learn the following:1. The principal tasks in life cycle of a project2. What information must be gathered and

investigated to successfully initiate a project.

3. The principal phases in project design.4. What must be done to move from

construction to operation.

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Introduction-1

Life of a facility goes through many phases. It starts with an idea. Idea combined with money --- project is born. Project is developed as drawings and specifications. Then, it is built. When completed, turned over to owner, and occupied,

maintained, repaired and eventually dies. At some point in lifetime a facility is likely to be

renovated, either to renew obsolete systems or change its use.

Figure 4.1 shows a design/build/use/dispose scenario for a shopping mall.

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Life cycle of a shopping mall: Feasibility analysis; investigate the economics

of the mall Design; produce “biddable” contract

documents Procurement; builder selection, material order Construction; mall physically constructed Turnover; transition from construction to

operation Operation; business is conducted

Introduction-2

Sequence of a Project:

CONCEPT APPRAISAL

CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT

DESIGN AND DOCUMENTATION

CONSTRUCTION

COMMISSIONING

Feasibility study.

Concept estimate of cost and timing

Progressive refinement of cost and timing in relation to the project’s objectives.

Progressive and continuous control of cost and timing

option to abandon

option to abandon

option to abandon

Who are the main Parties to a project? . . .

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Project initiation-1

All construction activity is the result of basic economic demand.

Individuals needs homes, roads, stores, shelter, etc.

Specific construction projects arise because corporations or government bodies recognize the need --- serve this demand and act to create them. Construction activity tends to foster further construction activity.

Recognizing needs is first step, but there must be a way to move from recognition to reality. Answer lies in economic structure of the country.

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Project initiation-2

Demographic and market analysis are used to forecast future growth areas in the country.

Opportunities, once identified, are financed and then projects initiated.

As businesses increase, population grow to work in them. Because these people must travel to work, roads and other transportation modes become necessary.

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Feasibility analysis-1

Before deciding to invest in a specific area, an investor wants to be sure on an adequate return. Therefore before any commitment, an analysis is performed to examine the proposed investment from several standpoints.

These are shown on figure;a) Market demand,b) Cost of construction,c) Cost of money,d) Timing of project,

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Project initiation

Cost of moneySchedule Budget

Market demand

Revise program or

cancel project Proceed?

Design

Feasibility analysis-2

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Feasibility analysis-3

During the early analysis stage, owner consults

Architects who provide early design advice, and

Construction professionals, who offer cost and constructability advice.

Example:

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Financing

If project gets past the first hurdle of profitability for the investor, owner must arrange financial backing for some of the work. Some of it provide himself.

Commonly, initial investor acquires outside funds to supplement his or her own.

Barrow from banks Barrow from insurance company Invite outside investors to share in future profits.Example: A corporation wishing to build a factory could

barrow from a bank or sell additional stocks or bonds.Whatever the source of additional funds, other individuals

or firms decide to lend or invest funds based on their own expectation of return on investment.

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Design of project

If owner decide to proceed, hires a design professional. If he elects to proceed using a construction management mode, he chooses a construction professional, Who provides cost, schedule, and construction advice throughout the design process.

Design is divided into 4 stages. Programming, Schematic design, Design development, Construction documents.

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Programming-1

A program is a written statement of the requirements of the building. It is the basis of design.

Program describes Spaces needed, Services required in those spaces, and Relationships of functions to be performed in

the building.Written by owner or user of building, by architect, or by a professional hired.

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The nature of the programming process depends on two things:

The sophistication of the owner; Owners vary considerably in their degree of understanding about building process and it affects program.

The complexity of the proposed facility;The complexity of the project itself can determine how the programming needs to be accomplished.

Using these information owner proceed or cancel

Programming-2

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When programming is complete, the owner has information about:

The needed size of the project in relation to the requirements of the users

The mechanical, electrical and plumbing systems

Vertical and horizontal circulation Public areas

Programming-3

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Once the program is complete and the owner has decided to proceed, the designer begins actual design of the project. The process begins with the schematic design-the stage

in which the designer defines the building’s characteristics in a number of ways.

Before schematic design begins; The owner selects a site for the building Site investigations done by the owner give the

designer information about soil conditions and makeup that in large part determine the type of foundation and structure possible for the particular site

Schematic design-1

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The architect develops preliminary floor plans that reflect the relationships of the various functional areas to one other

Sitting and location of the building are determined as well as its visual form.

When the schematic design is complete, the owner is again faced with the decision to proceed further or to cancel the project. At this time, all information developed to date-market information, financing costs, construction costs and design-are factored into the decision.

Schematic design-2

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When project team enters design development, it pursues a single design concept.

The purpose of this stage is to refine the design and obtain detailed information from the users about their requirements.

During this phase owner, designer and construction professional finalize the design of major building systems.

For example – structural, plumbing, elevator, roofing, mechanical, exterior façade, electrical.

Design development

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Architect creates final working construction documents used to bid the job for construction and to build the job in the field. Documents including specifications and drawings, Should meet

program criteria, …programming Reflect the design .. schematic design,

and Refine all detailed work, …design

development

Construction documents

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Procurement

Procurement: overall process of finding and purchasing the materials called for in the contract and hiring the best subcontractors to build the project. Construction documents must be accurate and must clearly communicate to the bidders.

First task --- hire many subcontractorsIn traditional system … owner (with help of architect)

requests bids from a list of qualified contractors.In CM system … project documents are divided into bid

packages. owner (with help of architect and CM) evaluate requested bids.

Sometimes owner purchase equipment or materials before a contractor hired. Such material is known long-lead items.

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Construction

Once procurement process completed, construction can begin

Main element: task of managing and coordinating the field operations. This means;

Scheduling crews in proper sequence, Choosing most efficient and safe construction

techniques and methods Directing the production process.To accomplish this task, construction professional must order correct material, ensure adequate supply of necessary tools & equipment, monitor schedule, cost, and quality.A parallel task is contract administration.

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Turnover and start-up

After construction completed, project must be turned over to owner for use during the rest of its economic life.

Turn over involves complicated technical issues and problemsFor example: testing of pipingTurnover is also a legal process, involves various legal

certification, such as certification of occupancy, and certificate of substantial completion. The process is long and tedious.

Document includes … insurance certificates, inspection reports, completed change orders.

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Operation of facility

This phase is the responsibility of owner or tenant of building.

In this, building is put to the use for which it was intended.

The period can last for many years before a major renovation is necessary.

This phase is also the period of greatest expenditure on the project total operating cost are higher.

More money will be invested up front, but the payback can be realized in the operating costs of the facility

Facility owners and managers usually need advice about the best model to use in making decisions during the planning stages of the project

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Disposal of facility

At the end of its useful life, a project or a facility may meet any one of a number of fates.

It may be closed down or simply abandoned.

It may be disassembled or removed.

It may also be renovated or overhauled

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CONCLUSION

People are involved in the life cycle of a building.

Who analyze the need for the facility and decide

Project enters the design/build phase Architects are hired to design Construction professionals are hired to

carry out the actual assembly All parties need to work in harmony

Next Chapter

Chapter 5Construction Services during

design