cdma technologies for cellular phone system

CDMA Technologies for Cellular Phone System , Sept. 11, 2003 1

CDMA Technologies for Cellular Phone System

CDMA Technologies for Cellular Phone System

July 7th, 2004

Takashi INOUE

KDDI R&D Laboratories Inc.


ContentsContents

• Introduction• Spread Spectrum Technology• DS-CDMA• Spreading Codes• Features of CDMA

– RAKE Receiver– Power Control– Frequency Allocation– Soft Handoff

• Conclusion


Introduction: Overview of Cellular systems

Introduction: Overview of Cellular systems


Evolution of Cellular SystemsEvolution of Cellular Systems

1st.Generation(1980s)

Analog

NMT CT0TACS CT1AMPS

3rd. Generation(2000s)

2nd. Generation(1990s)

Digital

GSM DECT DCS1800 CT2PDC PHSIS-54IS-95IS-136UP-PCS

IMT-2000 CDMA2000 W-CDMA


Major Operators of Cellular Phone Services in Japan

Major Operators of Cellular Phone Services in Japan

Operator2G 3G

FrequencyRemarks for 3G handset

KDDI/au800 MHz(1.5GHz

For Tu-Ka)

800MHz2GHz

backward compatibility with 2G (cdmaOne)

NTT DoCoMo 800 MHz1.5GHz

2GHzW-CDMA singleW-CDMA/PDC Dual

J-Phone(vodaphone) 1.5 GHz 2GHz

W-CDMA singleW-CDMA/GSM Dual


Japan’s Cellular Market Growth HistoryJapan’s Cellular Market Growth History

0

10,000,000

20,000,000

30,000,000

40,000,000

50,000,000

60,000,000

70,000,000

80,000,000

198819891990199119921993199419951996199719981999200020012002

CDMA2000 1x ,W-CDMA /6,093K

cdmaOne /7,757K

PDC/60,517K(NTT DoCoMo,KDDI, Tu-Ka,J-phone)

Analog / 0(endof Srv.)

end of Mar. 2003Total No. of Subscribers: 74,368K

(end of each fiscal year)


Growth of 3G Mobile Subscribers in Japan

Growth of 3G Mobile Subscribers in Japan

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

8,000

J-phone

FOMA

CDMA2000 1x

The number of subscribers surpassed 7 million in March, 2003

Oct- 01 Nov- 01Dec- 01 J an- 02 Feb- 02 Mar- 02 Apr- 02 May- 02 J un- 02 J ul- 02 Aug- 02 Sep- 02 Oct- 02 Nov- 02Dec- 02 J an- 03 Feb- 03 Mar- 03334 696 1151 1644 2142 2652 3293 3897 4673 5312 5891 6805

11 14 27 43 56 89 106 112 115 127 134 136 142 149 152 154 191 3301 4 9 25

No.

of

Sub

s.

(x1,0

00)

CDMA2000 1x

FOMAJ-phone


Requirements for 3G mobile systemsRequirements for 3G mobile systems

• High Capacity• Tolerance for interference• Privacy• Tolerance for fading• Ability to various data rate transmission• Flexible QoS


IMT-2000 systems approved by ITU-RIMT-2000 systems approved by ITU-R

Popular name

Access method

Body of Technical

Spec production

IMT-DS IMT-MC IMT-TC IMT-SC IMT-FT

(Direct Sequence) (Multi Carrier) (Time Code) (Single Carrier) (Frequency Time)

W-CDMA CDMA2000UTRA-TDD

UWC-136 DECT

CDMA-FDD CDMA-TDDCDMA-FDD TDMA-TDDTDMA-FDD

3GPP(FDD）

3GPP2 3GPP(TDD)

CWTS

IS-136 DECT

ESTIESTI TIA

TTAT1

CWTSARIB/TTC ARIB/TTC

CWTS

TTA

ESTI

TTAT1

CWTS

TIA

Approved in 2000 as ITU-R M.1457

TD-CDMATD-SCDMA

Organization Partners


Duplex & Multiple Access MethodsDuplex & Multiple Access Methods


Duplex Methods of Radio LinksDuplex Methods of Radio Links

Mobile Station

Base Station

Forward link

Reverse link


Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)

• Forward link frequency and reverse link frequency is different

• In each link, signals are continuously transmitted in parallel.

Mobile Station

Base Station

Forward link (F1)

Reverse link (F2)


Time Division Duplex (TDD)Time Division Duplex (TDD)

• Forward link frequency and reverse link frequency is the same.

• In each link, signals are incontinuously transmitted by turns just like a ping-pong.

Mobile Station

Base Station

Forward link (F1)

Reverse link (F1)


Example of FDD systemsExample of FDD systems

Transmitter

Receiver

BPF: Band Pass Filter

BPF

BPF

Transmitter

Receiver

BPF

BPF

F1

F2 F1

F2

Mobile Station Base Station


Example of TDD SystemsExample of TDD Systems

Transmitter

Receiver

BPF: Band Pass Filter

BPF

Transmitter

Receiver

BPF

F1 F1

Mobile Station Base Station

Synchronous Switches


Multiple Access MethodsMultiple Access Methods

Mobile Station

Base Station

Mobile StationMobile Station

Mobile Station

Forward link

Reverse link


FDMA OverviewFDMA Overview

A A

B B

C C

Freq

uenc

y

Time

f2

f1

f0


TDMA OverviewTDMA Overview

C B A C B A C B A C B A

C

A

B

Time

f0

Freq

uenc

y


What is CDMA ?What is CDMA ?

Sender Receiver

Code A

A

Code B

B

AB

AB

CBC

A

Code A

AB

C

Time

Freq

uenc

y

BC

B

A

Base-band Spectrum Radio Spectrum

spread spectrum


Summary of Multiple AccessSummary of Multiple Access

FDMA

TDMA

CDMA

time

time

time

pow

er

pow

er

pow

er

frequency

frequency

frequency


Spread Spectrum TechnologySpread Spectrum Technology


How to spread spectrum...How to spread spectrum...

Direct Sequence (DS)

Modulation(primary modulation)

Modulation(primary modulation)

user data

Sp

rea

din

g(s

ec

on

da

ry m

od

ula

tio

n)

Sp

rea

din

g(s

ec

on

da

ry m

od

ula

tio

n)

Tx

Base-bandFrequency

Po

we

rD

en

sity

RadioFrequency

Po

we

rD

en

sity

TIME

data rate

10110100

spreading sequence(spreading code)


Demodulating DS Signals (1/2)Demodulating DS Signals (1/2)

If you know the correct spreading sequence (code) ,

RadioFrequency

Po

we

rD

en

sity

received signal


you can find the spreading timing which gives the maximum detected power, and

Accumulate for one bit duration


Demodulated data

Base-bandFrequency

gathering energy !

10110100

1011010010110100 10110100

TIME

0100101110110100 10110100

0 01

1111111100000000 00000000


Demodulating DS Signals (2/2)Demodulating DS Signals (2/2)

If you don’t know the correct spreading sequence (code) •••

Base-bandFrequency

received signal


you cannot find the spreading timing without correct spreading code, and



Demodulated data

RadioFrequency

Po

we

rD

en

sity

01010101 01010101 01010101

10101010 10101010 10101010

TIME

0100101110110100 10110100

No data can be detected

- --

1011010010110100 10110100


Feature of SSFeature of SS

Privacy, Security

RadioFrequency

Po

we

rD

en

sity

Power density of SS-signals could be lower than the noise density.

transmitted SS-signal

••••

••

Noise

Po

we

rD

en

sity

RadioFrequency

Noise

••••

••received signal de-

modulator

de-modulator

Base-bandFrequency

Po

we

rD

en

sityWith incorrect code

(or carrier frequency),SS-signal itself cannot be detected.

They cannot perceive the existence of communication, because of signal behind the noise.

With correct code (and carrier frequency), data can be detected.

Base-bandFrequency

Po

we

rD

en

sity


DS-CDMADS-CDMA


Freq.Freq.

BPFDespreader

Code B

Freq.Freq.

BPFDespreader

Code A

DS-CDMA System Overview (Forward link)

DS-CDMA System Overview (Forward link)

CDMA is a multiple spread spectrum.

Difference between each communication path is only the spreading code

Data B

Code B

BPF

Freq.Freq.

•••

Data A

Code A

BPF

Freq.Freq.

MS-A

•••

MS-B

BS

Data A

Data B


Freq.Freq.

BPFDespreader

Code B

Freq.Freq.

BPFDespreader

Code A

DS-CDMA System Overview (Reverse Link)

DS-CDMA System Overview (Reverse Link)

CDMA is a multiple spread spectrum.

Difference between each communication path is only the spreading code

Data B

Code B

BPF

Freq.Freq.

•••

Data A

Code A

BPF

Freq.Freq.

•••MS-B

MS-A

BS

Data A

Data B


Spreading CodeSpreading Code


Cross-CorrelationCross-Correlation

Cross-Correlationbetween Code A and Code B = 6/16

Self-Correlationfor each code is 1.

one data bit duration

Spreading Code A

1 0 10 1 1 0 0 10 1 0 1 0 0 1

one data bit duration

Spreading Code A

1 0 01 1 1 0 0 10 1 0 1 0 0 1

Spreading Code A

1 0 01 1 1 0 0 10 1 0 1 0 0 1

0 0 00 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0

Spreading Code B

1 0 01 1 0 0 1 11 0 0 1 0 1 1

0 0 00 0 1 0 1 01 1 0 0 0 1 0


Preferable CodesPreferable Codes

In order to minimize mutual interference in DS-CDMA , the spreading codes

with less cross-correlation should be chosen.

Synchronous DS-CDMA :Orthogonal Codes are appropriate. (Walsh code etc.)

Asynchronous DS-CDMA :• Pseudo-random Noise (PN) codes / Maximum sequence

• Gold codes


Multiplexing using Walsh CodeMultiplexing using Walsh Code

Code for 00

Code for 01

Code for 10

Code for 11

Data

Modulator

Code for 01

Code for 10

Code for 11

0dtT

Select maximum

value

Code for 00

0dtT

0dtT

0dtT

Demodulator


Synchronous DS-CDMASynchronous DS-CDMA

Forward Link(Down Link)

Synchronous Chip Timing

Ａ

ＢA

A

Signal for B Station(after re-spreading)

Less Interference for A station

Synchronous CDMA Systems realized in Point to Multi-point System.e.g., Forward Link (Base Station to Mobile Station) in Mobile Phone.


Asynchronous DS-CDMAAsynchronous DS-CDMA

In asynchronous CDMA system, orthogonal codes have bad cross-correlation.

Reverse Link(Up Link)

BA

Signal for B Station(after re-spreading)

Big Interference from A station

Asynchronous Chip Timing

Signals from A and B are interfering each other.

A

B


Features of CDMAFeatures of CDMA


Mobile Propagation Environment ･･･ Multi-path Fading

Mobile Propagation Environment ･･･ Multi-path Fading

The peaks and bottoms of received power appear, in proportion to Doppler frequency.

Base Station (BS)Mobile Station (MS)

multi-path propagation

Path Delay

Po

we

r

path-2

path-2path-3

path-3

path-1

path-1

TimeP

ow

er


Fading in non-CDMA SystemFading in non-CDMA System

Path Delay

Po

we

r path-1

path-2

path-3

With low time-resolution,different signal paths cannot be discriminated.

•••These signals sometimes strengthen,

and sometimes cancel out each other, depending on their phase relation.••• This is “fading”.

•••In this case, signal quality is damaged

when signals cancel out each other.In other words, signal quality is dominated

by the probability for detected power to be weaker than minimum required level.

This probability exists with less than two paths.

Time

Po

we

r

Detected Power

In non-CDMA system, “fading” damages signal quality.


Fading in CDMA System ...Fading in CDMA System ...

Because CDMA has high time-resolution,different path delay of CDMA signals

can be discriminated.•••Therefore, energy from all paths can be summed

by adjusting their phases and path delays.••• This is a principle of RAKE receiver.

Path Delay

Po

we

r path-1

path-2

path-3

CDMAReceiver

CDMAReceiver

•••

Synchron

ization

Add

er

Path Delay

Po

we

r

CODE Awith timing of path-1

path-1

Po

we

r

path-1

path-2

path-3

Path Delay

Po

we

r

CODE Awith timing of path-2

path-2

interference from path-2 and path-3

•••


Fading in CDMA System (continued)Fading in CDMA System (continued)

In CDMA system, multi-path propagation improves the signal quality by use of RAKE receiver.

Time

Po

we

r Detected Power

RAKEreceiver

Less fluctuation of detected power, because of adding all

energy .

Po

we

r

path-1

path-2

path-3


Near-Far ProblemNear-Far Problem

CODE B

CDMATransmitter

DATA B

CODE A

CDMAReceiverCODE A

CDMATransmitter

DATA A

P

• Desired Signal Power = P/Lp-a• Interfered Signal Power =

P/Lp-b/(processing gain )

Demodulated DATA

P

Lp-a

Lp-b

When user B is close to the receiver and user A is far from the receiver,

Lp-a could be much bigger than Lp-b.In this case, desired signal power is

smaller than the interfered power.


Power Control...Power Control...

ＡＢ

Time

De

tect

ed

Po

we

r

from A

from B

When all mobile stations transmit the signals at the same power (MS),

the received levels at the base station are different from each other,

which depend on the distances between BS and MSs.

Moreover, the received level fluctuates quickly due to fading.

In order to maintain the received level at BS, power control technique must be

employed in CDMA systems.


Power Control (continued)Power Control (continued)

（（（

②

①

Open Loop Power Control Closed Loop Power Control

estimating path loss

calculating transmission

power

transmitmeasuring received power

transmit receive

decide transmission

power

transmit measuring received power

power control command

about 1000 times per second

①

②


Effect of Power ControlEffect of Power Control

ＡＢ

Time

De

tect

ed

Po

we

r

from MS B from MS A

closed loop power

control for MS B.

for MS A

.

Effect of Power Control• Power control is capable of compensating the fading fluctuation.

• Received power from all MS are controlled to be equal.

... Near-Far problem is mitigated by the power control.


Frequency Allocation (1/2)Frequency Allocation (1/2)

In FDMA or TDMA,

radio resource is allocated not to interfere among neighbor cells.

f1f2

f3f4

f5f6

f7

cell :a “cell” means covered area by one base station.

• Neighbor cells cannot use the same (identical) frequency band (or time slot).

• The left figure shows the simple cell allocation with seven bands of frequency.

• In actual situation, because of complicated radio propagation and irregular cell allocation, it is not easy to allocate frequency (or time slot) appropriately.


Frequency Allocation (2/2)Frequency Allocation (2/2)

In CDMA,

identical radio resource can be used among all cells,

because CDMA channels use same frequency simultaneously.

• Frequency allocation in CDMA

is not necessary.

• In this sense, CDMA cellular

system is easy to be designed.


Soft Handoff (1/2)Soft Handoff (1/2)

Handoff :• Cellular system tracks mobile stations in order to maintain their communication links.

• When mobile station goes to neighbor cell, communication link switches from current cell to the neighbor cell.

Hard Handoff :• In FDMA or TDMA cellular system, new communication establishes after breaking current communication at the moment doing handoff. Communication between MS and BS breaks at the moment switching frequency or time slot.

Hard handoff : connect (new cell B) after break (old cell A)

switching

Cell B Cell A


Soft Handoff (2/2)Soft Handoff (2/2)

Σ

Cell B Cell A

Soft handoff : break (old cell A) after connect (new cell B)

transmitting same signal from both BS A and BS B simultaneously to the MS

Soft Handoff :• In CDMA cellular system, communication does not break even at the moment doing handoff, because switching frequency or time slot is not required.


ConclusionConclusion

• CDMA is based on the spread spectrum technique which has been used at military field.

• CDMA cellular system is deemed superior to the FDMA and TDMA cellular systems for the time being.

• Therefore, CDMA technique becomes more important in radio communication systems.

cdma technologies for cellular phone system

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