cd-404215 - levittownschools.comsites.levittownschools.com/ckind/documents/elements of...literature...

Character, Setting, Plot, & Theme

Tone

Similes, Metaphors, & Other Figures of Speech

Irony

Allegory, Parody, & Satire

4

44

4

4

Centered around Common Core State Standards, Common Core: Elements of Literature is designed to help students understand such complex elements of literatureas irony and symbolism. Additional topics include character, tone, figures of speech,and allegory. Practice pages, student charts, graphic organizers, research challenges,discussion starters, and recommended reading lists enable students to practice identifyingand using elements of literature.

4 Aligned with the Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts

4 Includes glossary of specialized vocabulary, answer key, and standards matrix

4 Correlated to Common Core State, National, and Provincial standards. Visit www.carsondellosa.com for correlations.

ISBN978-1-62223-464-6

CD-404215

Practice Pages• Student Charts• Graphic Organizers• Research ChallengesDiscussion Starters•Writing Prompts• Games• Group Activities• Recommended Reading Lists

Visit learningspotlibrary.com for FREE activities!

GRADES6-8

Printed in the U.S.A.

Mark Twain Media/Carson-Dellosa Publishing LLC

P.O. Box 35665

Greensboro, NC 27425

www.carsondellosa.com

CD-404215

Common Core

Elements ofLiterature

AUTHOR: LindaArmstrongEDITORS: MaryDieterichandSarahM.AndersonPROOFREADER: MargaretBrown

COPYRIGHT©2014MarkTwainMedia,Inc.

PrintingNo.404215-EB

MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,PublishersDistributedbyCarson-DellosaPublishingLLC

Thepurchaseofthisbookentitlesthebuyertoreproducethestudentpagesforclassroomuseonly.OtherpermissionsmaybeobtainedbywritingMarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers.

All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America.

Visit us at www.carsondellosa.com

CommonCore:ElementsofLiterature

ii404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers

iii Introduction

iv CommonCoreStateStandardsMatrix

Elements of Fiction

1 BasicElementsofFictionChart

2 PointofView

3 ForeshadowingandFlashbacks

4 Inference

Tone

5 NameThatTone!

6 ToningUp

7 SayitWithTone

8 DenotationandConnotation

9 ShadesofMeaning

10 DenotationvsConnotation

Figures of Speech

11 Big,Huge,Gigantic!(Hyperbole)

12 TheOceanIsaWomanandOther

Comparisons

13 Symbols:TeacherPage

14 SymbolsAroundUs

15 SymbolsinStories:AGraphic

Organizer

16 DoSymbolsinFictionReallyMatter?

17 Analogies

18 Allegory:AnalogyasaStoryStructure

19 Paradox

20 Oxymorons

Irony

21 IronyIntroduction:TeacherPage

22 DetectingIrony:TeacherPage

23 ResourcesforTeachingIrony:

TeacherPage

Table of Contents

24 VerbalIrony

25 That’sTwisted!:VerbalIrony

26 VerbalIronyDetection

27 IDon’tBelieveIt:DramaticIrony

28 SpotlightonDramaticIrony

29 It’sNotFair:SituationalIrony

30 SpottheSituationalIrony

31 MakeitIronic

32 SortingOutSituationalIrony

33 NameThatIrony!

34 TypesofIrony

Teacher Resources

35 Satire:TeacherPage

36 Parody:TeacherPage

37 GamesforEvaluationandReview:

TeacherPage

38 ChallengesforAdditionalPractice:

TeacherPage

39 IronyExamplesforGames,Writing

Assignments,andChallenges:

TeacherPage

40 PointofViewExamplesforGames,

WritingAssignments,and

Challenges:TeacherPage

41 FiguresofSpeechExamplesfor

Games,WritingAssignments,and

Challenges:TeacherPage

42 GlossaryofTechnicalTerms

43 AnswerKeys

TableofContents


iii404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers

Introduction

TheCommonCoreCurriculumasksteacherstobreakdowntheelementsofgoodwrit-ing,enablingourstudentstocomprehendworksoffictionandliterarynonfictionmorefully.

Studentsalreadyunderstandhowtolocatespecificdetailsinastoryorpassage.Often,youngreadersmerelylookforkeywordsfromthequestiontohoneinonananswer.Findingthemainideaisalittlemoredifficult,butitisrelativelyeasytoteach.Helpingstudentstoferretoutstructuringprinciplessuchascomparisonandcontrast,sequence,orcauseandeffectcanbetrickier,butintheseinstances,readersarestilllookingforwhatcanbefound,literally,onthepage.

Subtleelementsofliterature,however,canbemuchmoredifficulttoexplain.Someofthemareactuallyperverse.Whenusingconnotation,allegory,figuresofspeech,irony,satire,andparody,authorsoftenintendtoimpartmeaningsdiametricallyopposedtothewordstheyputonthepage.

Whenusingsymbolism,motifs,andanalogies,writersusesituations,creatures,andobjectsinwaysthatoperateonseveralpsychologicallevels.Likeanimageinadream,ahorsemightbeanactual,literalhorse,butitmight,simultaneously,standforpower,obsolescence,orevenpoetry,dependingonthestory.

Further,eachofthesedevicesdiffersfromtheothersinpurposeandtone.Forstudentsusedtopinpointingconcretedetailsormainideas,thiscanbeveryconfusing.

Irony,satire,parody,andsymbolismaremostoftenusedinfiction,buttheyalsoappearinnonfiction.Forexample,bothhistoryandscienceaboundwithirony.Summercampattend-eesdelightinparodiesoffolksongs,andteensthriveonsarcasm(themostextremeandcom-monformofverbalirony).Theseliteraryelementscanappearinsinglesentencesorphrasesbutmoreoftendependonlargerstructures,sometimesentirenovels,forfulleffect.

Tohelpstudentsrecognizeeachoftheseimportantdevices,Common Core: Elements of Literature offersexplanations,examples,writingprompts,discussion topics,and teacherresources,includingsuggestionsforfurtherreading.

Commom Core: Elements of Literature ispartofMarkTwainMedia’sCommon Coreseries,which focusesonhelpingstudentsmeet theCommonCoreStateStandards in theEnglishLanguageArts.Activitiesintheseriesoffermanyopportunitiesforwrittenresponse,andmostoftheinteractivepagesincludeDiscussionsuggestionsandChallenges.Thesearedesignedtoencouragecriticalthinkingandcreativeproblemsolvingandtolaunchpersonalorgroupresearchprojects.

Foreasyuse,organizationalfeaturesintheCommon CoreseriesincludedetailedTablesofContents,CommonCorematrixcharts,andlistsofteacherresourcestohelpbusyeduca-torslocaterelevantmaterialsefficiently.Thebooksalsocontainstudentglossariesoftechnicaltermsandanswerkeysfortheworksheets.

TitlesintheCommon CoreseriesincludeElements of Literature, Conducting Research Projects, Complex Issues in Text, Types of Text,andGrammar Usage.

Introduction


iv404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers

Common Core State Standards Matrix

1:6.2;6.3;6.5;7.2;7.3;8.2;8.3;8.5

2:6.6;7.6

3: 6.3;6,5;7.3;8.3

4: 6.1;7.1;8.1

5: 6.2;6.4;6.5;7.2;7.4;8.2;8.4;8.5

6: 6.2;6.4;6.5;7.2;7.4;8.2;8.4;8.5

7: 6.2;6.4;6.5;7.2;7.4;8.2;8.4;8.5

8: 6.4;7.4;8.4

9: 6.4;7.4;8.4

10: 6.4;6.5;7.4;7.6;8.4;8.5

11: 6.4;6.5;7.4;8.4

12: 6.4;7.4;8.4

13: 6.2;6.4;6.5;7.4;8.2;8.4;8.9

14: 6.2;6.4;6.5;7.4;8.2;8.4;8.9

15: 6.2;6.4;6.5;7.4;8.2;8.4;8.9

16: 6.1;6.2;6.4;6.5;7.1;7.4;8.1;8.2;8.4;

8.9

17: 6.4;7.4;8.4

18: 6.2;6.5;7.2;8.2

19: 6.4;7.4;8.4

20: 6.4;7.4;8.4

21: 6.2;6.3;6.5;6.9;7,2;7.3;7.6;8.2;8.3;

8.6

22: 6.2;6.3;6.5;6.9;7,2;7.3;7.6;8.2;8.3;

8.6

23: 6.2;6.3;6.5;6.9;7,2;7.3;7.6;8.2;8.3;

8.6

24: 6.2;6.3;6.5;6.9;7,2;7.3;7.6;8.2;8.3;

8.6

English Language Arts Standards: Reading Literature

25: 6.2;6.3;6.5;6.9;7,2;7.3;7.6;8.2;8.3;

8.6

26: 6.2;6.3;6.5;6.9;7,2;7.3;7.6;8.2;8.3;

8.6

27: 6.2;6.3;6.5;6.9;7,2;7.3;7.6;8.2;8.3;

8.6

28: 6.2;6.3;6.5;6.9;7,2;7.3;7.6;8.2;8.3;

8.6

29: 6.2;6.3;6.5;6.9;7,2;7.3;7.6;8.2;8.3;

8.6

30: 6.2;6.3;6.5;6.9;7,2;7.3;7.6;8.2;8.3;

8.6

31: 6.2;6.3;6.5;6.9;7,2;7.3;7.6;8.2;8.3;

8.6

32: 6.2;6.3;6.5;6.9;7,2;7.3;7.6;8.2;8.3;

8.6

33: 6.2;6.3;6.5;6.9;7,2;7.3;7.6;8.2;8.3;

8.6

34: 6.2;6.3;6.5;6.9;7,2;7.3;7.6;8.2;8.3;

8.6

35: 6.2;6.6;6.9;7.2;8.2;8.5

36: 6.2;6.6;6.9;7.2;8.2;8.5

37: 6.4;7.4;8.4

38: 6.1;6.4;7.1;7.4;8.1;8.4

39: 6.2;6.3;6.5;6.9;7,2;7.3;7.6;8.2;8.3;

8.6

40: 6.5;7.5;8.5

41: 6.4;7.4;8.4

42: 6.4;7.4;8.4

PageEnglish Language Arts Standards: Reading LiteraturePage

©Copyright2010.NationalGovernorsAssociationCenterforBestPracticesandCouncilofChiefStateSchoolOfficers.Allrightreserved.FormoredetailsontheCommonCoreStateStandardsvisitwww.corestandards.org.

CommonCoreStateStandardsMatrix


1404215-EB©MarkTwainMedia,Inc.,Publishers

Name: Date:

Basic Elements of Fiction Chart

Beforeexaminingmorecomplexaspectsoffictionwriting,let’sreviewsomeofthebasics.

Directions:Useinformationfromanovelorshortstoryyouhavereadrecentlytofilloutthechart.

Title: Author:

Character:

Protagonist(MainCharacter) Gender Age MostImportantorSpecialTrait

Antagonist(opposition) Gender Age MostImportantorSpecialTrait

Setting:

Location

Time(past,present,future,oryear)

Plot:

Protagonist’sProblem

Oppositionorconflict(Whatstandsinhis/herway?)

Solution

Theme: (Oftenawordorashortphrasesuchaslove, greed, envy,orcoming of age )

Challenge: Makecopiesof thischartandfill itout forseveraldifferentnovels,stories,andplays.Useittocomparetheirstructures.

BasicElementsofFictionChart



Name: Date:

Point of View

Everystory is told fromaparticularpointof view.This viewpoint influences thewayreadersenterandexperiencetheaction.Mostshortstorieshaveasinglepointofview.Somenovelsusedifferentviewpointsindifferentchapters.

Therearefourmajorpointsofview.

• First personstoriesareintheheadofthenarrator,whousesthepronounI.Forexample,“IneverlikedMason,whichdoesn’tsoundveryopen-minded,butIhadmyreasons.”

• Second personstoriesarewrittenasletters,emails,ordiaryentriesandusethepronounyou.Forexample,“Youknowwhathappened.Youcouldn’thavestoppedit.Nobodyblamesyou.”

• Third person limitedstoriesareverycommon.Asinafirstpersonstory,thereaderofathirdpersonlimitedstoryisinsidethenarrator’sheadandshareshisthoughts.Forexample,“WhenRachelspottedBrandon,sheduckedintothenearestdoorway.AfterwhathappenedonThursday,shedidn’twanttotalktohim.”

• Omniscient storiesarenotascommon.Theyarelikethirdpersonlimitedtales,buttheydonotstayinthemindofonecharacter.Instead,theyseetheactionfromtheviewpointsofseveraldifferentcharacters.Thisseemslikeanadvantage,butitcanbeaproblem.Read-ersknowmoreaboutwhatisgoingon,buttheycanhavemoretroubleidentifyingwiththemaincharacter.

Directions:Readeachselection.Writefirst person,second person,third person limited,oromniscientonthelinetoidentifythepointofviewused.

1. WhenImovedtoWestGlen,Iknewmylifewouldchange,butIcouldneverhaveimag-

inedhowmuch.

2. ThomaswonderedwhathisfriendsatWayburnMiddleSchoolweredoingandwhether

theymissedhimasmuchashemissedthem.

3. Youlookdownthelonghallwayandseeshadowsmoving.Youjumpbackinfear.

4. KaylawasthinkingaboutBrian,butBrianwasnotthinkingabouther.

Challenge: Write a classic folktale from the viewpoint of a different character. Forexample,write“Cinderella” from thestepmother’sviewpointor rewriteascenefromanovelorshortstoryfromtheantagonist’spointofview.

PointofView



Name: Date:

Foreshadowing and Flashbacks

Writersofstoriesarelikemagicians.Theycanmoveforwardorbackintime.Often,anauthorwillplantatantalizingsentenceorphraseearlyinastorytoletreadersknowproblemslieaheadforthemaincharacter.Thesehintsarecalledforeshadowing.Theirjobistobuildanticipation,suspense,andtension.Theyhookthereaderandpullhimintothestory.

Writersmovebackintimeforadifferentreason.Sometimes,thereaderneedsmoreinformationaboutthebackgroundofacharacterorhispredicament.Astorysectionthatskipsbacktoaprevioustimeiscalledaflashback.

Directions: Readeachsentence.Circleforeshadowing,flashback,orneithertoidentifythetechniqueusedinthesentence.

1. LittledidCarlosknowhowmuchthatsimplechoicewouldchangehislife. foreshadowingflashbackneither

2. Onlythreeyearsbefore,Jasonhadbeenlivingaloneinacabin. foreshadowingflashbackneither

3. Once,whenJakewaslittle,hisfatherhadtakenhimtothecity.

foreshadowingflashbackneither

4. ItwassomethingBrittanywouldlaterwishshehadnotsaid.

foreshadowingflashbackneither

5. Theoldmanstruggledtopulltheheavysackupthehill. foreshadowingflashbackneither

6. AbbyrememberedthedayshebroughtTobyhomefromtheanimalshelter. foreshadowingflashbackneither

7. IfSamhadknownwhatwasahead,hewouldhaveabandonedhisplans. foreshadowingflashbackneither

8. TeresametherfriendEmilybeforeschool. foreshadowingflashbackneither

Challenge:Findanexampleof foreshadowingoraflashback inastoryyouhave read re-cently.

Discuss: Doyouenjoyforeshadowinginastory?Whyorwhynot?

ForeshadowingandFlashbacks



Name: Date:

Inference

Whenyoureadasentence,aparagraph,orastory,youbringallofyourexperiencestoit.Thewriterdoesnothavetospellouteverydetailbecauseyoucanusecommonsensetofillinagreatdealofinformation.Thisiscalledmakinginferencesaboutwhattheauthorhaswritten.Here’sanexample:

Zacharygrabbedhisheavybackpackandracedforthebus.

Youknowthat: a. Zacharyisaboybecausethatwouldbeaveryunusualname foragirl. b. Heprobablygoestoschool. c. Hehashomework.Otherwise,hewouldn’tneedabackpack. d. Hedoesn’tlivecloseenoughtoschooltowalk. e. Hisparentsdon’tdrivehimtoschool. f. Heislate. g. Heisprobablyathome. h. Heprobablylivesinthepresentratherthanthepastorthefuture.

Directions:Readeachsentence.Whatinferencescanyoumake?

1. Hearingtheechoingbell,Nathanielgrabbedhisknapsack,swunguponhishorse,andgallopedtowardtheone-roomschoolnearthecreek.

2. WhenAvapressedherpalmtothewallintheInterRoom,theglowingfacesofherclass-matesappeared.

Challenge:Chooseasentenceatrandomfromanypageofastory.Copyit,andthenlistasmanyinferencesaspossible.

Inference



Name: Date:

Name That Tone!

Youcangatheragreatdealofinformationfromreadingcarefully.Youcanfindthemainideaofasentence,paragraph,orstory.Youcanspotdetailsandusethemtoanswerquestions,butthereismoretounderstandingastory,play,orpoemthanideasanddetails.Skillfulauthorsuse literary elementstodrawyouintotheirtales.Oneoftheseelementsistone.

Directions: Readeachexample.Circlethewordthatdescribesthetone(attitude,orquality)oftheselection.

1. Iwillneverforgetmyfavoriteteacher,Mr.Burns.Heturnedancienthistoryintopuread-venture.Hisclasswasrightafterlunch.IrememberlookingforwardtothebellsoIcouldhearhimtellaboutAlexandertheGreatortheexcavationofanEgyptiantomb.Itseemslikejustlastweek,butitwasalongtimeago.

a. official b. pleading c. nostalgic d. angry

2. Thefirstdayofmiddleschoolisthepits.It’srainingsohardIneedasnorkelandwetsuittogetfromthebustothefrontdoor.Okay,notreally,butyougettheidea.So,anyway,I’mstumblingdownthehallwithmyglassessteamedupandwaterdrippingfrom,well,everything,whenIrunintoBrit-tany.Iknowherfromelementaryschool.She’sprettyandall,butsomedaysshecanbemeanandthisisoneofthosedays.

a. informative b. humorous c. soothing d. haughty(stuck-up)

3. SchoolsareavitalcomponentoftheAmericandemocraticsystem.Theycontributetothedevelopmentofaninformedcitizenry.Thefirstpublicschool intheAmericanColonies,theBostonLatinSchool,wasfoundedin1635.ManytownsinNewEnglandestablishedschoolstoeducatetheirboys.

a. academic b. nervous c. informal d. depressed

4. Thisyear,theschooltermwillcommenceonMonday,August28.Allstudentsareexpect-edtoarriveontimeandwell-prepared.Asupplylistisenclosedwiththisletter.Mostlocalretailershavecopies.Attendancewillbetakenduringhomeroom,whichbeginspromptlyat7:50a.m.Lockerandclassassignmentswillbedistributedatthattime.

a. confused b. scornful c. curious d. official

Challenge:Chooseoneoftheselectionsonthispage.Rewriteitusingadifferenttone.Thereare many lists of literary tones online. Here is one example: http://www.poetryinvoice.com/teachers/lesson-plans/tone-map/tone-list

NameThatTone!



Name: Date:

Toning Up

Directions: Writeasentenceusingeachtone.

1. angry

2. pleadingorbegging

3. comforting

4. enthusiasticorexcited

5. proud

6. confused

7. scornfulorcritical

8. academicorinformative

Discussion:Sharesentenceswiththeclassorasmallgroup.Howdidwordchoices,sentencelength,punctuation,andotherfactorsworktogethertocreatetone?

Game:Cutthesentencesapartsooneexampleisoneachstrip.Dividethegroupintoteams.Ateammemberselectsastripatrandomandreadsthesentencealoud.Then,other teammembersnamethetone.Eachcorrectanswerwinsapoint.

ToningUp



Name: Date:

Say it With Tone

A Journalistic Paragraph:

Marshton,Monday,September24:TryoutsforMarshton’sbasketballteamwereheldlastFridayinthehighschoolgymnasiumfrom3:00p.m.to7:00p.m.Competitionwasfierceforavailablepositionson the team.TheMarshtonMonstersplaced third in thestatechampionships lastseason.Star forwardand teamcaptain,RonMason,graduated lastyearandwasawardedanathleticscholarshiptoUplandUniversity.Returningsophomore,TaylorBradley,apowerfulcontender at 6’9,” hopes to take his place.The new team roster will be released later thisweek.

Directions:Usethesameideasandinformationtowriteaninformalparagraph.Itshouldreadlikeablogpostoranemailtoafriendinanothertown.

Challenges:

Chooseatopicbelowandwritetwoparagraphsaboutit—onenervousandonecomforting.

Chooseatopicbelowandwritetwopoemsorsonglyricsaboutit—oneenthusiasticandonebored.

Chooseatopicbelowandwritetwoscenesforplaysaboutit—onehappyandtheothersad.

Topics:atraditionalholiday,avacationdestination,acontest,makingorlosingafriend,anaccident,movingaway,apet,astorm,anillness,abrotherorsister,somethinglostorfound,abirthday

Discuss: Howisablogdifferentfromanewspaperstory?Whatistheadvantageofeach?

SayitWithTone



Name: Date:

Denotation and Connotation

Whenyoulookformainideasandsupportingdetails,youareexaminingthedenotationsofwords,sentences,andparagraphs.Thedenotationofasentenceisitssimplest,mostdi-rectmeaning.Wordsandtextsalsohaveimpliedmeaningscalled connotations.Thesesubtleshadesofmeaningareoftenemotional.

Noticethedifferenceinmeaningbetweenthesetwosentences: a.Shewasskinny. b.Shewasslim.

Thewordsskinnyandslimhavesimilardenotations,buttheconnotationsaredifferent.Slimismuchmoreflatteringthanskinny.

Directions: Readthedescriptionofeachconnotation.Circlethesentencethatfitsitbest.

1. Hewasagentle,creativeperson. a. Hewaschildish. b. Hewaschildlike. c. Hewasyouthful.

2. Hewasapersonwhoneverspentadimeinhislife. a. Hewasamiser b. Hewascost-conscious. c. Hewasprudent.

3. Thevasewasmadeoutofsomethingthin,brittle,andvaluable. a. Thevasewasbreakable. b. Thevasewasfragile. c. Thevasewasflimsy.

4. Becausethecampwashardtoreach,itwasextremelyprivate. a. Thecampwasremote. b. Thecampwasinaccessible. c. Thecampwassecluded.

5. Hecleverlysetmyfatherupandtookhismoney. a. Heswindledmyfather. b. Hecheatedmyfather. c. Hedeceivedmyfather.

6. Hefinallygaveinafterresisting a. Heagreed. b. Heacquiesced c. Hedecided.

7. Hechangedthedocumenttomakeitdifferent,butnotnecessarilybetter. a. Heimprovedthedocument. b. Herevisedthedocument. c. Healteredthedocument.

8. Hisnotesfollowedasetofformal,ratherold-fashionedrules. a. Hisnoteswereproper. b. Hisnoteswerecorrect. c. Hisnoteswereaccurate.

9. Thevillageelder,anextremelyoldman,approachedus. a. Anagedmanapproachedus. b. Anelderlymanapproachedus. c. Anancientmanapproachedus.

DenotationandConnotation



Name: Date:

Shades of Meaning

Directions: Read each pair of similar sentences. Explain how theirconnotationsdiffer.

1. He lookeddown from thehigh tower.Hegazeddown fromhis loftyperch.

2. Hewastheheadofalargebusiness.HewastheCEOofanenormouscorporation.

3. Thedogsplayedinthefield.Thepupsrompedinthemeadow.

4. Heshowedself-control.Hedemonstratedacertainamountofrestraint.

5.Peoplecametothesquaretogreethim.Thepopulaceswarmedintothesquaretowel-comehim.

Discuss:Chooseonepairofsentences.Discusstheirdifferences.Inwhatkindofstory,essay,ordocumentmighteachonebeused?

Challenge:Buildastoryscenearoundoneofthesentences.Namethecharacter.Givehimaproblem,andallowhimtospeakatleastonce.Gettogetherwithsomeonewhowroteascenefortheothersentenceinthepair.Howdothetwoscenesdifferinsetting,problem,andtone?

ShadesofMeaning



Name: Date:

Denotation vs Connotation

Directions:Findwordswithdifferingconnotationsanddenotationsinyourreading.Keeptrackofthemonachartlikethis.Shareyourwordswithothersintheclassoryourstudygroup.

Forpractice,findinterestingwordsinathesaurusortrysomeofthese:acclaim,unseal,repeat-edly,accelerate,clasp,indisposed,slaughter,elucidate,reside,tot,troublesome,tale,outdo,verify,pandemonium,waver,timid,taut,reflect,grab,acquire,novice,concealExample:Wordorphrase:vivacious

Denotation:Connotation:

energetic outgoing, charming, life of the party, feminine

Wordorphrase: Bookorstory:Denotation:Connotation:



Discuss:Chooseaspecificexamplefromastory,novel,drama,orpoemyouarestudying.Whatdotheconnotationsofwordsorphrasestellyouaboutacharacter,thesetting,thesitu-ation,thetone,thetheme,ortheauthor?

DenotationvsConnotation



Name: Date:

Big, Huge, Gigantic! (Hyperbole)

Inreallife,thingsarelife-sized.Theyfitus.Wecanhandlethem,butsometimes,theycanbeboring.That’swhyreaderslookforstoriesthattakethemintoworldsthatarelargerthanlife.Charactersaren’tjustsorcerers.Theyarethegreatestsorcerersintheworld.Mountains,rivers,andrainforestsarethemostdangerousandamazingoftheirkind.Thatishowfictioncarriesusaway.

Whenthiskindofexaggerationisusedinliterature,itiscalledhyperbole.Youarefamil-iarwithAmericantall tales.Theyareperfectexamplesofhyperbole.LoggerPaulBunyanusedtreesastoothpicksandcowboyPecosBilllassoedatornado.

Astorytellerwhouseshyperboledependsonhisaudiencetorecognizethegapbetweenhisdescriptionsandreality.Whenyouuseexaggerationtomakeapointinconversation,youalsodependonthegoodsenseofyourlistenerstounderstandthatthetruthyouareconvey-ingisanemotionalone.Youcouldbemakingajoke,underliningastrongbelief,orexpressingdeeppain.

Therearemanyreasonstoexaggerate,butwhenwritersorspeakersusehyperbole,theydonotexpecttheirwordstobetakenliterally.

Directions:Readeachpairofphrases.Circletheexampleofhyperbole.

1. a. Youneedanelevatortolookhimintheeye. b. He’sreallytall.

2. a. He’sanoldman. b. He’ssoold,hewenttothetheaterwithAbeLincoln.

3. a. Thatmountaintopleavesscratchmarksonthemoon. b. That’sahighmountainpeak.

4. a. Thatwindalmostfrozemynoseoff. b. Thatwindwascold.

5.a. Youcouldgrillaburgeronthesidewalk. b. It’ssurehotoutside!

Discuss:Why is it sometimeseffective toexaggerate?When isexaggerationabad idea?Why?

Challenge:Writeasentenceusinghyperboleaboutoneofthefollowingsubjects:asmallinsect,abeautifulflower,afastcar,freshvegetables,awideriver,aloudnoise,afright-eningstorm,aspookyhouse,anoldtown,acutepuppy,ademandingteacher

One Step Beyond:Inabookyouhavereadorafilmyouhaveseen,howisthemaincharactermorespecialthanmostpeopleintherealworld?

Big,Huge,Gigantic!(Hyperbole)



Name: Date:

The Ocean Is a Woman and Other Comparisons

Hyperboleisafigureofspeech.Itstretchesthetruthtomakeapointortoteasethereader’simagination.Therearemanyotherfiguresofspeech.Threecommontypesarespecialcomparisons.

Ametaphorcomparestwothingsthatseemtohaveverylittleincommon. Asimilealsocomparestwothingsthathavelittleincommon,butitusesthewords like oras. Personificationcomparesaplace,animal,orthingtoaperson.

Directions:Readeachexample.Circlemetaphor,simile,orpersonificationtoidentifyeach.

1. “Themoonwasaghostlygalleontosseduponcloudyseas”AlfredNoyes,“TheHighway-man”

metaphorsimilepersonification

2.Theskywaslikeblackvelvetandthestarswerelikediamondstossedacrossit.


3. Theoceanextended foamyfingersamong the rocks, reachingforthetinyfigurethathadescapedher.


4. “Aphantomship,witheachmastandspar/Acrossthemoonlikeaprisonbar,”HenryWadworthLongfellow,“TheLandlord’sTale.PaulRevere’sRide”


5. Thegirl’shaircascadedoverhershoulderslikeagoldenwaterfall.


Discuss: Whyisacomparisonsometimesmoreeffectivethanasimpledescription?

Challenge: Namesomecommonsayingsthataresimilesormetaphors.Forexample,the box was as light as a feather.

FigurativeLanguageComparisons



Symbols: Teacher Page

Symbols Are Everywhere

Theideaofexploringsymbolsinliteraturecanseemintimidating,butactually,symbolsareeverywhere.Hearts,flowers,rainbows,shamrocks,stars,letters,andnumbersareallsymbols.

Why Are Symbols Important?

Tomakeastoryseemreal inareader’smind,thewritermustfindpointsofconnec-tion—thingsthatmostpeoplehaveincommonandrecognize.Certainanimals,colors,objects,andplacessuggestasetofmoods,emotions,andideastopeoplewithinaculture.Wemeettheminourdreams,inadvertising,andinthestoriesourparentstelluswhenwearesmall.Theyarepartoftheculturalmatrixinwhichwelive.

Symbols in Art

Visualartistsusetextures,scale,shapes,colors,andrepresentationsofcharacterstocommunicate feelingsand ideas.Someof thesevisualconceptsgoback to thebeginningsofWesternCivilization.JosephCampbellexplorestheminhisexcellentworksonmythology.Earlypeopleadmiredthepowerofbulls,thegraceofdeerandantelope,theswiftnessofhors-es,thelife-givingpowerofthesun,andthechangeablemysteryofthemoon.Theseancientsymbolsstillappearincontemporarysongs,films,andnovels.Theyaresomuchapartofusthatwedonotthinkaboutthem.

Symbols in Literature

InO.Henry’s“TheGiftoftheMagi,”itisnoaccidentthattheyounghusband’sprizepos-sessionisagoldwatch.Awatch,clock,oranhourglassisasymboloftimepassing.Asymbolisnotlikeanequalssignthatthereadershouldrecognizeandthink,“Oh,thisisnotsupposedtobearealwatch.Itstandsfortime.”Rather,itisasuggestionthatsometimesregistersonadeeperlevel.Ifthereisnodeeperresonance,itdoesn’tmatter,becauseO.Henry’stimepiecealsoworksinthestoryasaplainoldwatch.Symbolshelpwriterssaywhateveryoneknowsbutcan’texpress.Theymakesuggestionsandcreateeffects.

Exploring Symbols in Literature

Theexercisesonthefollowingpagesshouldhelpraiseawarenessofcommonsymbolsinstoriesandbooks.Everyauthorandeverybookusessymbolsinadifferentway.Thatisoneofthepleasuresofstyle.

Symbols:TeacherPage



Name: Date:

Symbols Around Us

Directions:Writewhateachsymbolusuallystandsfor.

1. aheart

2. acrescentmoon

3. aniris(fleur-de-lis)

4. aneagle

5. adove

6. alion

7. aclock

8. anarrow

9. asnake

10. ascale(balance)

Research: •CompareandcontrastthemeaningsofdragonsinWesternEuropeandinAsia. •Findoutaboutsomething thatwasan importantsymbol forpeople inancientOceania,

America,Greece,Rome,orEgyptbutdoesnothavethesamemeaningforustoday. •Followthemeaningofthelionortheeagleasasymbolthroughtheages. •ResearchthesourceofthesymbolsonU.S.currency.

SymbolsAroundUs



Name: Date:

Symbols in Stories: A Graphic Organizer

Directions: Usethisorganizertokeeptrackofsymbolicelementsinastoryasyouread.Itwillhelpyouuncoverelementssuchasthework’smoodandunderlyingtheme.Manybooks,stories,televisionshows,andfilmsusesimilarsymbols.

Title: Author:

Places Weather(Examples:aforest,desert,city) (Examples:rain,wind,snow)

Animals or People Details(Examples:acatoranancientmariner) (Thingsthatappearseveraltimesorthat areimportant,suchasacape,longhair, deadflowers,alocket,oracoin)

SymbolsinStories:AGraphicOrganizer



Name: Date:

Do Symbols in Fiction Really Matter?

Directions:Writeanopinionessayaboutsymbolsinfiction.Startbystatingyourposition.Youmaysaythatsymbolsareimportant,thattheyarenotimportant,orthatsometimestheyareimportantandothertimestheyarenot.Whicheverpositionyouchoose,defenditwithevidence.Bespecificandaccurate.Offerexamplesfrombooks,stories,films,songs,orpoems.

Discuss:Usethisopinionpieceasbackgroundtodefendyourpositioninaclassdiscussion.Listentotheideasofothersandshareyourown.Keepanopenmind.

DoSymbolsinFictionReallyMatter?



Name: Date:

Analogies

Ananalogy isacomparison. It isa tool for thinkingandunderstanding. In literature,analogiesappearasfiguresofspeechsuchassimilesormetaphors.Theysneakinassym-bols.InanallegorysuchasAnimal FarmbyGeorgeOrwell,slycomparisonsunderlietheentirestory.

Directions:Herearesomevocabularyanalogiestohelpyoupracticecomparativethinking.Fillinthemissingwordineachanalogy.

Example: 1.goodistobadashotistocold

2. nightistodarkasdayisto

3. oldistoancientas istomodern

4.goldistometalaspineisto

5.redistopassionas istodepression

Noticethatyouhadtodecidehowthefirsttwowordswererelatedtooneanotherbeforeyoucouldsupplythemissingwordinthesecondset.Youwerematchingthingsthatwerediffer-entinmanywaysbutsharedaquality,suchasbeingopposites.Similes,metaphors,allegories,andsymbolsoperateinsimilarways.

Whatdoesthissimilemean?

6. Windblownchunksofhail,likeamonster’steeth,toreatthewoman’sshabbyclothes.

7. Inwhatwayswerethechunksofhailliketeeth?

Challenge:Writeasimileabouttheweatheroutsidetoday.

The isas as .

Discuss:Docomparisonsmakestoriesandpoemsmoreeffective?How?

Analogies



Name: Date:

Allegory: Analogy as a Story Structure

Anallegoryisacomplexmetaphor.Itmayextendthroughoutanentirestory,play,ornovel.Hereisacompressed,exaggeratedexampletohelpyouseehowthesespecialtalesusesustainedcomparisons.

Directions:Readthesampleallegoryandanswerthequestions.

Onesummermorning, aducknamedRiaarrivedatPeacefulPond.Shewasespe-ciallybeautiful.Allthedrakeswantedtospendtimewithher,buttheywereafraidshewouldn’tlikethem,sotheystayedaway.TheotherducksmadeuprumorsaboutRiaandturnedtheirbackswhenshecamenear.Oneduck,Lara,feltsorryforthenewcomeranddecidedtomakefriends.

1. Whatcouldthisstoryreallybeabout?

2. Whatcouldtheducksstandfor?

3. Whatcouldthedrakesstandfor?

4. Whatcouldthepondstandfor?

5. WhatmighthappentoLara?Writeanendingforthestory.(Itshouldcontinuethecom-parison.)

Discuss: Whyisallegoryusefulinthisstory?

Challenge: •WhatdotheanimalsstandforinAnimal Farm?WhydoyouthinkGeorgeOrwellchoseto

useallegory? •Writeanallegoryaboutanissueatyourschool.

Allegory



Name: Date:

Paradox

Aparadoxisastatementthatdoesn’tmakesenseonthesurfacebutpointstoacom-plextruth.Allparadoxesforcethelistenerorreadertothink.Somefamousparadoxesarelogicpuzzlesthatcan,withdifficulty,beanswered.Othersdefylogicandcanneverbesolved.Thefascinationofaparadoxliesinitscontradiction.HereisafamousexamplefromMotherTeresa.“Ifyouloveuntilithurts,therecanbenomorehurt,onlymorelove.”

Directions:Readeachstatement.Circleeither ParadoxorNot a Paradox.

1. “All animalsareequal,but somearemoreequal thanothers.”GeorgeOrwell,Animal Farm

a. Paradox b. NotaParadox

2. “Someareborngreat,someachievegreatness,andsomehavegreatnessthrustupon’em.”WilliamShakespeare,Twelfth Night


3. Ignorethisemail.


4. “Imustbecrueltobekind.”WilliamShakespeare,Hamlet


5. Circlethesecondphrase.


6. “IamNobody!”EmilyDickinson“IamNobody!Whoareyou?”


7. “IAm—Somebody”ReverendWilliamH.Borders,Sr.


Discuss:Chooseoneoftheseexamples.Explainwhytheselectionisaparadoxorwhyitisnot.Listentotheopinionsofotherscarefully.Acknowledgeorrestatetheirideasbeforeaddingyourown.

Paradox



Name: Date:

Oxymorons

Anoxymoron,afigureofspeech,isaphrasethatdefieslogic.Inanoxymoron,asinsomeparadoxes,wordswithoppositemeaningsarepushedtogether.Thephrase“afinemess”isafamousoxymoron.Noticethataparadoxisastatement,butanoxymoronisjustaphrase.Thoughtheyaresimilar,oxymoronsandparadoxesareusedindifferentways.Anoxymorondoesnotusuallypointtoadeepertruth.Slylyawkward,itpokesfunatitself.

Directions:Thinkabouteachphrase.Circleoxymoronornot oxymoron.Consultadiction-arytodefineanyunfamiliarwords.

1. almostcandid

a. oxymoron b. notoxymoron

2. cleandirt


3. historymuseum


4. largerhalf


5. hotsummer


6. genuinefake


7. highmountain


8. definitemaybe


9. organizedchaos


Discuss:Chooseanoxymoronfromthelistandimagineasituationitwouldfit.Explainwhythisoddphrasewouldbethebestonetouse.Hint:Thinkaboutthespeaker,theaudience,andthetoneofthephrase,aswellasitsspecialmeaning.

Challenge:Oxymoronsarecommoninadvertising.Startacollectioninanotebookoronthebulletinboard.

Oxymorons



Irony Introduction: Teacher Page

About Irony

Ironyisallaroundus,butweseldomcallitbyname.Itisthesubtletwistthatmakessomeofourpersonalfamilystoriesfunnyandsadatthesametime.Whenwecomeacrossinstancesofironyinhistory,itishardnottogaspinamazement.Ironymakesactualeventsfeellikescenesinamovie.Ironyisthemagicthataddsdepthtothegreatestshortstoriesandnovels,pullingusbacktoreadthemagainandagain.

Forallofitsimportance,ironycanbeaselusiveasabutterflytopindown.Itdoesn’thelpthatmanysayingsandsituationscommonlycalled“ironic”arenot.TheironyinthefamousAlanisMorissettesongisthatmostoftheexamplesthesingeroffersarenotironicatall.Theyarefrustrating,sad,anddisappointing,buttheyarenotironic.

Actually, therearemanykindsof irony.Somesources listasmanyassevendistincttypes.Inthisbook,wewillconcentrateonthethreemostcommon.Theyareverbalirony,dra-maticirony,andsituationalirony.Alltypesofironyshareonecharacteristic.Inanironicsayingorsituation,onethingisstated,butthetruemeaningisentirelydifferent.Thedissonancebe-tweensuperficialinformationandtruecontentmagnifyasceneorstory’semotionalimpactontheaudience.Theauthordependsonreaderstoengagetheirpersonalknowledgeandintel-ligencetomaketheleap,likeanelectricsparkacrossaninformationgap.

Types of Irony

Verbal Irony:Thisisthemostcommonkindofirony.Itisastatementthatmeanssomethingtotallydifferent fromits literalmeaning. (Sarcasm,anextreme,bitter formofverbal irony, isfamiliartomostteens.)Whenusingverbalirony,aspeakerassumeshisaudienceknowstherealsituationandwillnottakehiswordsliterally.

Dramatic Irony: In this typeof irony, thereaderor listenerknowsthetruesituationbut thecharactersdonot.ThebestexampleofdramaticironyistheclassicGreektragedyOedipus Rex.Ayoungmansearchesfortheking’smurderer,onlytolearnthathehaskilledthekinghimself.

Situational Irony:Situationalironyplayswiththeexpectationsoftheaudiencebutinadiffer-entway.Theauthorsetsupaspecialkindofunfairsituation.In The Rime of the Ancient Mari-nerbySamuelColeridge,abecalmedsailingshipissurroundedbywater,butthemariner’scompanionsalldieofthirst.

IronyIntroduction:TeacherPage



Detecting Irony: Teacher Page

Teaching Ideas

•Shareapicturebookthatutilizes ironysuchasThe Frog Prince, ContinuedbyJonSci-eszka;The Fortune-TellersbyLloydAlexander;GolembyDavidWisniewski;Horned Toad PrincebyJackieHopkins;Jake’s 100th Day of SchoolbyLesterL.Laminak;The Sunsets of Miss Olivia WigginsbyLesterL.Laminak;orGoldilocks ReturnsbyLisaCampbellErnst.

•Thesebooksareshortenoughtoreadaloudanddiscussinasinglesession.Someofthemarehumorous,othersexaminedeepphilosophicalissues.Taketimetodiscusshowtheil-lustrationssupplyanadditionallayerofirony.

Discussion Ideas

•Afterreading“TheGiftoftheMagi,”“TheCaskofAmontillado,”oranothershortstorythatexemplifiesirony,encouragestudentstopointoutinstancesofthisimportantliteraryele-ment.Somestoriescontainallthreetypesofirony.Othershaveonlyone.

• Invitestudentstocollectexamplesofironyfrompopularnovels,TVshows,currentfilms,orthenews.Chooseafewtodiscuss.Encourageparticipantstoexplainwhyeachexampleisorisnotirony.

Writing Ideas

•Tellstudentstowriteacontemporaryversionof“TheGiftoftheMagi,”leavingouttheirony.Theywill,ofcourse,needadifferentending.

•Encouragestudentstowriteanewversionofafamiliarstory,includingatleastonekindofirony.

• Invitestudentstowriteavariationon“TheMonkey’sPaw”inwhichagrantedwishleadstodisaster.(Studentscouldbrainstormpossibilitiesinsmallgroupsbeforewriting.)

•Helpstudentsbrainstormexamplesofirony.Then,invitethemtowriteastory,apoem,orascenefromaplayusingoneofthem.

Research Ideas

•ResearchthelifeandworkofWilliamSydneyPorter,betterknownasO.Henry,masteroftheironicshortstory.

•ResearchthebackgroundoftheplayOedipus Rex.

•ResearchthelifeandworkofauthorHectorHughMunro,betterknownasSaki.

DetectingIrony:TeacherPage



Resources for Teaching Irony: Teacher Page

Picture Books (Easily shared and discussed)The Frog Prince, ContinuedbyJonScieszkaThe Fortune-TellersbyLloydAlexanderGoldilocks ReturnsbyLisaCampbellErnst

Short Stories “TheGiftoftheMagi”byO.Henry“TheOpenWindow”bySaki“TheCaskofAmontillado”byEdgarAllenPoe“TheLottery”byShirleyJackson“TheMonkey’sPaw”byWilliamWymarkJacobs“StoryofanHour”byKateChopin

NovelsAnimal FarmbyGeorgeOrwellA Series of Unfortunate EventsbyLemonySnicketThe Wizard of OzbyL.FrankBaumHarry Potter and the Deathly HallowsbyJ.K.RowlingThe Adventures of Tom SawyerbyMarkTwain

PlaysOedipus the KingbySophoclesRomeo and JulietbyWilliamShakespeareHamletbyWilliamShakespeare

Poems and Song Lyrics“TheRimeoftheAncientMariner”bySamuelColeridge“Ironic”byAlanisMorisette(Note:theexamplesshegivesarenotironic,whichisironic.)“Irony”byLouisUntermeyer“TheChimneySweeper”ByWilliamBlakeTelevision Episodes:The Twilight Zone:Season1,Episode8:“TimeEnoughatLast”

Websites (For teacher reference)tvtropes:DramaticIrony http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/DramaticIronyIsItIronic?.com http://www.isitironic.com/

ResourcesforTeachingIrony:TeacherPage



Name: Date:

Verbal Irony

Wehaveexploredtwoliteraryelements(paradoxandoxymoron)thatjuxtaposewordsor ideaswithoppositemeanings inorder tocreatespecialeffects. Inbothcases,opposingideasaretogetheronthepage.

Verbal ironyusesoppositesinadifferentway.Whenaspeakerusesverbalirony,hesayssomethingverydifferentfromwhathereallymeans.Hedependsonlistenerstoknowthesituationsotheywillnottakehisstatementliterally.

Sarcasm,aformofverbalirony,iscommonineverydayconversation.Youprobablyuseityourselfwithparentsandfriends.Forexample,ifyoufindoutyoufailedanimportanttestandyoutellyourbestfriend,“That’sjustgreat,”youareusingverbalirony.Youandyourfriendbothknowhowdisappointedyouare.

Directions:Readeachstatement.WritetheletterIinfrontofthesituationthatwouldmakethestatementironic.1. That’sjustgreat!

a. Youwonacontest.

b. Youdidn’tmaketheteam.

2. Pleasegoon.I’mtotallyfascinated.

a. Afriendistellinganinterestingstory.

b. Apersonyoudon’tlikeisbragging.

3. Ididn’tknowthat.

a. Someoneisexplainingsomethingobvious.

b. Someoneisexplainingsomethingyoudon’tunderstand.

4. Twomorepounds,justwhatIneeded!

a. Youaretryingtoloseweight. b. Youaretryingtogainweight.

5. Niceweatherwe’rehaving!

a. It’ssunnyandwarm. b. There’sablizzard.

Discuss:Shareatimeyouusedsarcasmoranotherformofverbalirony.Whydidyousaytheoppositeofwhatyoumeant?Whateffectdidyouexpectyourwordstohave?Whateffectdidtheyhave?

VerbalIrony



Name: Date:

That’s Twisted!: Verbal Irony

Directions:Readeachphrase.Writeasituationthatwouldmakeitanexampleofverbalirony.

1. Oh!Myfavoritedish!

2. Iloveit!Anotherhomeworkassignment!

3. Itwasaonce-in-a-lifetimetrip.

4. Watchout!He’svicious!

5. I’mafraidImightgetfrostbiteoutthere.

6. Andthisisouryacht.

7. It’snotmuch,butwecallithome.

8. It’sjustalittlesomethingIwhippedupforyou.

9. Ah,agentlespringzephyr!

10. Heknowsalittleaboutcomputers.

That’sTwisted!:VerbalIrony



Name: Date:

Verbal Irony Detection

Directions: Examinereadingselectionsforexamplesofverbalirony.Filloutthegraphicorga-nizersbelow.

Title: Author:

Character Name: What the Character Says: What the Character Means:

Title: Author:


Title: Author:


VerbalIronyDetection



Name: Date:

I Don’t Believe It: Dramatic Irony

Anotherkindofironyalsodependsontheknowledgeofreaders,viewers,orlisteners.Itiscalleddramatic irony.Whendramaticironyappearsinastory,theaudienceknowsmoreaboutwhatisreallygoingonthanoneormoreofthecharactersinthestory.Forexample,inWilliamShakespeare’splayOthello,atreacherousconfidantconvincesthekingthathisbeauti-fulwifehascheatedonhim.Theaudienceknowsthetruthbutmustlookonhelplesslyasthekingmakesatragicmistake.

Directions:Readeachexample.Circletheendingthatcreatesdramaticirony.

1. Inahorrormovie,themaincharactersays,“Thishouseisn’treallyhaunted.” a. Wehaveseentheghostandwhatitcando.Thecharacterstartsupthestairs. b. Weseethecharactergoinandspendthenight.Thereisnoghost.

2. Inapuppetshow,twocharactersaretalking.Theyagreethatthevillainisgone. a. Wewatchthecharacterscongratulateeachother. b. Weseethebadguysneakingupbehindthem.

3. Approachingabankatnight,theleaderofabandofthievessays,“Thecopswillnevercatchus.”

a. Weseethethievesgetawaywiththemoney. b. Wehaveseenpoliceinsidethebankwaitingtotrapthem.

4. BriannadefendsEmilywhenKaylawarnssheisagossip. a. WehaveseenEmilyspreadingviciousrumorsaboutBrianna. b. WehaveseenEmilyplanningasurprisepartyforBrianna.

5. Acharactersays,“Whatabeautifulday!”Thenheheadsouttoseainhisboat. a. Wehaveseenabeautifulsunriseoverapeacefulocean. b. Wehaveseenadangerousstormapproachingovertheocean.

6. Amelia,asinger,says,“I’mgivingup.Idon’thaveachance.” a. WehavewatchedatalentagentpulloutAmelia’spictureandstarttomakeacall. b. WehavewatchedAmelia’smotheropenalettersayingsheshouldforgetsinging.

Discuss:Howdoesdramaticironyaddemotionaltensionorpowertoastory?

Challenge:Writeasentencethatmakesthissituationironic:Becausehebelieveshisdadisdead,Miketriestofindanewhusbandforhismother.

IDon’tBelieveIt:DramaticIrony



Name: Date:

SpotlightonDramaticIrony

Spotlight on Dramatic Irony

Directions:Finddramaticironyinstoriesyouhaveread.Fillinthecharts.

Example:

Title: Romeo and Juliet Author: William Shakespeare

The Audience Knows: The Characters Think: What Happens:

Juliet is not dead. She Romeo thinks Juliet has Romeo kills himself because

has taken a drug to killed herself. he doesn’t want to live without

make her sleep. Juliet.

Title: Author:


Title: Author:




Name: Date:

It’s Not Fair: Situational Irony

Insituational irony,thereisawickedtwist.Somethingunexpectedorunfairhappenstothecharacters.Sometimes,theyaresurroundedbywhattheywantorneed,butitisinaformtheycan’tuse.Ifacharactercanusetheresource,butchoosesnotto,theresultmaybetragic,butitisnotironic.Forsituationalironytowork,boththecharacterandaudiencemustbeabletoexperiencetheemotionaltwist.Thecharactershouldn’tbedead,unlessitisaghoststory.

ThemostfamousexampleofsituationalironyappearsinapoembySamuelColeridge,“TheRimeoftheAncientMariner,”Acrewdiesofthirstonasailingshipstrandedinthemiddleofawindlessocean.Oneoldsailorislefttotellthetale.

Water, water everywhere And all the boards did shrink: Water, water everywhere Nor any drop to drink.

Directions:Readeachexample.Circleironicornot ironictodescribetheexample.

1. Agirldoesnotlistentowarningsabouticyroadsandgetsintoacaraccident. ironicnotironic

2. Ahusbandsellshispocketwatchtobuycombsforhiswife’slonghair,whilehiswifesellsherhairtobuyafobforherhusband’sprizedwatch.(“TheGiftoftheMagi”)

ironicnotironic

3. Amanfallsoffacliffwhileonahuntingtripandhastoberescued. ironicnotironic

4. Amanwhohuntspeopledownonanislandaspartofagameishuntedbyoneofhiswould-bevictims.(“TheMostDangerousGame”)

ironicnotironic

5. Awomandiesjustbeforeherticketwinsthelottery. ironicnotironic

6. Adrivinginstructorfailshisdrivingtest. ironicnotironic

Discuss:Chooseoneoftheexamplesaboveandexplainwhyitisironicorwhyitisnot.

Challenge:Changeoneoftheironicexamplessoitisnotironic.

It’sNotFair:SituationalIrony



Name: Date:

Spot the Situational Irony

Directions: Underlinetheendingthatmakeseachsituationironic.

1. Afteradevastatingwar,ahen-peckedhusbandfinallyhastimetoread. a. Heloseshisinterestinreading. b. Hisglassesarebroken. (The Twilight Zone)

2. Agourmetisgivenasurprisepartybyagroupoffamouschefs. a. Hehasjusthadhisteethpulledandcan’teat. b. Heeatstoomuchandgetsindigestion.

3. Athiefstealsmillionsofdollarsandescapesinaplane. a. Theplanecrashesonaremoteislandwherepeopledonotusemoney. b. Theplanecrashesintheocean.

4. ThelasttwoteensonEarthfinddozensofcellphones. a. Thephoneswork,butthereisnobodytocall. b. Thephonesdon’twork.

5. Amunicipalbuildingburnsdown. a. Itisthefirestation. b. ItisCityHall.

6. Anartcollectoristrappedovernightinafamousmuseum. a. Thesecuritysystemisoffandhestealsapainting. b. Theelectricityisoffanditistoodarktoseeanything.

7. Alonelygirldevelopshertalentsopeoplewilllikeher. a. Richandfamous,sheislonelybecausepeoplejustwantthingsfromher. b. Richandfamous,sheworriesaboutgettingold.

8. Afteryearsofstruggle,acomposerachievessuccess. a. Heloseshissight. b. Heloseshishearing.

Discuss:Whichsituationisthemostironic?Whatmakesitironic?Whatdoessituationalironyaddtoastory?Canyouthinkofotherexamples?

Challenge:Read theexamplesof irony inAlanisMorissette’ssong“Ironic.”Are they reallyironic?Whyorwhynot?Whatistherealironyinthesong?

SpottheSituationalIrony



Name: Date:

Make it Ironic

Directions:Completethesentencestocreateexamplesofsituationalirony.

1. Acharacterissurroundedbywarmthbutfreezestodeathbecause

2. Acharacterissurroundedbygoldbutcannotbuyfoodorwaterbecause

3. Acharactergoestoasaferoominhishouse,butheisindangerbecause

4. Thousandsofpeopleloveacharacter,butheislonelybecause

5. Acharacterfinallyhastimetoplayvideogames,buthecan’tbecause

6. Acharacterissurroundedbyfoodbutishungrybecause

7. Acharacterissurroundedbylaughterbutiscryingbecause

8. AcharacterfindstheFountainofYouthbutgrowsoldbecause

9. Acharactergetsagreatcarforgraduationbuthastowalkbecause

10. Acharacterisfinallyabletotakeadreamvacationbutstayshomebecause

Discuss:Shareoneofyoursituationswiththeclassorasmallgroup.Useittowriteastory.

MakeitIronic



Name: Date:

SortingOutSituationalIrony

Sorting Out Situational Irony

Directions:Fillinthechartsbelowforsituationalironyinstoriesyouhaveread.

Example:

Title: “TheGiftoftheMagi” Author: O. Henry

The Audience Expects: The Characters Expect: What Happens:

The couple will make They will make each other Each has sold what the other’s

each other happy with happy with gifts gift would have enhanced.

gifts.

Title: Author:


Title: Author:


Discuss:Chooseastoryyoulikedthatusedsituationalirony.Wouldyouhaveenjoyeditasmuchwithouttheironictwist?Whyorwhynot?



Name: Date:

Name That Irony!

Directions: Readeachexampleandcirclethebestchoicetoidentifythekindofironyintheexample.

1. Attheheightofhissuccess,avisualartistisblinded. a. verbalirony b. dramaticirony c. situationalirony d. notirony

2. Agirldoesn’tmaketheswimteamandsays,“That’sjustgreat.” a. verbalirony b. dramaticirony c. situationalirony d. notirony

3. The audience knows Oedipus has killed the king, but Oedipus is still looking for thekiller.

a. verbalirony b. dramaticirony c. situationalirony d. notirony

4. Abillionairewelcomesaguesttohishugemansionsaying,“It’ssmall,butwelikeit.” a. verbalirony b. dramaticirony c. situationalirony d. notirony

5. Agirlfollowsatalkingrabbitdownarabbitholeintoastrangeworld. a. verbalirony b. dramaticirony c. situationalirony d. notirony

6. AbrahamLincolnisshotatFord’sTheater. a. verbalirony b. dramaticirony c. situationalirony d. notirony

7. Achocolatefanaticdrownsinavatofchocolate. a. verbalirony b. dramaticirony c. situationalirony d. notirony

8. Dorothy,inThe Wizard of Oz,hasthepowertogohomeatanytime. a. verbalirony b. dramaticirony c. situationalirony d. notirony

9. Abusymanwishesfortimetorelax,but,strandedonadesertedisland,goesmadwithboredom.


10. Theaudienceseesaforestfirestarting,butafamily,unaware,headsintotheareaforacampingtrip.


Discuss: Whichkindofironyishardesttorecognize?Why?

Challenge: If you are unsure about how to classify one of these examples, explain yourreasons.

NameThatIrony!



Name: Date:

Types of Irony

Directions:Readthesummaryofeachtypeofirony.Writeanexample.

Verbal Irony

Theaudienceknowsthingsareoppositeofwhattheyseem. Thecharacterknowsthingsareoppositeofwhattheyseem. Tension:betweenwhatissaidandwhatismeant.

Example:

Dramatic Irony

Theaudienceknowsthingsareoppositeofwhattheyseem. Thecharacterdoesnotknowthingsareoppositeofwhattheyseem. Tension:betweenwhattheaudienceknowsandwhatthecharacterknows.

Example:

Situational Irony

Theaudiencedoesnotknowthingsarenotwhattheyseem. Thecharacterdoesnotknowthingsarenotwhattheyseem. (Boththeaudienceandcharacterdiscoverthetruthatthesametime.) Tension:betweenwhatisexpectedandwhathappens.

Example:

TypesofIrony



Satire: Teacher Page

Satireisaspecialkindofhumor.Itisfictionwithapurpose.Itintendstopersuade.Sat-ireworksbyexaggeratingfoolishness.

ThepopularcartoonseriesThe Simpsonsisanoften-citedexample.ItpokesfunattheAmericanmiddleclass.Family GuyandSouth Parkaresatires,too.

ThefilmShrek,asatiremanystudentshaveseen,canprovideastartingpointfordis-cussion.Dr. Strangeloveisanoldersatiricalmotionpicture.

Foraclassicstory thatdemonstrates theuseofsatire, try“TheStoryteller”byH.H.Munro(Saki).Init,thewriterlampoonspeoplewhomakeagreatshowofbeingproperandgood.Thestoryisshortandavailableonline.

SatiricalnovelsincludeGulliver’s TravelsbyJonathanSwift,The Screwtape LettersbyC.S.Lewis,Brave New WorldbyAldousHuxley,Nineteen Eighty-FourbyGeorgeOrwell,Fahr-enheit 451byRayBradbury,andLord of the FliesbyWilliamGolding.Amorerecent,popular,andveryfunnyexampleisHitchhiker’s Guide to the GalaxybyDouglasAdams.

ThepicturebookLove You Foreverisinteresting.Somepeoplethinkitisaseriousbookaboutmotherlove.Othersthinkit isabitingsatireshiningaspotlightonoverprotectivepar-enthood.Itmightmakeaninterestingdiscussionifyouhaveasophisticatedclass.Foracon-troversialsatiricalpicturebookthattakesaimatstereotypesandassumptionsaboutpeople,considerIt’s So Nice to Have a Wolf Around the HousebyHarryAllard.Itcantriggeraheateddiscussionwithno“right”answers.

Challenge:

Create a Satire

Afterreadinganddiscussinganexampleofsatire,challengestudentstocreatetheirownsatiri-calstory,play,orpoem.Remindthemthatwritersusingthisformwanttoopenreaders’eyestoanactual,seriousissueandtobringaboutchange.

Hostapre-writingbrainstormingsession,encouragingparticipantstonamesomeproblemsatschool.Theymightincludebullying,dresscodes,schoolrules,testing,academicrequire-ments,competition,socialstrata,collegepreparation,internships,after-schooljobs,obsessionwithappearance,andparentalpressure.

Discusshowwritersexaggeratecharactersandsituationsinsatires,makingtoughissuesout-rageous.Usinganexamplefromthebrainstormingsession,helpstudentscreateacharacterorshortsceneembodyingtheproblem.

Satire:TeacherPage



Parody: Teacher Page

Summer Camp and Beyond: Parody for the Fun of It

Parodyisanotherkindofhumor.Unlikesatire,whichsetsouttomakeapointaboutaserioussituation,parodyissilly.It’sjustforfun.

Manyclassicsummercampsongsandstoriesareparodies.Undoubtedly,yourstudentscanciteexamples.“OnTopofSpaghetti”isaparodyof“OnTopofOldSmoky.”Anothersong,“MyBonnyLiesOvertheOcean,”hasinspireddozensofcampfireandschoolyardtake-offs.

Moviemakersandaudiencesloveparodies.Justassummercampsongschangelyricsbutkeepthetune,filmparodieskeepelementsofoneormoreoriginalseriousfilmsandtwistthemintonew,goofyforms.ThemovieBlazing SaddlesturnedtheWesterngenreonitshead.Airplane! madefunofairlinedisasterflicks.Horrorfilmsandsciencefictionepicshavealwaysprovidedrichmaterialforparody.TheScary Movieseriesparodieshorrorfilms.Galaxy Quest isaparodyoftheStar Trekseries.

Inliterature,aparodycansometimesoutlasttheworkitlampooned.ForreadersofCer-vantes,thebookDon Quixotewouldhavebeenrecognizableasaparodyofchivalricromance,astoryformpopularinSpainatthetime.InAlice in Wonderland,werecognize“Twinkle,twinklelittlebat”asaparodyof“Twinkle,TwinkleLittleStar,”butdozensofotherreferencesarelost.

Parodyisausefulformforteachingbecauseeverybodylovestheresults,butalsobe-causeitrequiresawritertounderstandtheworkheisskewering.Inordertowriteaparodyofasongorpoem,astudentmustpickupitsrhymeschemeandmeter.

Challenge:

Encouragestudentstocreateanoriginalparodybasedononeofthefollowingpoems:

“TheRaven”byEdgarAllenPoe “StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening”byRobertFrost “NothingGoldCanStay”byRobertFrost “ANarrowFellowintheGrass”byEmilyDickinson “SpringandFall”byGerardManleyHopkins “Blow,Bugle,Blow”byAlfredLordTennyson “OhCaptain,MyCaptain”byWaltWhitman

Shortstoriessuchas“TheGiftoftheMagi”and“TheTell-TaleHeart”arealsogoodsubjectsforparody.Studentsmustobservecharacters,themes,andstorystructurescarefullytomaketheirspoofswork.Formaximumhilarity,tryaparodyof“TheGiftoftheMagi”asaskit.

Parody:TeacherPage



Games for Evaluation and Review: Teacher Page

Either/Or

Preparation:Ifyouwanttoreviewtheconceptofirony,forexample,instructeachstudenttoprintIronyononesideofasheetofcardstockorotherstiffpaperandNotontheother.Printoutexamplesofironyandsentencesthatarenotironic.Cuttheexamplesapartandplacetheminabagorbox.

Procedure: Dividetheclassintoteams.Assignastudentmoderatortoselectprintedexamplesatrandom.Also,assignascorekeeperortwo.Afterthemoderatorreadsaselection,allstu-dentsholduptheirvotes.Thescoreforeachteamisthenumberofcorrectresponses.

Other skills:Usingappropriatelists,thiseither/orgameformatcanbeusedtoreviewcon-notation/denotation,simile/metaphor,protagonist/antagonist,firstperson/thirdperson,orfore-shadowing/flashback.Watchingtheclassresponsewillletyouknow,instantly,whetherfurtherinstructionorreviewisnecessary.

One, Two, or Three

Equipment:Boardforscoring.Alistofexamples.

Procedure:Chooseascorekeeperforeachteam,andthenreadanexamplefromapreparedlist.Ifyouarereviewingtypesofirony,say,situational.Allwhoagreethattheitemissituationalironyshouldraisetheirhands.Thescorekeepercountsandrecordsthevotes.Repeatthevoteforverbalanddramatic.Thenumberofcorrectvotesisthescoreforthatround.Ifstudentsarevotingmorethanonce,considersubtractingincorrectvotesfromtheteam’stotal.

Other skills: Thisgamecanreviewmultiple-possibilityliteraryelementsincludingsetting/plot/characterandsimile/metaphor/hyperbole/personification.

Confer

Procedure:Dividetheclassintogroups.ReadthewordorselectionasintheOne,Two,orThreechallengeabove.Allowstudentsaminuteortwotoconferbeforepresentingthegroupconsensus.Eachcorrectanswerscoresapoint.Teamnamescanbechosen fromastory,novel,orpoemtheclassisstudying.

GamesforEvaluationandReview:TeacherPage



Challenges for Additional Practice: Teacher Page

Agree/Disagree

Astudentmoderatorreadsanexamplefromapreparedreviewlist,andthenshecallsonachallengeparticipanttoidentifytheliteraryelement.Allotherparticipantsthenvoteagreeordisagree. If thereisdisagreement(or ifallofthemarewrong)encouragestudentstoeitherdiscussthereasonsfortheirvotesortowritethosereasonsinaparagraph.Ifstudentswritetheirreasons,theymaysharetheresultsinsmallgroupsorwiththeclassasawhole.

Metamorphosis!

Check and improve understanding of certain literary elements by encouraging students totransformexamplesintotheiropposites.Forexample,invitestudentstochangeanironicstate-mentorsituationintoonethatisnotironic.More to try:changeasimiletoametaphor,changea simple description into hyperbole, or change a first-person statement into a third-personstatement.

Figures of Speech Collage

Similes,metaphors,hyperbole,andpersonificationaboundinadvertisingcopy.Encouragestu-dentstosearchthrougholdmagazinesandjunkmailtofindexamplesofeachfigureofspeech.Invitethemtocutouttheirfindsandarrangethemonoriginalgraphicorganizers(makesureyouhavepermissiontocutthemup).Thiscanbedoneindividuallyoringroups.Theymayuseaseparatenotebookpageforeachfigureofspeechordesignalargersheetthatincludesallfour.Allowstudentstimetowalkaroundandenjoytheresultingcollages.

Student-Generated Examples

Encouragestudentstochooseafavoriteliteraryelementcoveredinthisbookandthenwriteanexampleforuseinoneofthegamesonthepreviouspageortochallengefellowstudentsinaninformalgroupsession.Ifdesired,youmayallowthemtoquotefromastory,novel,orpoemaslongasthepassageisagoodexample.Theyshouldincludethetitleofthework,theauthor,andthepagenumber.

Write an Opinion Essay

Invitestudentstowriteanessayexplaininghowaliteraryelementmakesaparticularstory,poem,ornovelmemorable.

ChallengesforAdditionalPractice:TeacherPage

Irony Examples for Games, Writing Assignments, and Challenges: Teacher Page

Situational Irony •Anearthquake-warningcenterisdestroyedinanearthquake. •Afirestationburnsdown. •Aheartsurgeonhasaheartattack. •Apersonaltrainerisoverweight. •Apainterorphotographergoesblind. •Asafetyexpertisinjuredinanaccident. •Ahealthinspectorgetsfoodpoisoning. •Apsychiatristisinsane. •Avethatesanimals. •Acomedianisdepressed. •Ahomicidedetectivecommitsmurder. •Achampionswimmerdrowns. •Acandymakerhasdiabetesandcan’teatcandy

Verbal Irony • JustwhatIalwayswanted:abrokenleg. •We’rehavingatestandIdidn’tstudy.That’sjustgreat. •Here’sthepalatialestate.Bothroomsareours. • It’stoughtowinthelottery,butIthinkIwillmanage. •Fantastic!Thealarmdidn’tgooffandIoversleptagain. •Oh!Creamedchippedbeefandspinach!Myfavoritedessertever! •Don’tyoujusthateitwhenyougetstraightA’s?

Dramatic Irony •Theaudienceknowsthatahouseisnotreallyhaunted,butaterrifiedvisitortakesdesper-

atemeasurestogetaway. •TheaudienceknowsthatJason’sfatherisdead,butJasonriskseverythingtogoonares-

cuemission. •Theaudienceknowsthatanoilwellwillneverproduce,butafamilyisspendingthemoney

theyexpecttomakewhenitcomesin. •Theaudienceknowsthataboy’sdogisonhiswayhome,buttheheartbrokenboycon-

sentstogoawaytoboardingschoolbecausehecan’tstandtosleepinhisroomwithouthisfriend.

•TheaudienceknowsthatJulietisjustsleeping,butRomeothinkssheisdeadandtakespoisontobewithher.

•Theaudienceknowsthatadoctorhasmistakenlytoldamanhehasamonthtolive,butthemanbelieveshimandspendsallhismoneyasfastashecan.



IronyExamples:TeacherPage

Point of View Examples for Games, Writing Assignments, and Challenges: Teacher Page

Alternate Viewpoints: •Tellthestoryof“TheGiftoftheMagi”fromthepointofviewoftheyoungcouple’sland-

lord. •Tellthestoryof“TheCaskofAmontillado”fromFortunato’spointofview. •TellthestoryofHarryPotter’seleventhbirthdayfromDudleyDursley’spointofview. •Tellthestoryof“TheCelebratedJumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty”fromthefrog’spointof

view. •TelloneofthePaulBunyanstoriesfromBabe’spointofview. • InFahrenheit 451,firemencometoburnbooksanoldwomanhasbeenhoarding.Writethe

scenefromtheoldwoman’spointofview. •Tellthestoryof“Goldilocks”fromhermother’spointofview. •Tell the story of “The Three Little Pigs” from the point of view of a local newspaper

reporter. •Tellthestoryof“HanselandGretel”fromthefather’spointofview. •Tellthestoryof“TheTell-TaleHeart”fromthepointofviewofoneofthepoliceofficers. •TellthestoryofthefilmShrekfromthedonkey’spointofview. •Tellthestoryoftheweddingin“TheRimeoftheAncientMariner”fromthebride’spointof

view. •Tellthestoryof“TheHighwayman”fromthehighwayman’spointofview.Usefirstperson. •ChooseascenefromHoles.WriteitfromtheWarden’spointofview.

Examples of First Person: •Whenweemergedfromtheshelter,wecouldn’tbelievetheextentofthedevastation. • IwashesitantaboutapproachingJacobbecausehewastheschoolheroandIwasthe

ninthgrade’sofficialinvisibleguy.

Examples of Second Person: •DearDiary,youaretheonlyonewholistens. •Youknowwhoyouareandwhatyoudid,andyouarenotgoingtogetawaywithit.

Examples of Third Person: •Davidgrabbedhisskateboardandstormedoutthebackdoor. •Hewasnotthesmartestdogintheworld,buthewasthemostadorable,and,mostimpor-

tant,hewasKate’sbestfriend.

Example of Omniscient: •Dannylookedupattheclouds,dreamingthatsomedayhewouldfly,while,watchinghim,

Stevewishedhewereasbrave.



PointofViewExamples:TeacherPage

Figures of Speech Examples for Games, Writing Assignments, and Challenges: Teacher Page

Similes •Thehousewasasquietasourtownlibrary,soIknewsomethingwaswrong. •TheislandswerestrungoutlikeemeraldbeadsonthesilverysurfaceofthePacific. •Thelakewaslikeamirrorreflectingeachtreebranchandbladeofgrass. •Hervoicewasassweetandpureasthesoundofamountainbrook. •Withgrasslikegoldenfur,thehillslookedlikedogsdozinginthesummersun. •Thewindhowledlikeawoundedwolf.

Metaphors •Afterthewildfire,thelonesprucewasasentinelguardingthehilltop. •Thenightskywasadingycurtain,riddledwithbulletholes. •Theforestwasagreatcathedral,echoingwiththevoicesofanavianchoir. •Theriverwasasilverribbontossedcarelesslyacrossthegreenvalley. •Theembattledkingwasasnarlingoldlion—dangerousbutpathetic. •Thecity’slightswereamilliondiamondssparklingagainstthevelvetnight.

Personification •Eventheclockhidherfacebehindherhands. •Thewearysunheadedtowardhishomeatthesea’sedge,pullinghisglitteringcrimson

robebehindhim. •Thesleekcarposedproudlyinthemiddleofthedisplayfloor,baskingintheattention. •Thelonelyoldhouseseemedtoknowwewerecoming. •Theshyflowersbentcoylybeforethespringbreeze. •Theancientmountaingathereditssnowyblanketarounditsshouldersandhunkereddown

forthewinter.

Hyperbole •Thatriverwaswideranddeeperthanthesea. •Theramshacklehousewasolderthanthemoonthathoveredoverit. •Thecarwasfasterthanastreakingmeteor. •Therollercoasterzoomeduppastthestars. •Thatbasswasasbigasabluewhale! •Thosethreeminuteswerethreeyearslong.



FiguresofSpeechExamples:TeacherPage



Glossary of Technical Terms

allegory:acomplexmetaphorthatcanextendthroughanentirestory,novel,orpoemanalogy:acomparisonbetweentwothingsthataredifferent,butsimilarinsomewayantagonist:acharacterorforcethatobstructstheheroinastorycharacter:aperson,animal,orpersonifiedobject(atalkingcar)inastoryconflict: tensioncausedwhenthehero’sdesiresarefrustratedbyopposingforcesinastoryconnotation:animplied,oftenemotional,meaningofawordorphrasedenotation: theliteralmeaningofawordorphrasedramatic irony:theaudienceknowsmoreaboutadramaticsituationthanthecharactersin-

volved.fiction: apieceofwritingfeaturingimaginarypeopleandeventsfigures of speech:usesof language thatgobeyond literalmeanings.Similes,metaphors,

personification,andhyperbolearefiguresofspeech.flashback:asentenceorpassagedescribinganeventthatoccurredbeforethestorybeganforeshadowing:asentenceorpassagehintingabouteventsthatwilloccurlaterinthestoryhumor:somethingthatisfunny.Parodyandsatireareformsofhumor.hyperbole:exaggerationforacertaineffectinastory,poem,orscriptinference:aconclusionthatcanbedrawn,logically,fromgiveninformationirony:emotionaltensionarisingwhenwordsorsituationsarenotwhattheyseemmetaphor:afigureofspeechcomparingtwounlikethingswithouttheuseofthewordslikeor

asmood:thegeneralemotionalfeelofastory.Examplesincludemysterious,inspiring,andhu-

morous.parody:acreativeworkthatcopiesaspectsofawell-knownworkforcomiceffectplot:theactioninastory.Itisusuallygeneratedbyaconflictbetweenaherowhowantssome-

thingandapersonorforceopposinghim.Inmostplots,theactionbuildstoaclimax,whentheproblemisresolved.

problem:inastory,theproblemiswhatthemaincharacterdesperatelywantsorneeds,buthastroublegetting.

sarcasm:acommon,extreme,mockingformofverbalironyinwhichwhatissaidisoppositeofwhatismeant

satire:aworkthatusesironyandhumortomakeapointaboutapoliticalorculturalsituationsetting:whenandwhereastoryornoveltakesplacesimile: afigureofspeechcomparingtwounlikethingsusingthewords likeorassituational irony:thecharacter’sactionshaveanunexpectedoutcome,oftentheoppositeof

whatwasintended.Ironicsituationsusuallyseemstrikinglystrangeorunfair.symbol:somethingthatstandsforanideatheme:adeeperideathatholdsthestorytogether.Commonthemesincludelove,greed,re-

venge,growingup(comingofage),andovercomingfear.tone: theattitudeapieceofwritingexpressestoward itssubject.Examplesof tone include

formal,informal,academic,sincere,angry,andcomforting.verbal irony:acharactersaysonething,buteveryoneknowsthathemeanstheopposite

GlossaryofTechnicalTerms



Page 1: Responseswillvary,dependingontheworkanalyzed.

Page 2: 1) firstperson 2) thirdperson 3) secondperson 4) omniscient

Page 3: 1) foreshadowing2) flashback 3) flashback 4) foreshadowing 5) neither 6) flashback 7) foreshadowing 8) neither

Page 4: 1) Nathanielisaboy.Hegoestoschool.Thisisprobablyinthecountry.Itis probablyinthepast. 2) Avaisagirl.Sheisinschool.Thisisinthefuture.Shegoestoavirtualschool.

Additionalresponseswillvary.

Page 5: 1) c 2) b 3) a 4) d

Page 6:Responseswillvary.

Page 7: Responseswillvary.

Page 8: 1) b 2) a 3) b 4) c 5) a 6) b 7) c 8) a 9) c


Page 10:Responseswillvary.Maycontinueasanongoingrecordinanotebook.

Page 11:1) a 2) b 3) a 4) a 5) a

Page 12: 1) metaphor 2) simile 3) personification 4)simile 5) simile



Page 16:Responseswillvary,butmustincludespecificexamplesfromtextsormediatosup-porttheopinionexpressed.

Page 17: 2) light 3) new 4) woodortree 5) blue 6–7)Responseswillvary,butshouldincludetheideathatthehailstormfeltlikean

attack.Thehailchunksweresharpandhardliketeeth.Theyalso“toreat”thewoman’sclothes(probablywiththehelpofthewind).

Answer Keys

AnswerKeys




Page 19: 1) a 2) b 3) a 4) a 5) b 6) a 7) b

Page 20: 1) a 2) a 3) b 4) a 5) b 6) a 7) b 8) a 9) a

Page 24: 1) b 2) b 3) a 4) a 5) b



Page 27: 1) a 2) b 3) b 4) a 5) b 6) a


Page 29: 1) notironic 2) ironic 3) notironic 4) ironic 5) notironic,butopentodiscussionorjustification 6) ironic

Page 30: 1) b 2) a 3) a 4) a 5) a 6) b 7) a 8) b



Page 33: 1) c 2) a 3) b 4) a 5) d 6) d 7) c 8) c 9) c 10) b


Answer Keys

AnswerKeys

About the Author

LindaArmstrongtaughtinLosAngelesfor18yearsbeforemovingtowesternColoradowithherhusband.Since2001,shehaswrittendozensofbooksandothermaterialsforteachersandyoungpeople.HerrecentworksincludeHenry Ford: The Man Who Put the World on Wheels; Amelia Earhart: First Lady of the Air; Jane Goodall: A Voice for Chimpanzees; and African Americans in Radio, Film, and TV Entertainment. Armstrong'sotherbooksforMarkTwainMedia,Inc.,PublishersincludeDaily Skill Builders: Word Problems, Daily Skills Builders: Physical Science 4–6, Everyday Art for the Classroom Teacher,andseveraltitlesintheJumpstarters series.

Toseetheseproductsandmore,visityournearestteacherbookstoreorgoonlineatwww.carsondellosa.comandclickontheMarkTwainMedialogoorShopbyBrand.

ThisproducthasbeencorrelatedtoCommonCoreState,National,andCanadianProvincialstandards.Visitwww.carsondellosa.comtosearchandviewitscorrelationstoyourstandards,orcall800-321-0943.

CD-404215 Common Core: Elements of LiteratureCD-404216 Common Core: Conducting Research ProjectsCD-404217 Common Core: Complex Issues in TextCD-404218 Common Core: Types of TextCD-404219 Common Core: Grammar Usage

CD-410091 Elements of Literature to Meet Common Core State Standards Bulletin Board Set

Common Core: Elements of Literature Photo Credits

pg.2 Glassslipper.©istockphoto.com/kvkirillov.16Sept.2008.

pg.3 Proenneke’sCabin.jpg.{PD-CC}PhotobyCaitlinMarr.18Sept.2011.<htpp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Proenneke’s_Cabin.jpg>

pg.4 2008ComputexTaiwanDesignInnovationPavilionDuckImageVogueSolarBackpack.jpg.{PD-CC}PhotobyRicoShen.5June2008.<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2008Computex_Taiwan_Design_Innovation_Pavilion_DuckImage_Vogue_Solar_Backpack.jpg.>

pg.5 WestOrange-Coveschoolbuses.jpg.{PD-CC-BY-SA-3.0}WOS2014.15July2010.<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:West_Orange-Cove_school_buses.jpg>

pg.8 AnAfghanvillageelder,foreground,approachesashura,ormeeting,heldbyanAfghanLocalPolice(ALP)commanderduringaconstructionprojecttobuildanALPcheckpointinHelmandprovince,Afghanistan130330-M-B0337-274.jpg.{PD-USGOV-DOD}PhotobySgt.PeteThibodeau.30Mar.2013.<http://www.defenseimagery.mil/imageRetrieve/action?guid=b4b37f09ce8ad88c75df6cb5c4efd148bcf9565b&t=2>

pg.9 HighBridgeTowerView1.jpg.{PD-CC}PhotobyJoseOlivares.19July2011.<http://www.commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:High_Bridge_Tower_View_1.jpg>

pg.11 Tallman.©istockphoto.com/zergkind.23June2009.

pg.12 ThePhantonShip-1847frontispiece.jpeg.{PD-Old}FrontispiecetothenovelThe Phanton ShipbyFrederickMarryat.PublishedbyRichardBentley,London.1847.UploadedbyPasicles.22Feb.2013.<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Phantom_Ship_-_1847_frontispiece.jpeg>

pg.17 GarnFelensummittrigpointinhailstorm-geograph.org.uk-318127.jpg.{PD-CC}PhotobyNicHowes.21Jan.2007.<http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Garn_Felen_summit_trig_point_in_hailstorm_-_geograph.org.uk_-_318127.jpg>

pg.19 PedroAmérico-VisãodeHamlet2.jpg.[Hamlet’s Vision]{PD-Old}PaintingbyPedroAmérico.1893.UploadedbyTetraktys.30Nov.2012.<http://www.commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pedro_Américo_-_Visão_de_Hamlet_2.jpg>

pg.20 stackoffilefolders,isolatedonwhitebackground.©istockphoto.com/thomas-bethge.20Jan.2013.

pg.24 Happygirlweighingherselfonbathroomscale.©istockphoto.com/JackF.2Sept.2013.

pg.29 Vienna-Vintagepocketwatch-0599.jpg.{PD-CC}PhotobyJorgeRoyan.24Sept.2013.<http://www.commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vienna_-_Vintage_pocket_watch_-_0599.jpg>

pg.29 Peigneenécaille.jpg.[Combmadeoftortoiseshell]{PD-CC/GFDL}PhotobyCreative-museum.15June2010.<http://www.commons.wikimedia/wiki/File:Peigne_en_écaille.jpg>

pg.30 Genericsmartphones.©istockphoto.com/coddy.21June2012.

pg.34 FreedomBLVD.©istockphoto.com/BirdofPrey.20July2005.

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