cct 333: imagining the audience in a wired world class 8: understanding interaction in complex...
TRANSCRIPT
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CCT 333: Imagining the Audience in a Wired WorldClass 8: Understanding Interaction in
Complex Environments
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Complexity and Interaction
• What technologies may get more complex to use when more people are involved?
• Designing for lots of simultaneous users can be daunting
• New technologies and contexts can also be difficult
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Ergonomics
• Why pay attention to ergonomics?• Inclusive design (design not just for average,
but all?)• Efficient interaction (Fitts’ law)• Selling point (ergonomic design in consumer
products)• Legal requirements (carpal tunnel questions)
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Designing for ergonomics
• Prototype testing (virtual or real)
• Response time
• Environmental simulation
• Power and load characteristics
• Acute and chronic use (some effects only show up over repeated use)
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Distributed Cognition
• People interact with other people using other tools to realize activity
• Communication and coordination becomes essential - interaction challenges?
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Internal/External/Shared
• Internal representations - individual mental models of reality
• External representations - anything outside individual that guides activity (e.g., layout, notes, diagrams, etc.)
• Shared representations - individuals come together over external representations to create shared understanding (or confusion…)
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Plans and Situated Actions
• Treats user interaction as a set of defined plans
• Plans in context - often contingent and less cut and dry than expected
• Humans don’t crash when plans fail - we adapt, create new plans on the fly
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Hierarchical Task Analysis
• Flowcharting interaction patterns - order of actions, decisions made
• Arbitrary and acontextual - how things should be done, not necessarily how they are - but a good first step nonetheless
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Start
Process
?
End
Input
Process
Y
N
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Cognitive Walkthrough
• Going through the task analysis as actually performed in context
• Do users actually perform tasks as set out in plans?
• If not, what problems do they have?• “think aloud” strategy - get users to vocalize
their decision patterns and their confusion
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Activity Theory
• Represents complexity of interaction among subjects, objects, artefacts and cultural expectations
• As a theory, can be hard to use in practice - but also quite powerful
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Artefact
Subject Object
Praxis Community Division ofLabour
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Nodes in Activity Triangle
• Subject - people
• Object - goal, task
• Artefact - tools, technologies
• Community - others affected by activity
• Division of Labour - Power relations
• Praxis - norms governing activity
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Contradictions
• Primary - conflict at node (e.g., two people, different notions)
• Secondary - conflict between nodes (e.g., power relations frustrating action)
• Tertiary - conflicts when activites are redesigned (e.g., new process conflicts with models used in old)
• Quarternary - conflicts between simultaneous activities (e.g., one action contradicts another)
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Example: CVEs
• Collaborative virtual environments - VR which embodies user in virtual space
• Affords interaction with other embodied users in real time
• Second Life example
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CVEs in Conferences
• Interesting way to bridge distance gaps
• Time gaps a problem
• Orientation issues in virtual world - people talking to walls, etc. (and why it doesn’t matter)
• Confusing spaces and avatars - fantastic displays but for what purpose?
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Activity Theory Analysis
• Subjects - conference attendees• Object - engage in collaboration, talk• Artefacts - virtual conference environment,
posters, websites, etc.• Community - attendees, lurkers• Division of Labour - who is/is not allowed to
talk at any given time, access restrictions• Praxis - expectations of conference
environment, turn-taking, etc.
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Task Analysis
• Difficult to analyze as whole - there’s no “right” way to attend a conference
• Specific elements can be analyzed though - e.g., conference registration and payment
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Next week
• Scenarios and requirements
• Should be on the verge of doing your user studies now - with results (at least preliminary) for next week so requirements can be determined