ccs for the magnesium industry (mineralization)

Carbon capture and storage

Prof. Olaf Schuiling, University of Utrecht

Pol Knops, Innovation Concepts B.V.


! Carbon capture and storage: Magnesia containing minerals and a potentially new and exciting application

! What is CCS and how could it become a new market for MgO producers?

! The use of materials in CCS and potential demand levels

! How could this provide a new opportunity for your business?

May 2012 CCS Innovation Concepts Sheet: 2

Atmosphere

Global CO2 balance


Land . Sea

Indu

stria

l

Land

use

cha

nge

Volc

anoe

s

Net

acc

umul

atio

n

Rel

ease

Res

pira

tion

Rel

ease

Pho

tosy

nthe

sis

Abs

orpt

ion

Abs

orpt

ion

W

eath

erin

g

Incr

ease

d pl

ants

Pre-industrial Recent changes

6 26 0.7 0.3 10 440 70 260 15 80 440 260

=!

Gton/yr

Stabilization


Gto

n/yr

Wedges


Gto

n/yr

Stabilization " One wedge: averaged 2 Gton/yr

" Energy savings (efficiency)

" Nuclear power

" “Renewables”:

# Wind: 2 Million big wind mills (=10 current)

# Sun: 100 times current Solar electricity

" Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS):

" Refit 800 Coal powerplants to CCS (one every month for the next 50 years)


CCS

! CCS:

" Carbon Capture

" Transport

" Storage


IPCC review !  IPCC 2005

Carbon Dioxide & Storage

Chapter 7


Carbon Capture & Storage options

" Geological

" Ocean

" Mineralization

Carbonates


Carbon capture and storage CCS

Option Pro Con

Geological storage Fast Costs Public perception

Ocean Fast Ocean turnover Ocean acidification

Mineralization Stable end products Energetically favored

Slow reaction Materials to be handled


Non balance terms

Volc

anos

Net

CO

2 in

crea

se

Min

eral

izat

ion

Indu

stria

l

26 0.3 -0.7 15 La

nd U

se C

hang

e 6

Oce

an u

ptak

e

Mor

e pl

ants

10 10

Unit Gton CO2/year May 2012 CCS Innovation Concepts Sheet: 11

Carbon deposits

Amount (X 10E15 kg)

Relative (%)

Cycle

Limestone (CaCO3) 35.000 47% Long inorganic

Dolomites (CaCO3MgCO3) 25.000 33% Long inorganic

Sedimentary carbon 15.000 20% Long organic

Recoverable fossil fuels 4 0,005% Long organic

Atmospheric CO2 3 0,004% Short organic


Stored CO2 (in a stable form)


Mg2SiO4 + 2CO2 + 2H2O => 2MgCO3 + Si(OH)4

Mg2SiO4 + 4CO2 + 4H2O => 2Mg2+ + 4HCO3- + Si(OH)4

[!H = -239.2 kJ/mol]

3 routes:

conditions focus

natural weathering ambient CO2

Product replacement various Products

Process intensification HPHT Products

Example Olivine


Olivine (Exothermic = Stable end product)

!"#$%

&#'(")'%!*+%,"$-.%/#01('-)23!#45"1#6(%

78%9%::;:%/<=>0%!*+%!"#$

78%9%+;?%/<=>0%!*+%%"#$

Energy state


Materials

Material MgO / CaO (wt%) R-factor Dunite / Olivine 57% 1,8 Serpentine 40% 2,6 Wollastonite 48% 2,0 Talc 44% 2,6 Lizardite 44% 2,3 Enstatite 40% 2,5 Various wastes ?? ??

R-factor = ton rock/ton CO2 Typical powerplant: 2.5 Million ton CO2 / year


Advantages

! Permanent

" Geological time scale

" No legacy issue

! Environmental benign

! Large quantities available

May 2012 CCS Innovation Concepts

“Lock it in rock” *

* Quote from: Prof. Maroto-Valer

Sheet: 17

Occurence


Disadvantages

! Volumes to be handled

! Slow reaction speed

! Energy transport, mining, process


Routes Conditions Focus Reaction rate

Natural weathering ambient CO2 1-10 um/yr

Product replacement various Replaced product

Process intensification HPHT End products 10-100um/hr

Natural weathering


Natural weathering • @(#AB"1%4#6(%&("$"0-A#$%B2(%'A#$(%• C1D#1A(%E(#6D(4-10F%%

%2-$$-10;%%%"40#1-A%#A-.';%$GAD(1';%%%(4"'-"1%'(1'-BH(%I$#A('%

*1%B.#$%J#6'%

K-AD(1'%'(A4(6(%"L#$-A%#A-.% !"1'6#16%#54#'-"1% K)0E"42%(#6'%6"I%$#G(4%/GA"44D-M#$%N)10-%'(A4(6(%#%4#10(%"N%"40#1-A%#A-.'%

O1%'"-$'% O1%')4N%M"1(%*1%5#4(%4"A>'%


Natural weathering

! Focus:

" CO2, counteracting ocean acidification

" Nutrients

! More research:

" Reaction speed

" By-products

! Market: Now: Near future: Future: Tons kton kton


Product replacement " As sand, pebbles, stones etc. " Fertilizer:

pH stabilizing, soil improvement Magnesium release, CO2 binding

! Lifetime of the product weathe


Product replacement

! Focus: " Color, Los Angeles Index (road construction) " Weight, strength, other properties of the replaced material " Magnesium release " CO2 effect

! Markets: Now: near future: further:

ton kton Mton (construction)


High pressure, high temperature reaction


Fast growing research


Research & Development: PhD thesis 1997 Jonckbloedtt The dissolution of olivine in acid Utrecht

1997 Lieftink The preparation of and characterization of silica from acid treatment of olivine Utrecht

2010 Haug Dissolution and carbonation of mechanically activated olivine Trondheim

2007 Olsen FORSTERITE DISSOLUTION KINETICS:APPLICATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR CHEMICAL WEATHERING

Virginia

2007 Huigen Carbon Dioxide Sequestration by Mineral Carbonation Wageningen

2009 Krevor Mineral carbon dioxide sequestration: Enhancing process kinetics and a resource base assessment for minerals suitable for use in enhanced carbonation processes

Columbia

2012 Fagerlund Carbonation of Mg(OH)2 in a pressurised fluidised bed for CO2 sequestration Turku

2011 Kwon MINERALIZATION FOR CO2 SEQUESTRATION USING OLIVINE SORBENT IN THE PRESENCE OF WATER VAPOR

Georgia

2008 Jarvis Reaction mechanisms for enhancing carbon dioxide mineral sequestration Arizona

2010 Stasiulaitiene Binding potential of concentrated carbon dioxide using Lithuanian rocks Kaunas

2009 Costa Accelerated carbonation of minerals and industrial residues for carbon dioxide storage

2005 Park CARBON DIOXIDE SEQUESTRATION: CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL ACTIVATION OF AQUEOUS CARBONATION OF Mg-BEARING MINERALS AND pH SWING PROCESS

Ohio

2008 Teir FIXATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE BY PRODUCING CARBONATES FROM MINERALS AND STEELMAKING SLAGS

Espoo

2007 Hänchen CO2 storage by aqueous mineral carbonation; olivine dissolution and precipitation of MG-carbonates

Zürich


HPHT ! Research: " Fast increasing " Moving from “lab” to plant:

i.e. Greenmag, CCC, Carbon Engineering, Global Thermostate, Kilimanjaro Energy, Innovation Concepts etc.

! Focus: " CO2 sequestration “CO2 positive products” " MgCO3, SiO2, Metals (Nickel, Iron)

! Markets: Now: near future: further: kg (lab) ton (demo) Mmton (plant)


Innovation Concepts


Production process

Construction

Gravity Pressure Vessel !  Input: Olivine or Wollastonite

CO2 (!80% pure)

!  Output: MgCO3, SiO2, NiCO3/FeCO3 Heat, Pure CO2


CO2 feed

Product separation

Metal

SiO2

MgCO3

CO2

Feed stock preparation Mg2SiO4

CO2

Heat G

PV

Dis

solu

tion

Future developments

! Research increasing

! CO2 price increasing

! Products:

" Niche markets growing

" Product replacement more and more

" CO2 sequestration more important “CO2 negative emissions”


Sales

May 2012 CCS Innovation Concepts

Powerplant: 2,5 Million ton CO2/yr

R-factor: 1,8 (olivine)

Results: 4,5 Mton Olivine/yr

Product replacement: >7 Mton/yr

Potential sales

Sheet: 32

Actual sales


! What is CCS and how could it become a new market for MgO producers? - CCS: A way to lower the CO2 built up

and a way to produce MgCO3 from another source - Yes

!  The use of materials in CCS and potential demand levels - Olivine, Serpentine, other materials Demand levels:

although the required scale is immense the current market is currently very small

! How could this provide a new opportunity for your business? Yes, small but growing Assist R&D, follow developments Replace comparable products


Conclusion

A new market is developing in a fast way,

but starts from zero.

Information: Prof. Olaf Schuiling: [email protected]

Pol Knops: [email protected]

www.innovationconcepts.eu


ccs for the magnesium industry (mineralization)

Education

ccs innovation conceptsmay

ccs innovation conceptssheet

innovation concepts

inorganic sedimentary

carbon dioxide storagechapter

co2 binding

stored co2

dissolution of olivine