ccna cisco certified network associate. main objectives zunderstand the physical connection that has...
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Main Objectives
Understand the physical connection that has to take place for a computer to connect to the Internet.
Recognize the components that comprise the computer.
Install and troubleshoot network interface cards and/or modems.
Use basic testing procedures to test the Internet connection.
Demonstrate a basic understanding of the use of web browsers and plug-ins
Electronic Components
Capacitor stores energy in the form of an
electrostatic fieldConnector
the part of a cable that plugs into a port or an interface
Integrated circuit (IC) a device made of semiconductor
material; it contains many transistors and performs a specific task
Electronic Components
Light emitting diode a semiconductor device that
emits light when a current passes through it
Resistor a device made of a material
thatopposes the flow of electric current
Transistor a device that amplifies a
signal or opens and closes a circuit
Personal Computer Subsystems
Bus collection of wires through which data is
transmitted from one part of the computer to another; connects all the internal computer components to the CPU (ISA and PCI)
CD-ROM drive a compact disk read-only memory drive; a
device that can read information from a CD-ROM
Central processing unit (CPU) the brains of the computer where most
calculations take place
Personal Computer Subsystems
Expansion card a printed circuit board you can insert into a
computer to give it added capabilitiesExpansion slot
an opening in a computer where acircuit board can be added
Floppy disk drive a disk drive that can read or write to floppy disks
Hard disk drive a device that reads and writes data on a hard
disk
Personal Computer Subsystems
Microprocessor a silicon chip that contains a CPU
Motherboard the main printed circuit board of a
microprocessorPower supply
the component that supplies the power to a computer
Printed circuit board (PCB) a thin plate on which chips (ICs) and other
electronic components are placed
Personal Computer Subsystems
Random access memory (RAM) RAM can have new data written into it and
stored data read from it; a drawback of RAM is that it requires electrical power to maintain data storage
Read-only memory (ROM) computer memory on which data has
been prerecordedSystem unit
the main part of a PC; the system unit includes the chassis, the microprocessor, the main memory, the bus, and the ports
Hard drive interfaces
interface is the way the drive communicates with the computer; a sort of language that allows the drive and the computer to talk to each other IDE, SCSI
most controller circuitry is placed directly on the hard drive
Modems
modem converts digital data from its local computer into analog tones and pulses that can be sent over the telephone lines
two basic types--internal/external
The Power Supply
converts AC from wall outlet to DC used by computers
contains fan and AC/DC converter
Backplane Components
Backplane the large circuit board that
contains slots for expansion cards
Interface a piece of hardware such as a
modem connector that allows two devices to be connected
Mouse port a port designed to connect a
mouse to a PC
Backplane Components
Network card an expansion board inserted into a
computer so that the computer can be connected to a network
Parallel port an interface capable of transferring more
than one bit simultaneously; used to connect external devices such as printers
Port an interface on a computer to which you
can connect an electronic device
Backplane ComponentsPower cord
a cord used to connect computer to electrical outlet
Serial port an interface that can be used for serial
communi-cation in which only one bit is transmitted at a time
Sound card an expansion card that handles all sound
functionsVideo card
a board that plugs into a PC to give it display capabilities
Information FlowInformation and electric power are constantly flowing in a PC.
Boot instructions—stored in ROM until they are sent out
Software applications—stored in RAM after they are loaded
RAM and ROM—constantly talk to the CPU through the bus
Application information—stored in RAM while applications are being used
Saved information—flows from RAM to some form of storage device
Exported information—flows from RAMand the CPU through the bus and expansion slots to the printer, the video card, the sound card, or the network card
Network Interface Cards
printed circuit board that provides network capability to computer
also called a LAN adapter
can be designed as an Ethernet, Token Ring, or FDDI card
Network Interface Cards
communicate through a serial connection
Each card requires an IRQ, an I/O address, and an upper memory address to work with DOS/WIN95.
To configure TCP/IP LAN settings in a Windows machine, use the Control Panel icon, Network.
Network Interface CardsConsiderations:
type of network (Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI)
type of media (CAT5, fiber, wireless)
type of system bus either PCI/ISA or PCMCIA, which is used on laptops)
To change a PCs network speed from 10Mbps to 100Mbps, you need to upgrade the NIC.
TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is a set of protocols or rules developed to allow cooperating computers to share resources across a network. To enable TCP/IP on the workstation, it must be configured using the operating system tools. The process is very similar whether using a Windows or Mac operating system.
TESTING CONNECTIVITY
The ping command works by sending multiple IP packets to a specified destination. Each packet sent is a request for a reply. The output response for a ping contains the success ratio and round-trip time to the destination. From this information, it is possible to determine if there is
connectivity to a destination. ping 127.0.0.1 Ping 195.14.130.220
Plug Ins
Flash/Shockwave
Troubleshooting Internet connection problems
Define the problemGather the factsConsider the possibilityCreate action planImplement planObserve resultsDocument results
Binary Number System
Computer systems only understand “on” and “off” or “1s” and “0s.”
Computer systems use a binary numbering system rather than decimal.
Decimal numbering system uses 10 symbols; they are 0-9.
Computer systems use a Base 2 system.
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
128
64 32 16 8 4 2 1
8 bits = 1 byte
A bit is a binary digit used in the binary numbering system, either 0 or 1.
Binary Number System
The binary number 10010001 in Base 2 = 145.
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
(1, 128) = 128 + (0, 64) = 0 + (0, 32) = 0 + (1, 16) = 16 + (0, 8) = 0 + (0, 4) = 0 + (0, 2) = 0 + (1, 1) = 1 = 145
Binary Number System
The decimal number 35 in Base 2
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
Binary Number System
If the right-most digit is odd, then the number is odd. (255)
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Binary Number System
If the right-most digit is even, then the number is even. (142)
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0